Course Code: BE309E Candidate Name: Ishwar Khatri

Tourism Destination Marketing:

Case Study of Lumbini Nepal

Date: 30.11.2016 Total number of pages: 60

..........dedicated to Lord Buddha and Buddhism.
 ACKNOWLEDEMENTS

I take this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude to the individuals who contributed to
this study. I am very grateful to my supervisor Prof. Oystein Jensen, University of Stavanger,
Norway for the feedback, advice and encouragement during the period of writing this thesis.
Needless to say that I have learned a lot from his advice and guidance based on his expertise
in the field of tourism marketing.

My sincere thanks go to all the respondents for their valuable time in fulfilling the
questionnaire. Similarly, I am thankful to Lumbini Development Trust (LDT), Nepal
personnel and security staffs for their continuous support; especially thankful to Mr. Dilip S
Kulung, Information Department of LDT.

For the valuable guidance, I am grateful to Prof. Dominique Thon, Nord University, Norway.
I could not forget to thank Ms. Ellen Sirens, Advisor, Business School, Nord University and
Teams for providing partial funding support for the study.

Last, but not the least, I wish to remember my family and friends for their untiring support
without which, I could not have completed this study.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background.........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Research Problem……..………………………………………………………………….5
1.3 Significance of the Study...................................................................................................6
1.4 Objectives of the Study………………………………………………..…………………7
1.5 Research Questions............................................................................................................7
1.6 Organization of the Study…………………………………………..……………………7
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Review of Literature……………………………………………………………………..8
2.2 Review of Research Works………………………………………...…………..……….24
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design…………………………………………………………………….……32
3.2 Nature and Sources of Data………...……………………………………………………32
3.3 Sampling Procedure and Questionnaire………………………………………………….34
3.4 Methods of Data Collection and Analysis……………………………………………….35
4. DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1. Demography of the Visitors……………………………………………………………..36
4.2 Visit Background Study………………………………………………………………….39
4.3 General Impression Study………………………………………………………………..44
4.4 Marketing Mix Factors Study……………………………………………………………46
4.5 Analysis of Tourists Arrivals in Lumbini………………………………………………..54
4.6 Study of 7 Ps in Tourism Marketing: Lumbini….……………………………………….58
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Summary………..………………………………………….…………………………….60
5.2 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………..…..63
5.3 Recommendations……..…………………………………………………………………65
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... i
APPENDIX I…………………………………………………………………….…….……xiv
APPENDIX II…………………………………………………………………..……….…xvii
APPENDIX III…………………………………………………………………………….xxiii

a
 LIST OF FIGURES & TABLES

1. Nationality of the Visitors………………………………………………………..36

2. Gender of the Visitors………………………………………………...………….37
3. Age Group of the Visitors………………………………………….…………….38
4. Occupation of the Visitors……………………………………….………………39
5. Source of Information……………………………………………………………40
6. Organization of the Visit…………………………………………………………40
7. Reasons of Travelling…………...……………………………………………….41
8. Length of Stay……………………………………………………………………42
9. Frequency of Visit………………………………………………………………..42
10. Observation of Promotion………………………………………………………..43
11. Effect of Promotion…………...………………………………………………….44
12. Tourists’ Inflow: Passport-holders………………………………………...……..56
13. Tourists’ Inflow: Indians…………………………………………………………57
14. Tourists’ Inflow: Nepalese…………………….…………………………………58

b
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Lumbini, Nepal is the birthplace of Lord Buddha who is the originator of Buddhism. The place is
thus remarked as the world heritage site and considered as an important pilgrimage-based
international tourist destination. Numerous Buddhists and non-Buddhists visit the destination
every day in search of peace and bliss. The purpose of this study was to discuss the present
scenario of Lumbini including all tourism marketing mix. Moreover, the effect of marketing of
Lumbini as a tourists destination and what kinds of marketing strategies can be used to attract
more tourists to Lumbini, was also discussed.

In empirical part, questionnaire was administered with visitors as quantitative research methods.
And different statistical methods were employed in SPSS to get concrete results of destination
marketing and ended up with some suggestions. The study of 7Ps in general showed, Product,
People, Price and Physical evidence factors scored average or above, the factors Place, Process
and Promotion scored average or below average. Stakeholders need to focus on the low scoring
marketing mix factors of tourism marketing since it is an integrated activity.

c
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1Background
Nepal with rich ancient cultures set against the most dramatic scenery in the world is a land of
discovery and unique experience. For broad minded individuals who value an experience that is
authentic and mesmerizing, Nepal is the ideal destination. Come and revel in the untouched and
the undiscovered and uncover yourself. It is unsurpassed that the sheer diversity Nepal boasts,
from steamy jungle and Terai to the icy peaks of the world‟s highest mountains means that the
range of activities on offer. Trekking, mountaineering, rafting in spectacular scenery are just
three things Nepal is famous for. Activities as diverse as Elephant Polo and a micro-light flight
through the Himalayas show that in Nepal, the only boundary is your imagination. With 15
National & Wildlife Parks (two are UNESCO Heritage sites) Nepal is one of the last places on
earth you can spot the Asiatic rhinoceros and the Royal Bengal Tiger. For many, Nepal‟s greatest
attraction is its people. The traditions and famous hospitality of its many different groups are
indeed a major part of what makes Nepal so special. From remote mountain villages to medieval
hill-towns and the ancient cities of the Kathmandu Valley, the people of Nepal are always
welcoming. Come and experience the strong and unique flavours of Nepalese cuisine, prepared
with love and a depth of flavour or join in and celebrate at one of the many festivals year round.
In fact, with more festivals than days of the year, there is nowhere else in the world that can offer
as many festivities as Nepal (MOFA, 2015).

It is the country of diversity, beauty and tranquility. Not only the country has such resources
within, many of them are also considered as world heritage sites. World‟s numerous travel
agencies and travel planners regard this country as a topmost destination to visit since many
years.

Tourism is one of the mainstays of Nepalese economy. It is also a major source of foreign
exchange and revenue. Possessing 8 of the 10 highest mountains in the world, Nepal is a hotspot
destination for mountaineers, rock climbers and people seeking adventures. The Hindu, Buddhist
and other cultural heritage sites of Nepal, and around the year fair weather are also strong
attractions. Nepal is the country of the Mount Everest, the highest mountain peak in the world,

1
and the Birthplace of Gautama Buddha- Lumbini. Mountaineering and other types of adventure
tourism and ecotourism are important attractions for visitors. There are other important religious
pilgrimage sites throughout the country for the followers of various sects and religions (MOFA,
2015).

Tourism Marketing
Tourism marketing in Nepal is not an old concept. The researcher thinks it begun as the „world
of mouth‟ marketing of Nepalese tourism aftermath of successful peak-kissing of Mount Everest
in 1950s. It was the date Nepalese tourism gone international with the glory of Everest victory.

Tourism marketing has long been considered as a branch of traditional marketing. However, in
recent years, tourism marketing has gone through fundamental changes: the pursuit of global
strategies based on strategic alliances, the breakdown of commercial borders and advances in
new technology have all facilitated the commercialisation of tourism products (Vellas, Francois
and Becherel Lionel, 2012).

Traditionally, destinations have responded to a decline in visitor numbers by increasing their

marketing expenditure (Buhalis 2000; Ritchie and Crouch 1993). This strategy seems not to be
working as more and more destinations are spending more on marketing, with limited results. In
the new millennium, tourism has become the most important economic activity on a worldwide
scale (World Tourism Organisation 2003a). The contribution of the travel and tourism industry
to the world economy is significant. Although the growth in global tourism appears to continue
at rates comparable to other industries, tourism is in a mature stage leading to increasing
competition among destinations (Buhalis 2000; Morgan et al. 2004b).

For the tourism industry to be profitable industry now and in the long term, its development and
management should be according to a new competitiveness paradigm (Ritchie and Crouch 1999).
Competitiveness is now widely accepted as the most important factor determining the long term
success of organisations, industries, regions and countries (Kozak and Rimmington, 1999).

2
A destination, according to the New Shorter Oxford Dictionary is defined as „the place to which
a person or thing is going, the intended end of a journey.‟ However when applied to the tourism
context, authors have offered different perspectives of what constitutes a tourism destination. For
example, Buhalis, (2000) defines destinations as places that offer an amalgam of tourism
products and services, which are consumed under a brand name of the destination. He argues that
„they are well defined geographical regions, understood by visitors as unique entities with a core
of six main provisions, i.e. attractions, accessibility, available packages activities and ancillary
services. Other definitions have also been proposed by Leiper (1990; 1995) and Crouch and
Ritchie (1999). The World Tourism Organisation recently defined a destination as “..a physical
space in which visitors spend at least one night and is made up of tourism products such as
support services and attractions, and tourism resources with physical and administrative
boundaries that define its management, images/ perceptions of market competitiveness” (World
Tourism Organisation, 2003b).

The attractiveness of a tourist destination encourages people to visit and spend time at the
destination. Therefore the major value of destination attractiveness is the pulling effect it has on
tourists. Without the attractiveness, tourism does not exist and there could be little or no need for
tourist facilities and services. It is only when people are attracted to a destination that facilities
and services follow (Ferrario, 1979a).

The role of tourism in earning revenues for the country has long been recognized in many
developing countries. The public sector may have been reluctant in the past to contribute towards
tourism development, but the situation has changed and, over the years, government‟s
perspectives on tourism have not only evolved to include wider participation, but have also
widened from the narrow focus on financial and economic benefits to encompass environmental
and societal concerns. Everything seems to suggest that developing countries look upon tourism
consumption as manna from heaven that can provide a solution to all their foreign exchange
difficulties (Erbes, 1973: p-1).

3
Tourism marketing is an integrated effort to satisfy tourists by making the best possible services
available to them. It is a device to transform the potential tourists into actual tourists. (Musa,
Mohammad, 2013).

In this way, tourism marketing is essentially related with the marketing of a destination. A
destination which includes every provision for the visitors attracts continuous and high flow of
visitors. Tourists are the indicators of foreign currency earnings and economic growth in and
around the destination. So, the destination development, management and promotion are
important marketing functions of tourism marketing.

Lumbini at a Glance
Lumbini, the birthplace of Siddhartha Gautam, is situated in the Rupandehi District in the
southwestern plains of Nepal. A prince of Shakyamuni kingdom, Siddhartha Gautam, later
known as Gautam Buddha is the profounder of Buddhism.

Lumbini is the birthplace of Lord Buddha and its religious value has been attracting pilgrims
since the very early ages. The archaeological remains, which were excavated throughout the last
century and which are now conserved at the site, provide testimony of these pilgrimages since
the 3rd century BC. It is for these reasons, that Lumbini was inscribed in the World Heritage List
in 1997 (Kanno, Koto, 2006).

Lumbini and its surrounding areas have been sites of pilgrimage for centuries. The
archaeological remains in the Greater Lumbini Area, some of which were excavated in the last
century, not only reveal the exact location where Lord Buddha was born but also provide
testimony of pilgrimages dating back to the 3rd century BC. Periodic efforts have been made at
both the national and international level to turn Lumbini into a major site for tourism and
pilgrimage for Buddhists from around the UNESCO/Dhan K. Limbu world. However, this vision
is yet to be fully realized, and many of the locations in the Greater Lumbini Area are yet to
undergo archaeological investigations and excavations (UNESCO, 2013).

4
Today, Lumbini can be considered a center of world peace: a first class pilgrimage destination
and a symbol of international brotherhood, peace and prosperity. Lumbini is one of the most
important holy sites for Buddhists, who wish to visit it at least once during their lifetime.
Lumbini is also popular among non-Buddhist visitors and has the potential to attract millions of
pilgrims and visitors from around the world. The importance of the site is so great that the
Buddha himself advised his followers to undertake pilgrimages there: “Lumbini should be
(visited and) seen by persons of devotion, a visit will create awareness and apprehension of the
nature of impermanence” (Ghimire, H., 2006).

1.2 Research Problem

Tourism is a social and economic phenomenon that heavily influences contemporary society
(Crick, 1988). Nowadays, tourism industry can be considered as business behavior since it might
influence the development of a local economic. Therefore, places are competing against each
other to promote themselves as goods. The secret for a successful destination is to approach the
right target market and to provide an appropriate combination of local tourism products and
services (Buhalis, 2000). It is going to be a battle among destinations in branding their own;
destinations, in this way are going to become the tourism industry‟s biggest brands which
constitute specific attributes.

Nepal is listed as one of the best international tourist destinations in the world. Tourism is also a
major source of Nepalese economy. A dozens of world heritage sites including cultural and
natural sites are located in Nepal. However, the tourism business in Nepal is not explored enough
in the international market arena. In 2014, 4.3% of direct contribution to GDP, 3.5% of total
employment contribution was recorded from the tourism industry in the report study of world
travel & tourism council “Travel & Tourism economic impact 2015 Nepal”.

This study outlines the use, effectiveness and potentiality of marketing of tourism destination
with special focus on pilgrimage-based tourism in Lumbini, center of the Buddhism. The
research study thus, explores the brand marketing of Lumbini Nepal as an international
pilgrimage or cultural based tourist destination, its prospects, challenges and also makes some
policy suggestions to address the constraints in tourism marketing.

5
1.3 Significance of the Study
Tourism is the major economic source of Nepal. Nepal is trying to develop its foreign currencies
earning sector‟s status to compete in regional and global market. Lumbini being the birthplace of
Lord Buddha, thousands of national and international Buddhist as well as non-Buddhists come to
visit the cultural and religious place every year. It has direct and indirect effect in the socio
economic development of this region. Effective and sustainable positioning of the destination in
the regional and international level can be the source of increasing tourists flow in the place. This
research will add some value through the evaluation of current status, its marketing prospects
and challenges and finally policy suggestions to concerned stakeholder would be the major
significance of the study.

As far as the study of Lumbini and other important sites related to Buddha and his life around
Lumbini are concerned, most of the studies have been done by several scholars of history and
archaeology (Fuhrer, 1972; Mukherji, 1969; Tange & Urtec, 1998; Kwaak & Brenes, 2002;
Bidari, 1990; 2002; 2004; Pradhan, 1979; Pandey, 1985; Rijal, 1979; 1996). The contributions
made by them have highlighted the historical past of Lumbini, Kapilvastu, Devdaha and other
archaeological sites of the region. The studies brought by another group of scholars are Ghimire
(2004; 2005a; 2005c; 2006; 2009; 2011; 2012a; 2012b; 2012c), Gurung (1998); Hewage (2010);
Rai (2010); Roy (2000); Giri (2007); Vaidya (1999); and Neupane (2009) focused on sacred
complex, touristic destination, tourism development, development of Lumbini, history, peace,
culture, religion and heritage issues and conflicts (Kunwar and Ghimire, 2012).

As the researcher reviewed the previous research activities, study and survey articles, and related
online literatures, tourism in Lumbini is studied by its historical perspective, socio-economic
impacts, overall Lumbini circuit development perspective and problems point of view in
Lumbini. No studies are found to deal with destination marketing of Lumbini. So, it could be a
milestone study focused in destination marketing of Lumbini.

The findings and recommendations derived from this study in Lumbini Nepal could be
generalized and have implications to the destination development, management, and marketing
within the context of pilgrimage or/and cultural-based tourism experiences all around the world.

6
1.4 Objectives of the Study
The overall objective of this study is to find out the status of marketing pilgrimage-based tourism
in Lumbini Nepal and the potentiality of marketing to develop as an international tourist
destination. The specific objectives of this study are:
1. To assess the use & effectiveness of tourism or destination marketing with the case study
of world’s famous pilgrimage site of Buddhists and others- Lumbini.
2. To identify potential marketing strategies that can contribute to increase the
attractiveness of touism in Lumbini.
.
.1.5 Research Questions
This thesis attempts to study the marketing of Nepalese tourism industry with the case study of
pilgrimage-based tourism in Lumbini, the birthplace of the Lord Buddha. It offers valuable
recommendations to enhance the branding and/or promote the marketing of Lumbini as well as
the overall Nepal as an international tourist destination. Specific research questions are:
1. What are the current promotion and marketing activities in Lumbini?
2. How effective are the marketing activities?
3. What do the visitors think about the marketing mix factors of destination Lumbini?
4. What can be done to develop, manage and promote the destination-Lumbini branding and
marketing in regional and international level?

1.6 Organization of the Study

This thesis attempts to study the marketing of Nepalese tourism industry with the case study of
pilgrimage tourism in Lumbini, the birthplace of the Lord Buddha. It is organized into four
different chapters. The first chapter includes the background of the study, research problem
statement, significance and purpose of the study. The second chapter includes previous literature
reviews of the subject. The third chapter includes the methodologies, research design, data
collection procedure etc. The fourth chapter discusses on the data collected and information
gathered. Data are presented diagrammatically and analyzed to make understandable. Finally a
summary of the whole thesis including conclusion about the study is made. It also offers some
recommendations to enhance or promote the marketing of Lumbini, Nepal as an international
tourist destination.

7
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Review of Literature

Etymologically the word tour is derived from the Latin 'tornare and the Greek 'tomos' meaning‟ a
lathe or circle; the movement around a central point of axis‟ this meaning changed in modern,
English to represent one's turn. The suffix „ism‟ is defined as „an action or process, typical
behavior or quality; while the suffix „its‟ denotes 'one that performs a given action' when the
word tour and the suffixes ism and it's are combined' they suggest the action of movement
around a circle one can argue that circle represents a starting point, which ultimately returns to
its beginning. Therefore, like a circle, a tour represents a Journey that is a round-trip, either act of
leaving and them returning to the original starting point, and therefore, one who takes such a
journey and be called a tourist (Theobald, 1997:6). "Travel, after all, has etymological
connections with travel with work and activity while tourism represents a packaged form of
experience in which passivity prevails and contact with the alien and the real is avoided or
prevented. The world tourism was for the first time described in the oxford English dictionary in
1811 (Cellabous Lascurain, 1996:1-2).

International Marketing
The rapid globalization of the world economy increased the chances for marketing services
abroad in recent decades. Both in developed countries and in emerging economies a significant
growth of the service sector can be observed. The effect of this is that services are a driving force
and the fastest growing sector in international trade (e.g. Grönroos, 1999; Javalgi et al., 2003;
Javalgi, 2007; Ball et al., 2008). This fact attracts researchers to follow the changes taking place
in the industry. Despite this growing importance, internationalization within the service sector
remains an elusive and largely invisible business area (Javalgi & Martin, 2007). Knowledge in
this field has developed in parallel with the internationalization theories of industrial firms,
although the main focus has still been on the manufacturing sector (Grönroos, 1999). Javalgi and
Martin (2007) state that the literature about internationalization in the service sector is a
relatively new field in terms of building and testing theories. Service firms are internationalizing
more quickly than before, but in the process they often rely on relevant studies within the
manufacturing sector (Axinn & Matthyssens, 2001; Javalgi & Martin, 2007). According to

8
Javalgi and Martin (2007) there is an evident need to develop a more comprehensive
understanding of the strategic issues that influence the internationalization of service firms.

Destination Branding
Tourism destination branding is a general concept; destinations can be branded like products or
people. In this case, the power of branding is in making people aware of the location and linking
desirable associations (Damnjanović, Kravic and Abdul Razek, n.d.). Destinations are a large
entity with sets of material and non-material elements (Florek, 2005). Every destination is unique
because its resources construct a unique „identification‟. This „identification‟ is usually
recognized as the images projected to tourists. The images a specific destination offers may be
similar to others but never the same. Strategies of building „identification‟ influence the
destination images and thus will influence its future planning; to the end, they will affect
destination development. Elements of a destination are the foundation of destination; they
generate the „identification‟ and finally build up the destination image. What matters here is the
ways in which the destination generates the „identification‟ or in other words the ways of
branding. Destination branding can be defined as a way to communicate a destination‟s unique
identity by differentiating a destination from its competitors (Morrison & Anderson, 2002 cited
in Qu, Kim, and Im, 2011, pp. 465--476).

In destination branding, it is essential to understand consumer perceptions of the destination

(Anholt, 2009). Different target consumers have different perceptions, they can be divided by
their characteristics, such as sex, age, region or nationality.

Today, every country, city, and region on earth must compete with every other for its share of the
world‟s commercial, political, social, and cultural transactions, in what is virtually a single
tourist market. Brand image becomes critical: nobody has time to experience the differences,
people fall back on their fundamental beliefs and prejudices about destination to help them make
their decisions (Anholt, 2009). Just as in the commercial marketplace destination „brand image‟
provides a short cut to an informed buying decision. Branding acts like a calling card that opens
doors, creates trust and respect, and raises the expectation of quality, competence and integrity
(Anholt, 2009).

9
Designing a brand is the only way to create a difference between products, from which
consumers can choose in a cluttered market environment. In an era of mass production and
almost identical quality of products and services in one category, brand identity turns out to be
the decision making factor for purchase (Galin Kastelov, 2014). Anholt (2009) stated that
important contributions from destination branding are that: 1. destination marketing is a
relatively straightforward business: as long as the tourist board has enough marketing expertise,
resources, and patience, it can be sure of increasing tourism arrivals. 2. Tourism has a secondary
impact, however less well recognized, and which makes it one of the few means by which the
overall „brand image‟ of a country can in fact be enhanced (Anholt, 2009).

Although the idea of branding has been developing for a long period of time, the issue of tourism
branding is a relatively new topic (Blain and Levy et al., 2005). Branding usually refers to the
identification of a product that is generally a physical offering. However, when it refers to
tourism, the destination serves as the product, because it is a large entity mixed with both
tangible and intangible resources. Branding of a destination is more complex, but still explains
the expectations of a supplier to make the brand perceived by its target market.

Destination branding is a commonly accepted way to communicate a destination‟s unique

identity through differentiating it to other destinations (Qu, Kim and Im, 2011). Anholt (2009)
stated that branding is what makes a destination distinctive, memorable and differentiates the
destination from all others. It is the foundation of the destination‟s international competitiveness.
Destination brands exert to offer identification and differentiation functions, which involve the
explication of the destinations‟ resources. These resources are the foundations of the differences
that make a destination differ from another. Moreover, the branding creates the first idea about a
destination to tourists (Vogt, 2003). Tourists can recognize a brand among others when the brand
is perceived distinctive, and when its unique differences make it hard to be replaced (Qu, Kim
and Im, 2011).

The concept of destination branding is crucial for a certain destination due to its characteristics
of identity which differ it from competitors in the target market (Qu, Kim and Im, 2011). In most
conditions, places market commercial products, such as goods and service because it does not

10
provide an explicit association with the position sought by the DMOs (Destination Management
Organization) in travel markets (Pike, 2005). In the other words, a place includes both tangible
attributes and intangible characteristics: tangible attributes like historical sites, intangible
characteristics like culture and customs. Due to these characteristics, identity generalization of a
destination is useful for suppliers to set their target group (Qu, Kim and Im, 2011). A key
component of branding is the creation and management of images (Ekinci, 2003).

Branding Process
Laws (2002) stated that for marketing purposes, destination can be treated similar to products,
which means destination branding is similar to products branding.

Research carried out by Fabricius (2006b:6 cited in Ndlovu, 2009, p.76) stated that “a destination
should have a vision that is shared by all the stakeholders and potential consumers should be
clearly expressed in the core values of the brand at the launching of the brand”. There are five
phases in branding as shown below:
Phase one: Market investigation, analysis and strategic recommendations
Phase two: Brand identity development
Phase three: Brand launch and introduction, i.e. communicating the vision
Phase four: Brand implementation
Phase five Monitoring, evaluation and review
Source: Ndlovu, (2009, p77).

A destination should transcend brands in order to create “trust marks” which can be a name or
symbol that links a destination emotionally with the demands and aspirations of tourists
(Morgan, Clark and Gooner, 2002). The first stage in the process of building or rejuvenating a
destination brand is to establish the destination‟s core values, which should be durable, relevant
and salient for the potential tourists (Health, 2007 cited in Ndlovu, 2009, p.76). A destination
should focus on its core market segments when developing a brand. Their perceptions will define
the brand‟s core characteristics (Anholt, 2009). The next step involves a development of brand
by checking if it is relevant for current tourists and comparing with the destination competitors.
The last step is to have monitoring and evaluation on brand impact to keep brand refreshment

11
(Ndlovu, 2009). Branding involves the creation of mental structures in tourists‟ mind, and it
tends to simplify tourist decision-making and provide value for the destination, thus it is
important to comprehend the quality of the tourism experiences that offered at the destination
level (Ndlovu, 2009)

Tourist Destination Management

A tourist destination is a place which is very often visited by many domestic and international
tourists. It can be a city, town, historical place, sea beach, mountain, an amusement park,
museum or some kinds of religiously important place. A tourism destination may contain one or
more tourist attractions and sometimes some tourist traps. For many reasons, a place can be very
important to domestic and international tourists. These can be natural tourist attractions like
forest, river, big waterfall, hill or lake. Again, people can make an ordinary place into an
important tourist destination by their own effort like making amusement park, statue, big hotels
or by making a new city or town. Tourists have different choices and that is why different
tourists choose different kinds of tourist destinations. Like a simple place can be the most
important and illusive place to someone who love sports if any big sports event is arranged in
that place. (Yeoman 2008, 4-13.)

Destinations are places with some form of actual or perceived boundary, such as the physical
boundary of a blend, political boundaries or even market created boundaries. The desire to
become a recognized destination presents difficult marketing challenges. The most visible
benefit of tourism are employment in hotels, restaurants, retail establishment and transportation,
and the second benefit consist of supporting industries and professions and finally is the multiple
effect as tourists‟ expenditures are recycled through the local economy. Tourism also helps to
shift the tax burden to non-residents of a place. It also creates or stimulates exports of local
products such as handicraft, looms, food and showpieces. Many tourist destinations also find
government supported market areas for the sale of locally produced handicrafts. Destinations
may not welcome tourists unfortunately because of the location, climate, limited resources, size
and cultural heritage. “Some places have few economic choices other than to participate in
tourism” (Kotler, Bowen & Makens, 1996).

12
Destinations that fail to maintain the necessary infrastructure or build inappropriate infrastructure
face significant risks. A destination‟s attractiveness can be diminished by violence, political
instability, natural catastrophe, and adverse environmental factors and overcrowding. So
destination marketing is an important part of developing and retaining a particular location‟s
popularity. Tourism marketing is called service marketing. Services industry varies greatly and
service marketing has some specific criteria than others commercial product marketing.
Government offer service through employment services, hospitals, police and fire departments.
Many non- profit organizations also offer services through social work, healthcare, charity etc.
Business organizations offer services by different organizations like airlines, banks, hotels,
insurance companies and others (Kotler & Armstrong 2002).

It is always nice to have a preplanned holiday trip to an unknown place. When tourists plan for a
trip, they look for available information, services and facilities, tour operators, things to see and
do, safety and security, accommodation and transportation and others necessary information
about the location from different sources. Internet is the mostly used media for getting
information in this modern age. Besides surfing on internet, people also visit travel agents, tour
operator and other organizations to get reliable and realistic information. Here stands the term of
tourism marketing. All these above tools which are used for the publicity of tourism destinations
are known as tourism marketing. (Weiermair & Mathies 2004, 97-100.)

Promotion of Destination
Advertising is the best way for initial publicity of tourist attractions. Advertising is defined as
any paid marketing activity which motivates potential customers to take the goods and services.
Advertising is precisely timed for general public. The result of advertising may be short term or
long term and it is very difficult to get feedback from the customers instantly. This promotion
tools is used to generate publicity and it gives basic idea of goods and services. (Belch 2004, 13-
16.)

Electronic media are websites, emails, YouTube, Facebook etc. These kinds of marketing tools
are used highly in this modern age. These are also some effective ways of international
marketing. These marketing methods do not have any border limit. Sometimes these are the

13
cheapest way of marketing goods and services. Again customers can get all information like
price, facilities, opening time, contract information, and recent activities of the company and
history of the company very easily through those links. Customers can mail to the service
provider for any information if they needed. (Sweeney 2008, 3-10.)

Destination Image
Destination image is defined as “not only the perceptions of individual destination attributes but
also the holistic impression made by the destination” (Echtner and Ritchie, 1991 cited in Blain
and Levy et al., 2005, p. 330). Crompton (1979, cited in Einci, 2003, p.22) also defined
destination image as “the sum of beliefs, ideas and impressions that a person has of a
destination”. Lawson and Baud-Bovy (1977, cited in Baloglu and Mccleary, 1999, p.871)
propose destination image as the expression of all knowledge, impressions, prejudices and
emotional thoughts an individual or group has of a particular object or place.

Ahmed (1991, cited in Baloglu and Mccleary, 1999, p. 873) stated, “destination image is to
delineate the relationship between overall image and other components and the overall notion
may be favorable or unfavorable”. Baloglu and Mccleary (1999) concluded that the overall
impression is dependent upon individual attributes. Then, dimensions of the beliefs and feelings
together influence overall attitude or image. The causal linkages indicate that beliefs influence
overall or composite attitude directly as well as indirectly through affect.

Stated in Skidmore and Koller‟s (2001) research, destination image is people‟s thought of one
place‟s beliefs, ideas and impressions and it represents a variety of connections and information
associated with the destination. Positioning strategy help differentiating one place from its
competitors, such effective destination image ought to: 1. be valid, 2. be believable, 3. be simple,
4. have appeal, 5. be distinctive (Skidmore and Koller, 2001).

Pilgrimage Tourism
Religious tourism focuses on the visitation of religious sites or destinations, in order to
consolidate a particular faith, and development of identity that refers to spiritual or religious

14
enlightenment. These places attract the attention of visitors, not only for religious reasons, but
also in terms of history, architecture or artistic value (Kavoura, 2013).

Most religious monuments can attract visitors who may not have a religious affiliation. Some
visitors are motivated to visit religious destinations because of their religious belief, religious
monuments of architectural attraction, interest in their historical value, or all at once (Kot &
Ślusarczyk, 2014).

Religious and pilgrimage tourism is closely bounded to destination. In this context, to remain
sustainable, the monuments and natural sites must be protected and restored in order to prevent
congestion and not exceed load capacities. The management of these destinations should assure a
development of sustainable local economies and respect for the traditions and customs of the
host populations (Kiráľová & Straka, 2013).

Tourism motivated by religious or spiritual reasons or associated with religious, cultural heritage
and pilgrimage destinations and sites was previously a largely domestic phenomenon (Štefko,
Jenčová & Litavcová, 2013; Kavoura & Katsoni, 2014).

Globalization, economic liberalization, a new ethnicity and religious policy, commodification,

commoditization of culture and values affect and shape many religious sites in the today world
(Owens, 2002). Religious tourism has turned into a major international commercial service.
Visitors can buy multifaith-journey packages to places of worship, sacred destinations and
pilgrimage sites associated with the mainstream faiths. The use of religious heritage becomes
often controversial by the context of commercialization of spirituality. Religious tourism is today
a dynamic multi-billion dollar global industry. Tourism of believers has not changed even in
times of crisis (Kiráľová, 2010).

Tourism and pilgrimage are closely related (MacCannell, 1999; Cohen, 1979; Turner & Turner,
1978; Campo, 1998; Timothy & Boyd 2003), and, according to Cohen, in modern mass-
pilgrimage the behaviour of pilgrims is often indistinguishable from that of tourists. Tourists are
not necessarily affiliated with any religion, and they do not necessarily visit the pilgrimage site

15
for the same reasons as pilgrims, but some scholars argue that modern tourism is the
contemporary expression of the traditional religious pilgrimage (Graburn, 1989; MacCannell,
1973; Sharpley & Sundaram, 2005). As stated by Vukonić (1996) though the pilgrimage is
motivated by religion, it still has characteristics which are not motivated by religion. The secular
aspects of pilgrimage (finding accommodation, organizing the trip, food, eating and healthcare)
are the same as of the modern tourism. Turner & Turner (1978) also argue that both pilgrimage
and tourism encompass a journey using modern means of transportation.

The modern pilgrimage is not necessarily motivated by religion. On the contrary to traditional
search for identity, spiritual quest or divine experiences (Osterreith, 1997), today pilgrimage is
also about historical and cultural behaviours, meanings and pious intentions (Eade & Sallnow,
1991), cultural, spiritual, athletic, and personal reasons (Frey, 2004) and is based on the search of
embodied ideals (Morinis, 1992; Gladstone, 2005; Zhang, 2007).

Regular pilgrimages that attract hundreds to thousands of believers to certain destinations and
sites have undoubtedly economic importance. On the one hand, it is a general obligation of the
municipal authorities for example to provide parking areas, organizers, regulate traffic, to
establish rules for stall sales, maintain access roads (as a place of pilgrimage is in the rural site),
to coordinate medical and security service. Thousands of pilgrims, in addition to the main goal of
pilgrimages, consume goods and services including accommodation. This income remains in the
destination and is also a considerable multiplier effect these initial expenses. Religious tourism is
less susceptible to economic fluctuations in the market. Because believers are engaged visitors,
they prepare their journey in advance, and travel regardless of the current economic situation
(Lickorish & Jenkins, 2013). Believers, who travel because of their faith, often takes a travel as
part of their religious obligations, or as the fulfilment of a spiritual mission. There is a
presumption that by the right approach the size of this market could double in 2020. Such an
increase is possible because one of the specificities of religious travellers is that people in faith
travel in groups of 40-45 rather than individually (Tourismandmore.com, 2009).

Today visitors want creative, interactive communication; they want to develop relationships with
the destination. The success of the destination lies in its ability to listening to visitors, finding

16
their motives for a visit. The perfect tool for such communication is the internet. Application of
interactive marketing communications in the destination is particularly evident in relation to the
changes in behaviour of visitors (Kiráľová & Straka, 2013). Religious visitors require a
personalized approach, intelligent communication and empathy. Interactive communication is a
prerequisite of establishing good relationships with visitors and the satisfaction of both sides.
Relationship marketing is effective especially when applied to specific target group (Wang 2008;
Fyall, Callod & Edwards, 2003; Buhalis 2000; Oppermann 2000).

Communication in religious and pilgrimage tourism is target communication as it focuses on a

specific group of visitors that are interested in product (Zouni & Kouremenos 2008; Iyer,
Soberman & Villas-Boas, 2005). The attention of people of faith has been already attracted.
Destinations should focus on the message that should be different from that communicated to
visitors. The best possibility to deliver the message should be the internet, social media and
mobile applications that enable cost-effective communication and can encourage word-of-mouth
advertising (Fedorko & Bačík, 2012). Word-of-mouth advertising is a verbal communication
between providers, independent experts, family and friends and the visitor (Ennew, Banerjee &
Li, 2000). Blog sites with stories about visit of religion, cultural heritage and pilgrimage
destinations and sites, or special events can be supported. In order to motivate a travel, the blog
content must be in details so that the reader visualise the journey and start to prepare his/her own
one. Web site can also offer a virtual tour to the worshiped destination and site.

International web for religious people, religious television channels, and radio stations can
disseminate messages to visitors. Periodicals published by church, brochures and travel guides,
as well as public relations, should be used for communication purposes and to foster a desire
(Ateljević & Doorne, 2002).

Tourism in Nepal
Nepal has huge possibilities in the tourism sector. The Himalaya nation is famous for its natural
beauty: the world‟s highest peaks, national parks rich in flora and fauna, snow-fed rivers,
exceptional trekking routes, wonderful lakes and welcoming people. Nepal is rich in its cultural
and religious diversity as well. Possessing eight of the 10 highest mountains in the world, Nepal

17
is a tremendously attractive location for mountaineers, rock climbers and adventure seekers.
Apart from being an attractive destination for adventure, Nepal‟s pleasant climate and ever
welcoming nature of Nepalese show there is a tremendous prospect of tourism ahead in Nepal.
Tourism as an emerging global phenomenon enhances the world travelers to explore the wonders
of the world. Nepal is also being an integral part of a global system of tourism can not escape
benefiting from this emerging field. Nepal as a Himalayan nation has enormous tourism
prospects. If many unexplored regions of Nepal are identified along with popular tourist
destinations the Himalayan state can make remarkable progress in the field of tourism
(Himalayanglacier, 2015).

The tourist sites and activities in Nepal as mentioned in the official website of Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, Nepal Government (MOFA, 2015) includes:
 Wilderness tourism
Nepal‟s major tourist activities include wilderness and adventure activities such as mountain
biking, bungee jumping, rock climbing and mountain climbing, trekking, hiking, bird watching,
mountain flights, ultralight aircraft flights, paragliding and hot air ballooning over the mountains
of the Himalaya, hiking and mountain biking, exploring the waterways by raft, kayak or canoe
and jungle safaris especially in the Terai region.

 Religious sites
Nepal is a multi-religious society. The major religion in Nepal is Hinduism, and the
Pashupatinath Temple, which is the world‟s one of the main Hindu religious sites is located in
Kathmandu, attracts many pilgrims and tourists. Other Hindu pilgrimage sites include the temple
complex in Swargadwari located in the Pyuthan district, Lake Gosainkunda near Dhunche, the
temples at Devghat, Manakamana temple in the Gorkha District, and Pathibhara near Phungling,
Mahamrityunjaya Shivasan Nepal in Palpa District where biggest metallic idol of Lord Shiva is
located.

Buddhism is another main religion. The World Heritage site Lumbini, which is the birthplace of
Gautama Buddha, is an important pilgrimage site. Another prominent Buddhist site is
Swayambhunath, the Monkey Temple, in Kathmandu. Dang valley is also a sacred place for

18
Hindus as well as other religions. Kalika and Malika Devi in Chhillikot hill, Ambekeshawori
temple, Krishna temple, Dharapani temple etc. are sacred place in Dang district. Chillikot hill is
also a good place for sightseeing and also an ancient palace of a king. Muktinath is a sacred
place for Hindus as well as Buddhists. The site is located in Muktinath Valley, Mustang district.

 Culture and Heritage Sites

Kathmandu the capital city of Nepal is the city of temple and very rich in cultural heritage.
Within 7 km radius there are 7 world heritage sites (Pashupatinath Temple, Baudhanath Stupa,
Swayambhunath Stupa, Changunarayan Temple, Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar
Square and Bhaktapur Durbar Square) which cannot be found anywhere. Museums in
Kathmandu have rich collections of archaeological, historical and artistic importance and
galleries display art work of the past and present. Full of art, architecture and culture, the
Kathmandu Valley is the prime destination for the tourists. As Nepal is a land of festivities and
celebrations, visitors can experience how a culturally diverse and rich society of Nepal grooms in
harmony.
According to CBS (2000) piligrimage lies in the third main purpose of visiting Nepal and first
and foremost in case of Lumbini.

Tourism Vision 2020: Vision and Goals

Vision:
"Tourism is valued as the major contributor to a sustainable Nepal economy, having developed
as an attractive, safe, exciting and unique destination through conservation and promotion,
leading to equitable distribution of tourism benefits and greater harmony in society".

Goals:
1. Increase annual international arrivals to Nepal to 2 million by 2020
2. Expand economic opportunities and increase employment in tourism sector to 1 million
by 2020.

19
Tourism vision 2020: Objectives
• To improve livelihoods of the people across the country by developing integrated tourism
infrastructure, increasing tourism activities and products, generating employment in the
rural areas enhancing inclusiveness of women and other deprived communities, and
spreading the benefits of tourism to the grassroots level,
• To develop tourism as a broad-based sector by bringing tourism into the mainstream of
Nepal‟s socio-economic development, supported by a coherent and enabling institutional
environment,
• To expand and extend tourism products and services in new and potential areas of Nepal
by enhancing community capacity to participate in tourism activities,
• To publicise, promote and enhance the image of Nepal in international tourism source
markets,
• To enhance the flight safety and aviation security, extend air connectivity, and improve
capacity and facilities of national and international airports and
• To attract new investment in creating new tourism facilities, products and services.

Strategies:
• Improving Livelihoods and Spreading Benefits at the grassroot levels
• Economic Mainstreaming
• Expanded Product Offering
• Destination Marketing
• Aviation
• Attract New Investment

Review of tourism policy 2006:

Nepal is well known in the map of global tourism as one of the best destination because of its
unique natural beauty, immensely rich bio-diversity, multi-ethnicity, variety of languages and
religion, social heterogeneity and historical as well as cultural heritages. Day and night
advancement in the field of science, technology and communication had converted the entire
world in one village, in this present context Nepal needs to advertise its national heritages in

20
front of the world to enhance the capability to obtain maximum benefit by attracting global
tourism market. As tourism industry in itself as a major basis of national economic development,
it has become essential to enhance the livelihood and employment opportunities of general
population and improve their standard of living by diversification and expansion of their
business. For this purpose, while on the one hand it is imperative to aptly protect and preserve
these heritages of Nepal, on the other hand it is necessary to have quantities as well as qualitative
growth of tourism service industry by developing all kinds of infrastructures related to tourism
service industry including international airport services (MOTCA, 2009).

Destination: Lumbini
Destination is a central object in the tourism. It is the item that exerts a pull on the tourists from
different areas. It is the one that motivates tourist to travel. Therefore the secret of destination is
of prime importance that should never be undermined. First of all in tourism related studies a
detailed listing of all resources which have some connection with tourism should be carried out.
This is called Tourism resource audit (Clarke & Godfrey, 2000: 72). Such a resource inventory
should include the following: What could a visitor see in this area which might be of interest?;
What are the different types of attractions they could visit?; What types of services would they
require?; What different activities could they do during their stay?; If staying overnight, what
accommodations are available? Etc (Acharya, P., 2001).

Lumbini is situated in central Tarai plain of Nepal, about 300 km west of Kathmandu. Although
its elevation is 105 meters above sea level, himalayan foothills are only 24 kms away and on
clear days, Dhaulagiri peak (8,167m) is visible, 130 kms due North. Siddarthnagar is the nearest
townwith an airport (Gautam Buddha). Highways connect this town with Kathmandu (east) via
Chitawan, rich in wildlife and Pokhara (north), the destination for trekkers. It has a frost free dry
winter and a hot wet summer. The average annual rainfall is more than 2500 mm. August
(Srawan/Vadra) is the wettest month, usually with a minimum of 1000 mm. The temperature in
April, May and June exceeds 40 degree centigrade and during January it declines up to 9 degree
centigrade. The winter is dry and relatively cool; during the daytime, however, even in
December and January, the temperature can go up to 25 degree centigrade or more (Nepal
Tourism Board, 2000).

21
Much of the tourist appeal in the Lumbini is based on the continued interest of the world people
in the Buddha and Buddhism. Lumbini is one of the most important destinations of Nepal from
the cultural aspect. The history says that travelers visited the site from ancient times. Due to the
lack of proper planning and implementation, trained tourism workers, aware local hosts, it is still
not developed as desired (Acharya, P., 2001).

Lumbini Development
One of the most important people committed to the preservation and management of Lumbini
was 1960s era UN General Secretary, U. Thant, a Buddhist from Myanmar. He visited the site in
1967 and expressed concerns about the existing condition of such an important site. As a
consequence, the UN formed an international committee for the development of Lumbini in
1970. Things moved very quickly at the urging of U. Thant. In 1970, the 13-nation International
Committee for the Development of Lumbini was formed in New York under the chairmanship of
the Permanent Representative of Nepal to the United Nations. These nations included
Afghanistan, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal,
Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Three additional countries, Bangladesh, Bhutan
and the Republic of Korea, later joined the effort (Lumbini Development Trust, 2008b).

In 1972, Japanese architect Kenzo Tange was hired by the United Nations Development Program
(UNDP) to prepare a master plan for the development of Lumbini. The completed plan was
submitted in 1978 and became the most important document for the development and
preservation of the site as a center of Buddhist pilgrimage. It was subsequently approved by the
Nepalese government. (Lumbini Development Trust, 2004).

With the global interest and importance of Lumbini, the UNESCO World Heritage Commission
named Lumbini (sacred zone of Lumbini) a World Heritage Site in 1997. UNESCO adopted the
World Heritage Convention in 1972 and started operating 3 years later. Since then, 184 states
have signed the convention. By ratifying the convention, a country promises to protect and
preserve heritage places of national and outstanding universal value (UNESCO, 2008a) . The
convention also provides financial assistance, known as the World Heritage Fund, based on the
urgency of requests from a signatory country. However, priority is given to the most threatened

22
sites (UNESCO, 2008b). Inclusion of a site on the list sometimes creates conflicts between the
country and UNESCO (Rakic & Chambers, 2007). The case of Lumbini demonstrates that Nepal
is focussed on development, tourism promotion, commercialization and international support,
while UNESCO avoids over-development based on the master plan made through the UNDP.

Following the inclusion of Lumbini on the World Heritage List, UNESCO oversaw the
excavation and management of the site very closely (Boccardi & Gupta, 2005). UNESCO asked
to review the master plan arguing that the plan did not offer adequate guidelines for preserving
the site. During excavation conducted by the Japanese Buddhist Federation in the 1990s,
international agencies could not agree when the Maya Devi Temple was removed, along with the
ficus tree that grew on the temple. The purpose of the excavation was to search for the marker
stone. The cultural integrity of the new Maya Devi temple built after the excavation was
questioned by UNESCO because the edifice was too massive and invasive and did not reflect
World Heritage values (Boccardi & Gupta, 2005).

The LDT is responsible for managing the site. It is an autonomous, non-government and non-
profit organization established by the Lumbini Development Trust Act 2042 (1985) for the
purpose of restoring the Lumbini Garden under the master plan (Lumbini Development Trust,
2008b). A recent amendment to the Act reconstituted the trust, replacing the king‟s role as patron
with the Prime Minister because of the recent dissolution of Nepal‟s royal house. The governing
body includes a 19-member Trust Council and a 9-member Trust Executive Committee, both
chaired by the Minister of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation (Lumbini Development Trust,
2008b).

In 2003 the number of the tourists was increased in 210.42 % than the last year. After 2003 the
ratio of the visitors was increasing each year. In 2006 the rate of the visitors was increased in
24.63% than 2005. In the March there were 12214, 14149, 11927 and 16471 foreign tourists at
Lumbini respectively in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010. 817, 606, 830 and 933 tourists had visited at
Lumbini in June of previous years respectively. In 2011 and 2012 the number of the tourists was
128259 and 136001 respectively. In total Nepalese, Indian and passport holders tourists were
visited 583442, 587538 and 758268 in 2010, 2011 and 2012 respectively. In 2012 it,s ratio was

23
increased 29.09 percentage tn the comparison of last year. It was proposed 10 lakhatourists on
the occasion of declaration of Lumbini Visit Year 2012 by the authority.In 2013 and 2014 is
satisfaction. But it is decreasing in 2015 due to devastating earthquake (Giri, G., 2015).

All persons concerned with Lumbini should work together to find mutually agreeable solutions
to the many problems arising from an undertaking like the Lumbini Master Plan. In order to
fulfil the aspirations of the Buddhists of the world and of Nepal, deeper involvement by the
international community is necessary. The relevant United Nations Agencies should take part to
the decision-making process, fund raising and management of the LDT (Cueppers, C. 2012).

The number of visitors to Lumbini has risen steadily over the years, creating an urgent need to
fully implement the Kenzo Tange Master Plan, including components geared toward providing
facilities, services and accommodation for pilgrims and tourists. At present, other sites relevant
to Lord Buddha‟s life in the Greater Lumbini Area also need to undergo archaeological
investigations and surveys for a better understanding and mapping of the layout of the
archaeological complex before an infrastructure master plan can be developed for some of the
sites to cater to increasing numbers of visitors. Some of the historical monuments and remains in
and around Lumbini, including the interior of the Mayadevi Temple, are at risk because of air
pollution, degradation caused by time, lack of proper maintenance and increasing numbers of
visitors (UNESCO, 2012).

2.2 Review of Research Works

Ghimire and Rai (2015) write Lumbini as such „spiritual destination‟ demonstrates an
appropriate milieu that aforementioned dimensions can be experienced by the visitors. Lumbini
region extends over a vast area with its rich historicity, archaeology and spirituality. More than
one hundred archaeological sites including the birthplace of Sakyamuni Buddha, Krakuchhanda
Buddha and Kanakamuni Buddha within the ridius of 28km are more than enough to experience
peerless spirituality in Lumbini area. Spiritual tourism in the context of Lumbini is meant for the
totality of following activities:

24
  Healing oneself by purifying mind or developing intense level of faith and devotion to the
Tripple Gems (Buddha, Dharma and Sangha) in the Sacred Garden or monastic zone or
somewhere else in Lumbini region.
 Experimenting Buddha‟s teachings in own capabilities/insights/wisdom or other facts
while being in Lumbini or visiting to the sites of Kapilvastu or Ramgrama/Devadaha.
 Unleashing oneself with the feeling of being at birthplace of 3 Buddhas in a single trip.
 Encircling Mayadevi temple and offering lamp or Buddhist flags to the shrines.
 Retreat or meditation at Lumbini Meditation centers or monasteries.
 Pursuing for truth or inner peace by meditating/praying/chanting/worshipping.
 Practicing solitude or self-reflection in the Sacred Garden, or monasteries or at
backcountry within the Lumbini circuit.
 Experiencing wilderness by visiting flora and fauna in and around Lumbini.
 Attending conference/festivals/events of Lumbini i.e. Buddha Purnima, Sakyamonlam
Puja, World Buddhist Summit etc.
 Offering puja or prayer to the birthplace of the 3 Buddhas and other shrines.
 Offering dana (donation) to the monks and nuns in the monastic zone.
 Being involved in learning or practicing Buddhism in the monasteries in the monastic
zone.
 Going for a village walk to experience typical terai culture.
 Meeting and interacting with holy monks and nuns, LDT officials and local people.
 Involving oneself in cleaning or gardening of the sacred shrines.

More activities are possible in Lumbini that will definitely make spiritual tourism to the
seekers/travelers/adventurers and provide Spiritual Intelligence for a holistic health, wisdom and
spiritual merit. Spiritual practice cultivates peace in the mind of an aspirant that is fostered in his
surroundings or community (Ghimire & Rai, 2014).
Lumbini is one of the most sacred places in the world. There are certain attributes and
characteristics that are part of the common understanding of Lumbini (UNESCO, 2013a p.5).
Pilgrims and visitors come to Lumbini and express their religious and spiritual sentiments in
various ways, often linked to their diverse cultures. They come to meditate, chant, beat on drums,
offer gold leaves, offer coins, incense or milk. They all come with the expectations of peace and

25
harmony (ibid p.11). Many scholars designate Lumbini as an unmatched spiritual destination of
the Buddhist world. The spiritual feeling of being at the holy birthplace of the Enlightened one
nurtures devotion and faith in their mind and fills their heart with purity, compassion and
wisdom. Today, Buddhists from all over the world, as well as other travelers, are interested in the
ancient history and culture of Nepal. They also travel Buddhist destinations associated with the
life and miracles of the Buddha and other important touristic destinations in Nepal. Even with
today‟s modern transportation and conveniences, it takes some time and planning to get too
many of these sites, so one can only imagine what it must have been like for pilgrims more than
two millennia ago. Still, these sites have remained despite the ravages of time, and are being
continuously venerated (Ghimire, 2015:102).

Suwal, R and Bhuju, U.(2006) in his study „Lumbini: An environmental analysis‟ stated their
view about the sustainable tourism development in Lumbini. They marked that Lumbini is
identified as the Birthplace of Lord Buddha and has been recognized by UNESCO as World
Heritage. However, this World Heritage Site does not stand isolated, and its sustainability also
relies on the quality of life of the local communities. Therefore, it is essential that ample
opportunities be provided to the villagers living near Lumbini. At present the positive economic
impact of tourism in Lumbini neglects the local communities of the southern, western and
northern areas, which are composed mostly of farmers. The communities are spread in clusters of
settlements without adequate facilities of drinking water, drainage and waste management
systems. Lumbini and Bhairahawa are the major areas where the local residents can find
employment, and they have high expectations of economic opportunities from the Lumbini area.

Considering the fact that Buddha was born in a forest, the setting of Buddha‟s birthplace should
be as natural as possible. From an ecological perspective, it may therefore be appropriate to
develop the newly established forests, grasslands and wetlands of Lumbini in order to reflect the
representative natural habitats found in the Terai. Today, Lumbini is a storehouse of diverse
plant species, and it is being developed as a green island amidst the cultivated fields and human
settlements. In order to enhance its natural beauty, it is essential to develop plantation programs
of indigenous tree species in the surrounding areas.

26
Ghimire, H (2006) in his research „Lumbini: A touristic overview‟ concluded Lumbini is a
World Heritage Site, a destination for pilgrimage and faith tourism and belongs to all in the
world. Lumbini not only provides an ultimate pilgrimage and nirvana for the Buddhists, it is also
an important destination for non-Buddhists. It not only belongs to Nepal and the Nepalese
people, but a sense of ownership is essential for the faster and smoother development of the
complex and the region. The most important recommendation is that the Lumbini and LDT
management should be free from political and ideological allegiance. The teachings of Buddha
and his message of compassion and devotion to the service of humanity, universal brotherhood,
world peace, meditation, progress and welfare of mankind should be foremost in the minds of
those managing the site. The proper and phase wise implementation and completion of the
Lumbini Master Plan can solve the current short fallings, and with good governance Lumbini has
the potential to become a world class tourist destination for all.

Lumibini Development Trust (2011), has introduced the brief history of Buddha in Nepal with
the help of photographs. Integrated management process of Lumibini and Tilaurakot and role of
TRPAP in Lumibini, the natural biodiversity, tourism promotional activities, mission conceived,
vision perceived and goal achieved are details analyzed in this journal. Excavation report of
central archaeology department and conserve activity of Tilaurakot (Kapilvastu) has described.
similarly this journal focuses on the reconstruction of historical and religious sites, which are the
main pillar of tourist attraction in Lumibini and Tilaurakot.

Singh and Gauri (2013) in their study „Developing ancient Buddhist sites as tourist circuits to
minimize conflict in SAARC region‟ wrote, in addition to internal attempts to develop Buddhist
pilgrim sites by various countries, Nepal and India have taken steps to join hands to promote it
with cross-border understanding which will benefit pilgrims from all over the world, as well as
local economies in Nepal and neighbouring Indian states. India and Nepal have agreed to jointly
promote all major Buddhist religious sites, officials are optimistic even more visitors will flock
there. The SAARC region can hugely benefit through the joint promotion of Buddhist pilgrimage
sites. India receives over a million tourists annually to Buddhist sites, officials say, and the
number would rise hugely if Buddhist circuits at cross frontier level are promoted by other
countries too. The contribution of the development of the Buddhist pilgrim circuits would lead to

27
creation of more jobs in the tourism sector and also generate tolerance and cohesiveness among
these countries thus paving way for regional economic and cultural cooperation. Further, if this
initial foray in the so far unattempted realm to implement the Buddhist pilgrim experiment
succeeds to desired level in minimizing the recurrence of conflicts among the member countries
then it could be implemented in phased manner to further increase in religious and pilgrim tourist
circuits including Hindu, Islam, Sikh, Jain, Christian and so on circuits in the region.

Kunwar and Ghimire (2012) in their study „Lumbini as International Pilgrimage Destination:
Authenticity and Significance‟ focused for the need of development of Lumbini region as well as
for the successful completion of Visit Lumbini year 2012 at that time. They think, Tourism is the
dynamic industries which contribute significantly in the national economy needs always new
things, ideas, activities and attractions. Visit Lumbini 2012 could be the appropriate platform to
publicize Lumbini and Nepal in the international market as well as create awareness among the
domestic tourists. It is the slogan to develop Lumbini and attract more pilgrims and tourists from
the international market and bring the momentum of tourism industry of Nepal. Lumbini holds
almost similar position with Mecca. Millions of pilgrims and tourists visit Mecca; however, less
than 100 thousands international tourists/pilgrims visit Lumbini every year. The government of
Saudi Arab has given high priority to develop Mecca and every year Mecca is expanding its
territory with wide roads, hotels, restaurants and other basic facilities needed for visitors. They
have a plan, budget, enthusiasm and commitment to develop it and get benefited. It seems they
are celebrating 'Visit Mecca' every year. On the other hand, nearly 35 per cent works have been
completed in 35 years time of Lumbini Master Plan. How many years will it take to complete is
unknown? Though Lumbini has been attended to a great extent, much still remains to be done in
Lumbini itself. The Greater Lumbini Development is a broader concept to develop the historical
sites in Lumbini, Kapilvastu and Nawalparasi associated with Buddha's life, from childhood to
his younger days, in an integrated approach. The successful completion of this mega event (Visit
Lumbini 2012) could add up the other dynamic programmes in the days to come to build up the
Nepalese tourism as a whole.

Rai (2006) in the article „Lumbini: Present Status and Future Challenges‟ mentioned; the value
of Lumbini has been recognized both at a national and an international level and it leaves no

28
doubt that the proper development and conservation of the area is a big challenge. Being a site of
unique value, there are many different angles from which the site is being approached, generally
all with their own ideas and priorities, but all very much interdependent. Lumbini is widely
recognized for its religious and linked archaeological values, concentrated in and around the
Sacred Garden. In order to enhance these, however, it is necessary to deal with tourism,
environment and socio-economic development of a much larger area, including the needs of the
surrounding communities.

Neupane (2009), in the study „Heritage Complexity and Tourism: The Case of Lumbini Nepal‟
provided some recommendations to make the site attractive for both visitors and local
communities. One of the ways of getting support for conservation and development of the site
from local communities in this case is providing economic benefits through tourism. However,
despite the importance of spiritual and academic interests in Lumbini, its potential for attracting
international visitors and a growing trend in arrivals, the area has not benefited well from
tourism. Through the Tourism for Rural Poverty Alleviation Program (TRPAP), the government
is trying to diversify the tourism product so that tourists will spend more money at the site and in
surrounding villages. However, the diversification of tourism products by TRPAP without much
tourism insight may not be appropriate. Rather, it is recommended to increase the length of stay
of tourists through the development and promotion of other Buddhist sites around the area,
including Kapilvastu and Devdaha. Certified guided tours and interpretive programs can also
help employ locals and increase the length of stay. Lumbini is also suffering from a seasonal
pattern of tourists as the site experiences very low visitation rates during summer months of
April to July. Although monsoons are a big factor in seasonality shifts, their impact on heritage
tourism should be much less than other types of tourism, such as nature-based tourism because it
is easier to control the climatic factors in the built environment such as temples and museums.
The monsoon can be a real constraint for a small portion of the tourists visiting Lumbini who
also visit other mountain destinations. But for Asian pilgrims, it should not be a significant
factor. This warrants awareness and information dissemination, which should be incorporated in
the tourism plan for Lumbini.

29
Tiwari, (1994), in his book 'Tourism dimensions' visualized that tourism as industry and
identified its importance as the means of correcting adverse trade balance in an economy. Even a
highly developed economy like USA relies partly on an increasing number of Japanese tourists
to correct its trade deficits with Japan. In the developing countries it could be the source of
additional external revenue. In additional to generating foreign exchange, tourism is accepted to
create additional employment and income and generate multiplier effort in an economy. Some
countries have a comparative advantage in the development of tourism because of their natural
topography such as mountains, sandy beaches searches and lovely landscape, their rich cultural
heritage and so on. However tourism is not unmixed blessing as it is blamed for causing
environmental pollution and many social evils such as prostitution.

Upadhayaya R.,(2003), in his dissertation entitled „Tourism as a leading Sector in Economic

Development of Nepal‟s has opined that many countries have made various attempts to promote
tourism industry as a means of economic progress. The economy of Nepal lacks in terms of
industrialization some further alternative is to be fund which can induce the process of
industrialization to put the path of rapid economic development, to study the scope for global
linkage of the Nepalese economy with special reference to tourism. He has suggested that
tourism sector has the potential to link the backward Nepalese economy with the forward
economic and to induce the other sector of the economy.

Shrestha (1999) has analyzed that the tourism as a major segment of Nepalese economy
contributed substantially to the foreign exchange earnings, employment generation and overall
economic development of the country. The main objectives set for her study are to assess the
trend of tourism development to assess the role of tourism in the economy to review tourism
plans and policies to enquire into the current problems to highlight the prospects and recommend
measures and appropriate strategy for tourism industry development in Nepal. She identified the
basic problem of tourism on the basis of its contribution to national economy, status of tourism
infrastructure, review of the planning and policies of government. The main conclusion in her
study that despite problems the prospects of tourism is bright in generating employment
contributing to the development of Nepalese economy.

30
According to Regmi U.K. (2009), the development of air transport is crucial for the sustainable
development of tourism in Nepal but the main problem is that it is very difficult to enhance
tourism effectively due to the landlocked situation of the country and lack of proper connectivity
of different places by means of road transport. So, in the context of increased number of tourists
every year and on the other hand, air transport is only one means of accessibility to different
remote places and mountainous parts of the country with more tourism potential, there might be
some relationship between air transport and tourism.

According to Neupane (2012), the volatility can be inferred as risk or uncertainty associated with
international tourist arrivals in Nepalese tourism industry. These empirical results envisage
sufficient room for intervening or amending the tourism policy to address the problems
associated with Nepalese tourism industry and to harness the essence of tourism benefit by
promoting tourism as a sustainable business. Further research on volatility by using daily data
and extension of modeling considering spatial destination could be an important attempt for
policy implications. The quantitative analysis of tourism demand in the Nepalese tourism
industry including volatility modeling could be beneficial to translate the tourism policy in its
real meaning.

Upadyay and Manoj K.,(2006), has been found that through the promotion of tourism sectors the
Nepalese economy can move faster on the pace of globalization. It links the backward Nepalese
economy with the forward economics of the world. On the whole it can be argued that Tourism
sector could be considered to pay the role of leading sector in the economy.

31
 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The aim of this chapter is to state the types of philosophical perspectives and describe the
methods of research used in the study of destination marketing in Lumbini, Nepal as a case
study.

3.1 Research Design

According to Huysamen (1997), research design can be defined as “a plan, blueprint, or guide for
data collection and interpretation-sets of rules that enable the investigator to conceptualise and
observe the problem under study” (p, 7). The research design is classified into three groups:
exploratory, descriptive and analytical.

Research design is helpful to manage the data and information of the study in appropriate order
within the given time frame and to interpret them. This study is based on descriptive research
design. Research design has important effect in sample size because descriptive study needs
larger sample size to give acceptable confidence level.

Descriptive studies are also called observational because they observe the subjects without
otherwise intervening. The simplest descriptive study is a case study which reports data on only
one subject. Descriptive studies of a few cases are called case series. In cross-sectional studies
variables of interest in a sample of subjects are tested once and the relationships between them
are determined (Fong, 1992).

3.2 Nature and Source of Data

This study is based on quantitative data with some sort of qualitative study. The information
source is basically focused on primary data through researcher‟s own observation, interview and
questionnaire survey. Similarly, secondary data has been collected from different published and
unpublished documents. While in this process different previous research works, books, journals,
magazines and newspapers have been reviewed. In addition to these, a lot of tourism related
websites have been surfed.

32
Two types of study contains quantitative and qualitative. These are defined in the following
paragraphs.

3.2.1 Quantitative Research

Quantitative research involves the use of structured questions where the response options have
been fixed and a large number of respondents are involved. Quantitative research is defined as
objective and statistically valid and is measured by numbers (Kaplan and Duchon,1988;
Creswell, 1994; Hathaway,1995; McCullough,1997; Edwards,1998; Liebscher,1998;
Hopkins,1999,2000,2001,2002c; Fuchs and Weirmair, 2003; Baskerville and Myers, 2004,
Mazanec,2005; Fallon and Schofield, 2006a).

The aim of quantitative research is to determine the relationship between one factor (a dependent
or outcome variable) and another (an independent variable) in a population. Quantitative
research designs are either descriptive (subjects usually measured once) or experimental
(subjects measured before and after a treatment). A descriptive study establishes only
associations between variables (Hopkins, 2000).

3.2.2 Qualitative Research

Qualitative approaches to research are based on a "world view" which is holistic and has the
following beliefs: there is not a single reality where reality based upon perceptions that are
different for each person and change over time and what to know has meaning only within a
given situation or context (Burrell and Morgan,1979; Howe, 1985; Kaplan and Maxwell,1994;
Custer, 1996; Myers, 1997,1999; Strauss & Corbin, 1998; Hopkins, 1999, 2001,2003, 2004,
2005;; Myers & Avison, 2002).

Qualitative research is collecting, analysing and interpreting data by observing what people do
and say that refers to the measure of things. Qualitative research refers to the meanings,
concepts, definitions, characteristics, metaphors, symbols and descriptions of things (Myers,
1999).

33
3.3 Sampling Procedure and Questionnaire
For the collection of data, tourist survey is performed with 184 of domestic and international
tourists to gather the information on attractiveness of Lumbini destination and its marketing
activities and positioning at regional and international level which helped to decide on potential
marketing strategies for Lumbini destination marketing. Visitors‟ were asked randomly however
the researcher tried to include diversity in the study.

Questionnaire
The questionnaire in the study is marked as „Tourist Survey‟ or „Visitors‟ Survey‟. Visitors‟
survey collects the information regarding tourists visiting Lumbini and their perceptions about
Lumbini‟s destination marketing as a case study. This survey is intended to deal with the
objective of the thesis, to identify possible marketing strategies to increase the attractiveness of
tourism in Lumbini..

Visitors‟ survey involves some important sections. At first, demography of the tourists or
visitors is studied for some descriptive studies.

Visitor„s consumption process can be divided into three parts; the pre, during and post visitation
(Ryan 2002). The pre-visitation involves the image viewed by the visitors about the destination.
A positive image accordingly would likely be promoting visitation, and a negative image would
normally do otherwise. During the visitation there is of course service delivery which is an
intangible process, it is therefore important to display some tangible assets to portray quality in
the services. This is because pictures are essential in conveying the image of destination, thus
would influence visitor„s criteria, values attributes and perception about a place (Smith &
Mackay, 2001). Post-visitation is linked with visitor„s satisfaction. Visitors analyze their
experiences after their visits to a destination; the aftermath is what is important. It is this effect
that makes an impact on choosing a destination for a second time or recommending this
destination as a positive word of mouth to either a friend or a family member (Fall and Knutson,
2001). This theory is partially taken as a help while forming the tourists‟ survey questionnaire.

34
In tourist survey, an important study centers on the marketing mix factors. Study of 7 Ps:
Product, Price, Place, People, Promotion, Process and Physical evidence is performed with
collecting the tourists‟ opinions for the same in terms of satisfaction perceived. These factors
individually include a number of related attributes and respondents are asked to rate those
attributes in a likert scale.

3.4 Methods of Data Collection and Analysis

The data collection is the main part of the study. There are two types of data analysis methods. In
quantitative analysis data is coded, tabulated and interpreted by using some statistical tools. In
qualitative analysis, personal feelings and experiences are presented in sentences in the process
of data analysis. Qualitative study is guided by the previous research studies, researcher‟s own
observation and the case studies.

For the collection of data, field survey is performed in the real location of Lumbini. The
researcher personally talked with the visitors and convinced them to fill out the questionnaire
forms. Many of them refused to participate in the tourist survey because of time constraint and
not having interest on it. However, researcher managed to survey around 186 domestic and
international tourists in the duration of 7 days. Visitors are sampled to gather the information on
tourism, destination marketing in Lumbini and its positioning at regional and international level.
Similarly, stakeholders involved in tourism marketing in Lumbini are contacted to provide their
opinions about tourism marketing in Lumbini. Likert scale technique is used as a structured type
questionnaire to measure the visitors‟ perspectives on various attributes of tourism destination
marketing and open and closed questions are also used.

Similarly, qualitative study is also guided by the previous research studies, researcher‟s own
observation and the case studies.

Partial conformity factor analysis will be performed to see the correlation between attributes.
Similarly, significance test using ANOVA analysis test for the satisfaction perceived of
marketing mix factors will be conducted. Multiple regression models will be applied to see the
contribution of marketing mix factors to the satisfaction level of tourists.

35
 4. DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

This chapter presents the data collected from the field study in Lumbini and data gathered from
different secondary sources. At the same time, collected and gathered data are analysed in
different sub-sections.

4.1 Demography of the Visitors

 Nationality of the visitors
Lumbini is an ultimate pilgrimage destination of the Buddhists all over the world. So, the
Buddhist pilgrims from all round the world come to visit and worship the sacred place.
The researcher in the field study interacted with the nationals given in the table below.
The table shows 20 nationals out of which 31% of Nepalese, 27.2% of Indian, 6%
Chinese and so on visitors were interacted.
Nationality

Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent

America(USA) 3 1.6 1.6 1.6

Australia 7 3.8 3.8 5.4

Britain 3 1.6 1.6 7.1

China 11 6.0 6.0 13.0

Finland 1 .5 .5 13.6

France 4 2.2 2.2 15.8

Germany 3 1.6 1.6 17.4

India 50 27.2 27.2 44.6

Italy 2 1.1 1.1 45.7

Japan 5 2.7 2.7 48.4

Myanmar 5 2.7 2.7 51.1

36
 Nepal 57 31.0 31.0 82.1

Netherlands 2 1.1 1.1 83.2

Russian 2 1.1 1.1 84.2

South Korea 4 2.2 2.2 86.4

Spain 3 1.6 1.6 88.0

Srilanka 8 4.3 4.3 92.4

Taiwan 2 1.1 1.1 93.5

Thailand 7 3.8 3.8 97.3

Vietnam 5 2.7 2.7 100.0

Total 184 100.0 100.0

Fig.1: Nationality of the visitors (Field survey, 2016)

 Gender of the visitors

The study samples 184 visitors in Lumbini on which 60.9 % of the respondents are male
and 39.1% of the respondents are female. The respondents‟ data based on gender is
presented in the diagram below:

Fig. 2: Gender of the visitors (Field survey, 2016)

37
  Age group of the visitors
Age is another important demographic factor of the respondents. The study covers four
groups of age categories on which majority of the respondents are within the age group of
15-25 consisting of 45.7% of respondents. Age groups 26-35 and 46 over consist of the
same percentage 19.6% individually. Similarly, age group 36-45 consists of 15.2% of the
respondents. Respondents‟ data based on age demography is presented in the diagram
below:

Fig. 3: Age group of the visitors (Field survey, 2016)

 Occupation of the visitors

Occupation is another demographic variable. Visitors are categorized based on their
occupation. Data consists of 41.3% of jobholders, 32.6% of students, 10.9% of self-
employed an 15.2% of others. Diagram presentation of occupational characteristic is
presented as below:

38
 Fig. 4: Occupation of the visitors (Field survey, 2016)

4.2 Visit Background Study

Under the sub-heading visit background study, the motive, planning and organization of
the visit to Lumbini is studied.
 Source of information
Source of information is the foremost motivation for the planning of travelling. The
major sources such as internet, news, word of mouth etc are covered in this study. The
responses show that friends and family together consists of 30.4% of the source of
information, internet and television together consists of 26.1% of the source of
information, magazines and newspaper consists of 2.2% and other sources consists of
41.3% of the total sources. Other sources means books, travel operators and agents and so
on. The data on sources of information is presented in the diagram below:

39
 Fig. 5: Source of information (Field survey, 2016)

 Organization of the visit

Travel is an organized activity. Organization of the overall travel can be done by different
operators, organizations, self by the visitors or by others. The study comprises majority of
the visitors ie. 56.5% self-organized their study, 21.7% of the respondents‟ visit is
organized by club or organization, 19.6% of the respondents‟ visit is organized by travel
agents or tour operators and 2.2% of the respondents‟ visit is organized by other
organizers. The data on the organizers is presented in the diagram below:

Fig. 6: Organization of the visit (Field survey, 2016)

40
 Reasons of travelling
The study tried to gather opinions about the reasons of travelling Lumbini. The data
shows that 41.3% of the respondents came to Lumbini to visit the place whereas 28.3%
of the respondents had religious purpose of visiting Lumbini, 13% came as a part of
travel package organized by operators, 8.7% came to spend the leisure time and rest of
the respondents i.e. 8.7% came for other purposes. The data on reasons of travelling
Lumbini is presented in the diagram below:

Fig. 7: Reasons of travelling (Field survey, 2016)

 Length of stay
Visitors‟ time spending at the tourist site is a major determinant of the source of revenue
for the destination. The study shows that more than two third of the respondents i.e.
71.7% had no longer plan to stay in Lumbini then the same day, 23.9% of the
respondents had plan to stay at least till tomorrow, very few i.e. 4.3% of the respondents
had plan to stay more than 5 days in Lumbini. The data is presented in the diagram
below:

41
 Fig.
Fig. 8: Length of Stay (Field survey, 2016)

 Frequency of visit
The study of the frequency of visit to Lumbini shows that majority of the respondents i.e.
67.4% came for the first time to visit Lumbini, 16% visited Lumbini second time, 10.9%
visited Lumbini over tenth time and some of them also visited third, fifth, sixth, seventh
times. 4% respondents visited over fifty times. The data is presented in the diagram
below:

Fig. 9: Frequency of visit (Field survey, 2016)

42
 Effect of promotion
The study essentially related with the promotion and marketing of Lumbini. So, the
respondents were asked whether they have seen any promotion or marketing activities
about Lumbini. About 69.6% of the respondents had seen some promotions or marketing
activities about Lumbini whereas 30.4% of the respondents never seen any promotions or
marketing activities. The diagram is shown as below:

Fig. 10: Observation of promotion (Field survey, 2016)

Similarly, respondents‟ opinion regarding the effect of promotion to visit the Lumbini is
measured. The study shows that 39.1% of the respondents had high effect of promotion
or marketing activities to visit the Lumbini, 13% had moderate effect, 10.9% were
uncertain about the effect whereas 4.3% had no effect of promotion to visit the Lumbini.
The data is presented in the diagram below:

43
 Fig. 11: Effect of promotion (Field survey, 2016)

4.3 General Impression Study

In this section, the researcher tired to study mainly three cases about the overall impression.
These three things were; overall satisfaction perceived by the visitors, revisiting
consideration and tendency to recommend to others. In a likert scale of 1 to 5 representing; 1-
strongly disagree, 2- disagree, 3- uncertain, 4- agree and 5- strongly agree, these three
questions were asked to measure the responses.

The data were analyzed in SPSS to study the correlations. The correlation study output is put
in the APPENDIX II. In the descriptive statistics table, some descriptive statistics are
measured. Visitors have „overall satisfaction‟ mean in a scale 4.3043 with standard deviation
0.83292. Similarly, „revisiting consideration‟ mean in a scale 4.2391 with standard deviation
0.91579. lastly, „tendency to recommend to others‟ in a scale 4.7609 with standard deviation
0.72984. The outcomes show general impression study of the visitors in Lumbini is very
good. They replied in-between „strongly agree‟ to „agree‟ which means they are satisfied as a
whole, consider to revisit and tend to recommend to visit Lumbini to others.

In the correlation table, correlation among three of these questions are assessed. Since
p=0.000 the correlation is considered significant. That means, if a visitor is satisfied, he/she
tend to revisit it again and recommend to others and likewise.

44
4.4 Marketing Mix Factors Study
Result analysis of PCA
The principal components factor method was used to generate the initial solution. The
eigenvalues suggested that a eight-factor solution explained 75.42% of the overall variance
before the rotation. But as the researcher used partial components analysis, seven-factors
were determined before the computation, which together explained 71.31% of the overall
variation. The seven factors are the marketing mix factors of the tourism industry, 7Ps:
Product, price, place, promotion, people, process and physical evidence.

In the table „Total Variance Explained’ included in APPENDIX II, eigenvalues are listed in
the first column of the first block. Eigen values measure the amount of variation in the total
sample accounted for by each factor and they determine which components remain in the
analysis. Components with an eigenvalues of less than 1 account for less variance than for
the original variable, and so are of little use. Since variables are standardized to have means
of 0 and variances of 1, total variance is equal to the number of variables; the second column
in the table listed the measure of amount of variance in relation to total variance. The column
cumulative percentage of variance contains the cumulative percentage of variance accounted
for by the current and all preceding principal components. For example, the third row shows
the value of 47.608 which means that the first three components together account for
47.608% of the total variance. Extraction sum of squared loadings in the second block of the
table are the same for PCA extraction. Eigenvalues after extraction will be lower than their
initial counterparts.

Components Matrix: The loadings are measure of overall perception about the effectiveness
by using each of the marketing mix factors, the matrix is given in APPENDIX II:

The first Principal Component (PC) itself expresses 29.20% of variation in the data which
corresponds to the highest value of the variable „route maps‟ (0.794) and the lowest value
corresponds to „connecting tours‟ (0.108). The route map is supposed to be the most
contributing variable among the variables in the PC1. On the contrary, connecting tours are
not very contributing for the satisfaction of the visitors in Lumbini. So, its barely effective

45
for the prospective visitors. The second most contributing factor is „safety and hygine‟ as
well as „physical evidence‟ with coefficient 0.760 and the third most contributing one is „ruls
& regulations‟ with coefficient 0.736.

Similarly, for the second PC, 10.16% of variation of the data set, the highest value is
observed for the factor „exhibitions and events‟ (0.676) and the lowest corresponds to the
factor „ticketing‟ (-0.437).

The third PC shows 8.24% variation in the data set and its most contributed by the factor
„shopping‟ (0.445) and less contributed by the factor „provision of exchange and insurance‟
(-0.567).

From the observation of the table, it can be said that tourism stakeholders in Lumbini
contribute more for the first component (all of the factors are positive with high values). The
researcher considered “Product” as the first component for the marketing mix study. So the
stakeholders in Lumbini should focus their great effort to make the destination Lumbini a
better product in future as well. They should focus on the factors such as safety and hygiene,
route maps, rules, events, advertising & publicity, recreation, segmented product/prices as
observed in each of the seven components. Similarly, visitors have very less satisfaction for
the factors such as connection of tours, ticketing, provision of exchange and insurance,
hospitality, travel agents and operators, tour packages for different components.

The KMO and Bartlett’s test shows two tests that indicate the suitability of data for structure
detection. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy 0.582 is a statistic that
indicates that proportion of variance in variables that is caused by underlying factors. Value
greater than 0.5 indicates that factor analysis is useful with the data. The overall significance
of the correlation matrix was 0.000, with a Bartlett test of sphericity value of 3.546. The
statistical probability and the test indicated that there was a significant correlation between
the variables, and the use of factor analysis was appropriate.

46
Multiple Regression Analysis
The multiple regression analysis tool is used to measure the dependent variable „tourists‟
overall level of satisfaction‟ with the seven independent variables. In other words, the
relation between overall satisfaction and marketing mix factors is measured.

The model summary table reports the strength of the relationship between the model and the
dependent variable. R, the multiple correlation coefficient, is the linear correlation between
the observed and model-predicted values of the dependent variable. Its large value indicates a
strong relationship. R Square, the coefficient of determination, is the squared value of the
multiple correlation coefficients. It shows that about half the variation in time is explained by
the model. As a further measure of the strength of the model fit, compare the standard error
of the estimate in the model summary table to the standard deviation of time reported in the
descriptive statistics table.

The ANOVA table tests the acceptability of the model from a statistical perspective. The
regression row displays information about the variation accounted for the model. Similarly,
the residual row displays information about the variation that is not accounted for by the
model. While the ANOVA table is a useful test of the model‟s ability to explain any variation
in the dependent variable, it does not directly address the strength of that relationship.

The multiple regression tables show the results of the regression analysis. To predict the
goodness-of-fit of the regression model, the multiple correlation coefficient (R), coefficient
of determination (R square), and F ratio were examined. First, the R of independent variables
on the dependent variable (tourists‟ overall level of satisfaction) is 0.884, which showed that
the tourists had positive and high overall satisfaction levels with the given attributes or
marketing mix factors. Second, the R square is 0.781, explaining that more than 78% of the
variation of tourists‟ overall satisfaction was explained by those factors. Last, the F ratio,
which explained whether the results of the regression model could have occurred by chance,
had a value of 21.50 (p=0.00) and was considered significant. The regression model achieved
a satisfactory level of goodness-of-fit in predicting the variance of tourists‟ overall
satisfaction in relation to the seven factors, as measured by the above-mentioned R, R square

47
 and F ratio. In other words, at least one of the seven factors was important in contributing to
tourists‟ overall level of satisfaction with Lumbini destination.

While interpreting the coefficient table included in APPENDIX II, coefficients of regression
analysis are taken to the consideration. In the unstandardized coefficients block, the Y-
intercept (constant) is 1.511 which can be interpreted as the value that would be predicted for
Overall Satisfaction (Y) if all of the attributes‟ value correspond to 0. The result showed that
the Overall satisfaction can be expected an average scale of 1.511 in Lumbini with 0 values
for other attributes. Beta for X1 (attractiveness) represents the difference in the predicted
value of Y for each one-unit difference in X1, if other Xn remain constant. This means, if X1
differed by one unit and Xn did not differ, Y will differ by B1 units, on average. For
example, Overall satisfaction would differ by 0.60 when the attractiveness differs by 1 unit,
keeping other attributes constant. Similarly, difference in Y (overall satisfaction) can be
predicted for one unit difference in other Xn (marketing mix factors) individually, keeping
the value of rest of the Xn constant.

In the regression model, each coefficient is influenced by the other variables in a regression
model. Because independent variables are nearly always associated, two or more variables
may explain the same variation in Y. So, each coefficient does not explain the total effect on
dependent variable Y of its corresponding variable, as it would if it were the only variable in
the model. Even though the model fit looks positive, the first section of the coefficients table
shows that there are too many predictors in the model. There are several non-significant
coefficients, indicating that these variables do not contribute much to the model.

4.5 Analysis of Tourists Arrivals in Lumbini

Tourists‟ inflow is a major determinant of the attractiveness of a destination. More the
inflows of tourists in a place, the place is found to be the attractive tourist destination. Inflow
of tourists increase the economic activities of that place which leads to the development of
that region. According to CBS (2000) arrivals of tourists in Nepal is divided into three
source markets; primary markets, secondary markets and emerging markets.

48
1. Primary Markets:
• India
• China
• The UK
• USA
• Japan
2. Secondary Markets
• Germany
• France
• Spain
• Italy
3. Emerging Markets
• Malaysia, Thailand & Singapore
• East Europe
• Middle East

In Lumbini, tourists‟ inflow is recorded in three categories. When the researcher observed the
process of entry to the Sacred Garden and Mayadevi Temple, security personnel were found
checking the entry ticket for the visitors at the entrance gate located in the North side of the
Mayadevi Temple. To be noted, Mayadevi ( Buddha‟s Mother) Temple is the exact place
where Buddha was born and it is the only place which is charged for visitors. Nepalese
visitors were given free entry whereas Indians or other third countries‟ visitors were charged
for the entry ticket. When interacting with the security personnel, the researcher knew that
visitors were recorded as:
 Passport holder visitors
 Indian visitors
 Nepalese visitors

Tourists’ inflow: Passport-holders

Lumbini is the international tourist destination because of the existence of millions of
Buddhists all over the world who believe and follow the Buddhism. Tourists from the

49
 countries excluding Nepal and India need valid visa to travel to the country Nepal. So they
are categorized as passport-holders. The inflow of passport holder visitors in Lumbini from
the year 2011 to 2015 is recorded as below:

Year/Month 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

January 7613 6591 9371 8397 10300
February 17712 20045 17869 17990 17965
March 19758 20519 22581 20109 23289
April 5666 8295 7101 6879 7953
May 1885 1316 3654 2563 740
June 1120 1366 3552 2125 204
July 2881 2651 2321 2735 1506
August 16867 17924 9685 14154 13317
September 7915 7955 7351 8067 4461
October 14892 13099 13610 16458 10860
November 20000 21740 16483 21111 22136
December 11923 14566 10618 12793 16446
Total 128232 136067 124196 133381 129177
Growth 7835 -11871 9185 -4204
Growth rate 6.110019 -8.72438 7.395568 -3.15187
Fig. 12: Tourists‟ inflow: Passport-holders (LDT, 2016)

Passport holder visitors in Lumbini in the year 2011 is recorded as 128232 which in the year
2012 increased by growth rate 6.11%, in the year 2014 increased by 7.39% but recorded a
negative growth in the year 2013 and 2015 by 8.72% and 3.15% respectively.

Tourists’ inflow: Indians

Indian tourists do not need visa to travel Nepal because of bilateral and age old agreements and
ties. Since the border is free between Nepal and India, numerous Indian tourists come to visit
Lumbini every day. The recorded Indian tourist inflow in Lumbini from the year 2011 to 2015 is
as shown below:

50
 Year/Month 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
January 2827 8678 3608 6169 6942
February 3478 4263 3213 5900 6215
March 4737 3275 11693 6425 7932
April 3753 63266 73041 70267 77614
May 8386 6099 19144 10092 8595
June 4889 4222 5886 6998 3506
July 2691 1713 2186 3393 2873
August 2683 2607 3039 4093 1472
September 3467 3297 3066 5300 701
October 5949 5512 6141 8334 1763
November 12778 9022 9024 16142 8109
December 8071 8629 10211 11103 4468
Total 63709 120583 150252 154216 130190
Growth 56874 29669 3964 -24026
Growth rate 89.27153 24.60463 2.638234 -15.5794
Fig. 13: Tourists‟ inflow: Indians (LDT, 2016)

Indian tourists in Lumbini in the year 2011 recorded was 63709 which increased significantly in
the following years but at the diminishing growth rate 89.27%, 24.60% and 2.63% respectively
in the years 2012, 2013 and 2014. Data showed a significant negative growth rate of 15.57% in
the year 2015.

Tourists’ inflow: Nepalese

Lumbini is an important heritage of Nepal. It is rare that the place is not visited by a Nepalese.
Thousands of Nepalese visit Lumbini every month. The inflow of Nepalese visitors recorded in
Lumbini from the year 2011 to 2015 is as below:

51
Year/Month 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
January 45376 41146 45898 122732 44869
February 27531 34230 27045 56348 50674
March 23490 34129 31660 37868 36888
April 58006 147669 178356 209932 221090
May 16666 21128 72187 24753 27701
June 20057 20938 17731 16157 21208
July 13107 11447 8752 13336 20422
August 14475 12986 11727 19168 12115
September 13352 16179 11570 15723 2229
October 34538 26409 30185 63397 6357
November 78247 74444 28828 211766 12039
December 50725 98505 109590 111441 32088
Total 395570 539210 573529 902621 487680
Growth 143640 34319 329092 -414941
Growth rate 36.31216 6.364682 57.38018 -45.9707
Fig. 14: Tourists‟ inflow: Nepalese (LDT, 2016)

Nepalese visitors in Lumbini in the year 2011 recorded was 395,570 which increased
significantly in the following years at the growth rate 36.31%, 6.36% and 57.38% respectively in
the years 2012, 2013 and 2014. Data showed a significant negative growth rate of 45.97% in the
year 2015.

4.6 Study of 7 Ps in Tourism Marketing: Lumbini

In marketing, 4 Ps, namely Price, Product, Place and Promotion are very popular. However,
tourism marketing is a service business it needs to be analyzed from the point of view of service
marketing. Service marketing mix consists some more factors besides 4 Ps. These three of the
additional factors are People, Process and physical evidence. The field study of altogether 7 Ps in
tourism marketing of Lumbini Nepal is analysed as below:

52
Product: It‟s the major thing in any business or service. In tourism industry, the destination itself
is a product. When analyzing the tourism product in marketing, its related to transportation,
accommodation, attractiveness, shopping and grocery stores, recreational places, tour packages,
safety and hygiene of the place etc. The study showed that attractiveness has mean scale of
4.17391 which is very positive. Accessibility has 3.9130, a recreational place has 2.8261,
accommodation has 3.2826, shopping & grocery store has 2.27391 and tour package has 3. It can
be said that product attributes attractiveness, accessibility, accommodation and tour package
provided average or more level of satisfaction to the respondents; however recreational places
and shopping and stores provided below average level of satisfaction.

Price: It is important to set a right price considering the buyer‟s purchase capacity, disposable
income, competitors‟ price, cost of the service, demand and supply etc. The study of some price
attributes like prices level and segmentation in Lumbini showed that Prices level has satisfaction
in mean scale of 3.5652 and segmentation has 3.0435. Though these are above average,
stakeholders need to segment the services and products and set prices appropriately.

Place: Place is the study of channels and distribution. The attributes regarding place component
studied were, local transport, safety & hygiene of the place and Information, communication and
technology (ICT) infrastructure. The study showed local transport satisfaction in a mean scale of
3.3043, safety & hygiene satisfaction in a scale of 4.0652 and ICT in a scale of 2.7174. It can be
said that safety & hygiene of the place is very satisfied, local transport is well but ICT is not
satisfied.

Promotion: It is the communication activity between sellers and buyers for the purpose of
influencing, informing or persuading a potential buyer‟s purchasing decision. Communication
mix for promotion is advertising, sales promotion, public relations and personal selling. The
studied attributes were advertising/publicity, promotions, personal selling and exhibitions/events.
The study showed above moderate satisfaction for first three attributes but below average for the
exhibition/events, 3.3913, 3.2826, 3.5652 and 2.8478 mean scales respectively.

53
People: people in tourism industry mean all related workers and employees whom tourists
interact during the visit. So the behavior of tourism people directly influences the perceptions of
visitors and their satisfaction for a particular destination. The studies attributes were travel
agents/tour operators, hospitality of the workers and courtesy skills. The study showed satisfied
level of hospitality and courtesy skills for the respondents being 4.1522 and 3.9348 mean scales
respectively.

Process: Main elements in process are planning, system, documentation, control etc. The process
is the action or activities of companies to deliver the product or service to the target customers.
In tourism, its about conveying messages and information about the services in an easy manner
to the customers. The attributes information, documentation, connecting tours, ticketing and
provision of exchange & insurance were studied. Availability of information and ticketing
showed good satisfaction to respondents; however documentation, connecting tours and
exchange & insurance were not at that level.

Physical evidence: Every visitors have an image of services and products before travelling to a
destination. Physical evidence is essentially the overall environment or facilities visitors
experience reaching upon a particular destination. It is related with ambience, corporate
branding, route maps, information on rules & regulations etc. The study of attributes rules&
regulations, route maps and physical ambience showed well satisfaction to the respondents
being the mean scales of 4.1304, 4.1739 and 4.0870 respectively.

The study in Lumbini shows that though it is an attractive destination, visitors do not find
enough infrastructure and facilities in Lumbini area. Many visitors come and return at the same
day because of unavailability of entertaining sources and absence of cultural activities.
Promotional campaigns need to be operated throughout the year by government bodies, local
development bodies and private agencies. The stakeholders should focus on the strengths the
Lumbini has and should improve on the weaknesses. There is always potentiality of tourism in
the area but what matters is, an integrated effort and planning for destination management and
marketing.

54
 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

5.1 Summary
The study in the Himalayan country Nepal where tourism counts 4.3% of direct contribution
to GDP, 3.5% of total employment contribution, recorded in the report study of world travel
& tourism council “Travel & Tourism economic impact 2015 Nepal”. It is found to be an
important foreign currency earning source for this beautiful travel destination. Many travel
planners and visitors regard Nepal as one of the top destinations to visit every year. This
study focused to the area of pilgrimage tourism in studying the world‟s heritage site-
Lumbini Nepal.

Lumbini is the birthplace of Lord Buddha and its religious value has been attracting pilgrims
since the very early ages. The archaeological remains, which were excavated throughout the
last century and which are now conserved at the site, provide testimony of these pilgrimages
since the 3rd century BC. It is for these reasons, that Lumbini was inscribed in the World
Heritage List in 1997 (Kanno, Koto, 2006).

Today, Lumbini can be considered a center of world peace: a first class pilgrimage
destination and a symbol of international brotherhood, peace and prosperity. Lumbini is one
of the most important holy sites for Buddhists, who wish to visit it at least once during their
lifetime. Lumbini is also popular among non-Buddhist visitors and has the potential to attract
millions of pilgrims and visitors from around the world. The importance of the site is so great
that the Buddha himself advised his followers to undertake pilgrimages there: “Lumbini
should be (visited and) seen by persons of devotion, a visit will create awareness and
apprehension of the nature of impermanence” (Ghimire, H., 2006).

Pilgrimage or cultural tourism is closely related to a specific destination. Crompton (1979,

cited in Einci, 2003, p.22) defined destination image as “the sum of beliefs, ideas and
impressions that a person has of a destination”.

55
The attractiveness of a tourist destination encourages people to visit and spend time at the
destination. Therefore the major value of destination attractiveness is the pulling effect it has
on tourists. Without the attractiveness, tourism does not exist and there could be little or no
need for tourist facilities and services. It is only when people are attracted to a destination
that facilities and services follow (Ferrario, 1979b).

For the collection of data, field survey is performed in the real location of Lumbini. The
researcher personally talked with the visitors and convinced them to fill out the questionnaire
forms. Many of them refused to participate in the tourist survey because of time constraint
and not having interest on it. However, researcher managed to survey around 186 domestic
and international tourists in the duration of 7 days. Visitors are sampled to gather the
information on tourism, destination marketing in Lumbini and its positioning at regional and
international level. Similarly, stakeholders involved in tourism marketing in Lumbini are
contacted to provide their opinions about tourism marketing in Lumbini. Similarly,
qualitative study is also guided by the previous research studies, researcher‟s own
observation and the case studies.

Partial conformity factor analysis will be performed to see the correlation between attributes.
Similarly, significance test using ANOVA analysis test for the satisfaction perceived of
marketing mix factors will be conducted. Multiple regression models will be applied to see
the contribution of marketing mix factors to the satisfaction level of tourists.

The study showed that the top nationals visited Lumbini includes Nepalese, Indian, Chinese,
srilanka. Similarly, the researcher performed data collection with the nationals from
Australia, England, France, Germany, Japan, Finland, Italy, Myanmar, Netherlands, Russia,
South Korea, Spain, Thailand and Vietnam. 60.9% of the respondents were male and 39.1%
were female. Visitors below the age 25 years found to be a higher percentage i.e. 45.7%.
That means, younger people counted almost half of the visitors sampled. It could be because
of higher number of Students visiting the site every day. 32.6% of them were students;
however 41.3% of the respondents were Jobholders/Employees professionally.

56
When studying the source of information about Lumbini, 30.4% responded „Friends/Family‟
to be the major source, 26.1% responded to „Internet/Television‟ to be the major source.
Most of the people i.e.41.3% responded to „Others‟ sources. The researcher suppose that
other sources could include books, schools/colleges and so on. The study showed that more
than half of the respondents i.e. 56.5% organized their travel to Lumbini themselves. Few of
them i.e. 19.6% had their visit organized by travel agents or tour operators. The study of
reasons of travelling the site indicated that, 41.3% visited Lumbini to observe the holy place
of Buddhism, 28.3% visited for religious purpose, 13% visited as a part of travel package,
8.7% visited to spend the leisure time and the same percentage visited for other purposes.
Many people found to visit Lumbini for very short time, probably only for a day. 71.7% of
the respondents had no longer plan to stay in Lumbini then the same day, 23.9% of them had
plan to stay at least till tomorrow, very few i.e 4.3% only could stay more than 5 days in the
site. While studying the frequency of visit, 67.4% visited the place for the first time. The
study essentially related with the promotion and marketing of Lumbini. So, the respondents
were asked whether they have seen any promotion or marketing activities about Lumbini.
About 69.6% of the respondents had seen some promotions or marketing activities about
Lumbini whereas 30.4% of the respondents never seen any promotions or marketing
activities. The study showed that 39.1% of the respondents had high effect of promotion or
marketing activities about Lumbini.

The researcher tried to study the general impression of respondents regarding the tourism in
Lumbini. Visitors had „overall satisfaction‟ mean in a scale 4.3043, „revisiting consideration‟
mean in a scale 4.2391 and „tendency to recommend to others‟ mean in a scale 4.7609. The
outcomes showed visitors are satisfied as a whole, consider revisiting and tend to recommend
visiting Lumbini to others. Similarly, correlation among three of these questions is
considered significant.

The marketing mix factors study in Lumbini with factor analysis showed that 71.31% of the
overall variation is explained by seven factor components (7Ps: Product, price, place,
promotion, people, process and physical evidence). The outcome showed first component
counts the higher contribution for the satisfaction of respondents visiting the Lumbini. The

57
 statistical probability and the test indicated that there was a significant correlation between
the variables, and the use of factor analysis was appropriate.

In multiple regression analysis study with ANOVA, to predict the goodness-of-fit of the
regression model, the multiple correlation coefficient (R), coefficient of determination (R
square), and F ratio were examined. First, the R of independent variables on the dependent
variable (tourists‟ overall level of satisfaction) is 0.884, which showed that the tourists had
positive and high overall satisfaction levels with the given attributes or marketing mix
factors. Second, the R square is 0.781, explaining that more than 78% of the variation of
tourists‟ overall satisfaction was explained by those factors. Last, the F ratio, which
explained whether the results of the regression model could have occurred by chance, had a
value of 21.50 (p=0.00) and was considered significant.

Study of tourists‟ inflow in Lumbini as recorded in the information department of Lumbini

Development Trust showed that there is increment in the inflow of tourists from domestic
and international level. A significant change is seen in some years which need to be
sustained, marketing the destination through promotion activities at national and international
front.

The study of 7 Ps in tourism marketing of Lumbini showed that though product and physical
evidence components are satisfying, the components price, place, process, people and
promotion components need to be improved well.

5.2 Conclusions
Tourism industry is a significant industry to contribute to the overall economy of a country.
International tourism has become very important as a major source of foreign exchange
earnings for their economic development. This study analyzes the status, present conditions
and future potentials of the tourism destination marketing of Lumbini Nepal in the regional
and international market. Lastly, recommendations for marketing strategies and public
policies are given.

58
 The number of visitors to Lumbini has risen steadily over the years, creating an urgent need
to fully implement the Kenzo Tange Master Plan, including components geared toward
providing facilities, services and accommodation for pilgrims and tourists (UNESCO, 2012).
The concluding remarks are as below:
 Many people come to visit Lumbini to observe it as being the birthplace of Lord Buddha. So,
it is an opportunity for the stakeholders to attract millions of Buddhists and other visitors.

 Internet and ICT are the modern means of communication, however in the study it is found
that these sources were not the major sources of many visitors. So, the stakeholders should
use and take advantage of these sources to advertise the destination at regional and
international level.

 A significant number of respondents never had seen any promotion or marketing activities
about Lumbini in Nepal as well as in abroad which reflect the weakness in promotion or
marketing of the destination Lumbini.

 Many people visiting Lumbini organized their travel themselves. Travel agents and tour
operators should think about making attractive packages so that visitors could visit nicely and
cost effectively. On the other hand, agents and operators could increase their business.

 The length of stay in Lumbini destination is a big issue the study found. More than 70% of
the respondents had no plan to stay even for a day around the site. They choose to return after
the observation of the place. It could be because of non-availability of new products, no
recreational places, presence of Indian travel operators, lack of guided tours etc.

 However overall satisfaction of the respondents visiting Lumbini is good. Further they
consider to revisit the Lumbini and think of recommending to visit the destination to other
people. It shows the attractiveness and importance of this pilgrimage destination.

 The study of 7Ps showed however, Product, People, Price and Physical evidence factors
scored average or above, the factors Place, Process and Promotion scored average or below

59
 average. Stakeholders need to focus on the low scoring marketing mix factors of tourism
marketing since it is an integrated activity.

5.3 Recommendations
Recommendations for effective tourism destination marketing of Lumbini Nepal are assessed
as below:
1. Provision or improvement of adequate physical infrastructure and utilities.
2. Increasing the visitors‟ length of stay in Lumbini.
3. Encouraging repeat visit by different programs, packages or offers.
4. Manpower development in tourism and hospitality such as linguists, tour guides,
historians, chefs and others.
5. Regional cooperation and promotional campaigns within the country or outside of
country.
6. Community involvement to make them felt responsible as well as benefited.

60
 REFERENCES

Acharya, P. (2001). Impact of Tourism in Economic and Sociocultural Aspects of Lumbini

VDC: An Anthropological Case Study. a Master‘s Level Thesis. Tribhuwan University.

Ahmed S. A. (1991). Psychological Profiles of Sri Lankans versus Tourists. Annals of Tourism
March, Vol. 16, pp.345-359

Anholt, S. (2009). Handbook on tourism destination branding. 1st ed. Madrid: World Tourism
Organization.

Ateljevic, I. & Doorne, S. (2002). Theoretical Encounters: A Review of Backpacker Literature.

Baloglu, S. and Mccleary, K. W. (1999). A model of destination image formation. Annals of

tourism research, 26 (4), pp. 868--897.

Blain, C., Levy, S. E. and Ritchie, J. B. (2005). Destination branding: Insights and practices from
destination management organizations. Journal of travel research, 43 (4), pp. 328—338

Boccardi, G., & Gupta, D. (2005). Mission report: Reactive monitoring mission to Lumbini, the
birthplace of the Lord Buddha, World Heritage Property, Nepal (13–18th Nov, 2005). Nepal:
UNESCO/ICOMOS.

Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the competitive destination of the future, Tourism Management,
21(1), 97-116.

Buhalis, D. (2000). ―Relationships in the distribution channel of tourism: Conflicts between

hoteliers and tour operators in the Mediterranean region‖, International Hospitality, Leisure and
Tourism Administration Journal, Vol.1 (1) pp.113-139.

i
Burrell,G.,& Morgan, G. (1979). Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis. London:
Heinemann.

Campo, J. E. (1998). American Pilgrimage Landscapes. Annals of the American Academy of

Political and Social Sciences 558: 40–56.

Ceballus, Lascurian. (1996).Tourism, Ecotourism, and Protected Areas: The State of Nature-
based Tourism around the World and Guidelines for its Development. 315 pages. IUCN-World
Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland.

Clark, P.A. (1972). Action Research and Organizational Change, Harper and Row, London, pp,
75-91.

Cohen, Erik .(1979). ―A Phenomenology of Tourist Experiences‖. Sociology. Vol. 13 (May),

pp.179-201.

Creswell, J.W. (1994). Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Sage
Publications: Thousand Oake, CA.47-61.

Crick, M. (1996). Representations of international tourism in the social sciences: Sun, sex,
sights, savings, and servility. InY.Apostolopoulos, S. Leivadi& A.Yiannakis (Eds.), The
sociology of tourism: Theoretical and empirical investigations (pp. 15–50). London: Routledge

Crick, M. (1988). ―Sun, Sex, Savings and Servility: Representations of International Tourism in
the Social Sciences‖, Criticism, Heresy and Interpretation 1, pp.37-76.

Crompton J.L. (1979). ―An assessment of the image of Mexico as a vacation destination and the
influence of geographical location upon that image‖, Journal Travel Research; Vol. 17 (4),
pp.18–23

ii
Crouch G I, Ritchie J R B. (1999). ―Tourism, Competitiveness, and Societal Prosperity‖, Journal
of Business Research 44, pp.137–152

Cuepers, C. (2006). Lumbini: Present Status of the Site in Religious Terms. In Lumbini: Present
Status and Future Challenges. Kathmandu: UNESCO office.

Custer, R.L. (1996). Qualitative Research Methodologies. Journal of Industrial Teacher

Education.

Damnjanović, V., Kravic, M. and Abdul Razek, T. (n.d.). Tourism branding strategy of the
Mediterranean region. 1st ed.

Dwyer, L., Gill, A., & Seetaram, N. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of research methods in tourism:
quantitative and qualitative approaches. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Eade, J. & Sallnow, M. (1991). Introduction. In Eade, J. & Sallnow, M. (Eds.) Contesting the
Sacred: The Anthropology of Christian Pilgrimage (pp. 1-29), London: Routledge.

Edwards, D.J. (1998). Types of Case Work: A Conceptual Framework for Case-Based Research.
Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Vol. 38, pp36-71.

Ekinci, Y. (2003). From destination image to destination branding: An emerging area of

research. E-review of Tourism Research, 1 (2), pp. 21--24.

Ennew, C. T., Banerjee, A. K. & Li, D. (2000). 'Managing Word of Mouth Communication:
Empirical Evidence from India', International Journal of Bank Marketing, 18(2), 75-83.

Erbes, R. (1973). ‗International tourism and economy of developing countries‘, Organisation for
economic co-operation and development center, Paris, pp. 73-101

iii
Fabricious, M.P. (2001). Competitive Strategy for Tourism Destinations. Unpublished MBL
Research Report.

Fallon, P. and Schofield, P. (2006a). The Dynamics of Destination Attribute Importance.

International Journal of Culture, Tourism, and Hospitality Research, Vol.1.

Fedorko, I. & Bačík, R. (2012). Corporate Identity in the Light of Internet Marketing.
Proceedings of the Mezinárodní Masarykova conference pro doktorandy a mladé vědecké
pracovníky (pp. 712-720). Hradec Králové: Magnanimitas.

Ferrario, F. (1979a). "The evaluation of Tourist resources: An Applied Methodology (Part 1)."
Journal of Travel Research, 17 (3), 18-22. ---- (1979b). "The evaluation of Tourist Resources:
An Applied Research (Part 2)." Journal of Travel Research, 17 (4), 24-30.

Florek, M. (2005). The country brand as a new challenge for Poland. Place Branding, 1(2), 205-
214.

Fong, M. (1992). When a Survey Isn't Research. Counselor Education and Supervision, Vol.31,
pp, 194-195.

Frey, N. L. (2004). Stories of the Return: Pilgrimage and its Aftermaths. In Badone, E.
&Roseman, S. R. (Eds.) Intersecting Journeys: The Anthropology of Pilgrimage and Tourism
(pp. 89-109), Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

Fuchs, M. and Weirmair, K. (2003). New Perspectives of Satisfaction Research in Tourism

Destinations. Tourism Review, Vol.58, No.30, pp. 6-14.

Fyall, A., Callod, C. & Edwards, B. (2003). Relationship Marketing: The Challenge for
Destinations, Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 644- 659.

iv
Galin, Kastelov. (2014). Thesis work, Destination Branding ― Sofia, a visual identity. New
Bulgarian University

Ghimire, H. (2006). Lumbini: A Touristic Overview. In Lumbini: Present Status and Future
Challenges. Kathmandu: UNESCO Kathmandu Office.

Ghimire, H. (2011). Pilgrimage Tourism: A Case Study of Lumbini-Nepal. Journal of Tourism

and Hospitality Education, Kathmandu: Whitehouse School of Hotel Management, 1: 44-52.

Ghimire, H. and Rai, H. (2015). Spirituality in Lumbini: The Fundamental Aspect of Buddhism.
Lumbini Darpan. Lumbini Development Trust: Lumbini. Vol. VI. 2072. Pp. 51-66.

Giri, G. (2015). Tourism in Lumbini. Derived from http://gitugiri.com.np/2014/07/tourism-in-

lumbini/. Accessed on 02.06.2016.

Gladstone, D. L. (2005). From Pilgrimage to Package Tour: Travel and Tourism in the Third
World. Oxon: Rotledge. ISBN 0-415-95063-5.

Godfrey, K., and Clarke, J., (2000), The Tourism Development handbook. London, Continuum.

Graburn, N. (1989). Tourism: The Sacred Journey. In Smith, V. (Ed.), Hosts and guests: The
Anthropology of Tourism (pp. 17-32). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Gronroos, C.(1989). Defining Marketing: A Market-Oriented Approach, European Journal of

Marketing, Vol.23,No.1,pp.52-60.

Hathaway,R.S.(1995). Assumptions Underlying Quantitative and Qualitative Research.

Implications for Institutional Research. Vol. 36. No.5, pp.535-562.

v
Himalayan Glacier. (2011). Prospects Of Tourism In Nepal. March 26, 2011. Derived from
http://www.himalayanglacier.com/blog/prospect-of-tourism-in-nepal.html. Accessed on
September 20, 2016.

Hopkins, W.G. (1999). How to Write a Research Paper. Sportscience 3(1).

Hopkins, W.G. (2000a). Quantitative Research Design. Sportscience 4(1).

Hopkins, W.G. (2000b). Limits to Performance. Sportscience 4(2).

Hossain, M. A. and Nazmin, S., (2006) ―Development of Tourism Industry in Bangladesh- an

empirical study on its problems and prospects‖ Centre for Tourism and Hotel management
Research, Ga-1, Rashedul Hasan Bhaban, University of Dhaka, and Dhaka

Howe, K.R.(1985). Two Dogmas of Educational Research, Educational Researcher. Vol.14 No8,
pp10-18.

Huysaman, G.K.(1997). Parallels Between Qualitative Research and Sequentially Performed

Quantitative Research. South Africa Journal of Psychology. Vol27, pp.1-8.

Iyer, G., Soberman, D. & Villas-Boas, J. M. (2005). The Targeting of Advertising, Marketing
Science, 24(3), 461-476.

Kanno, Koto (2006). Lumbini: Present status and future challenges. UNESCO: Kathmandu.

Kaplan, B. and Maxwell, J.A. (1994). Qualitative Research Methods for Evaluation Computer
Information Systems, in Evaluating Health Care Information Systems: Methods and
Applications, Sage Thousand Oaks, CA, pp.45-68.

Kavoura, A. & Katsoni, V. (2014). The use of tourism distribution channels for advertising a
religious ‗imagined community‘: the case of branding a prefecture at a regional level, Arcadia,

vi
Greece. In Barreau, L. (Ed.) Advertising: Types of Methods, Perceptions and Impact on
Consumer Behavior, (pp. 1-34). USA: Nova Publishers.

Keller, K. L. (2003). Strategic brand management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Kiráľová, A. (2010). Destination Marketing in Times of Crisis. In Štefko, R., Frankovský, M. &
Adamišin, P. (Eds.)Third International Scientific Conference under the Title ―Management 2010
Knowledge and Management in Times of Crisis and Ensuing Development‖ (564 – 591). Prešov:
FM UNIPO.

Kiráľová, A. & Straka, I.(2013). Vliv globalizace na marketing destinace. Praha: Ekopress.
Štefko, R., Jenčová, S. & Litavcová, E. (2013). Selected aspects of marketing pilgrimage sites.
In: Polish Journal of Management Studies. 8(8), 1-8.

Kot, S. & Ślusarczyk, B. (2014). Outsourcing Reasons and results - Survey Outcomes
Discussion. In: The Journal of American Business Review, Cambridge, 2(2), 13-36.

Kotler,P.,Bowen,J.and Makens,J. (1996).Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism. 1st Ed. Prentice
Hall. Inc.

Kotler P., Armstrong G., (2002) Principles of Marketing Management, Ninth Edition, Prentice
Hall of India, New Delhi.

Kotler ,P. & Armstrong, G.(2010). Principle of Marketing. USA: Pearson

Kozak M, Rimmington M, (1999), ―Measuring tourist destination competitiveness: conceptual

considerations and empirical findings‖, Hospitality Management, Vol. 18, pp.273-283

Kunwar, R. R. and Ghimire, H. (2012). Lumbini as International Pilgrimage Destination:

Authenticity and Significance. The Gaze: Journal of Tourism and Hospitality. Vol. 4. No. 1, pp.
1-33.

vii
Laws, R. (2002). Tourist Destination Management: Issues, analysis and policies. New York. 9.

Leiper N. (1990). ―Tourists Attraction Systems‖, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 17, pp. 367
384

Lickorish, L. J. & Jenkins, C. L. (2013). Introduction to Tourism. Oxford: Reed Educational and
Professional Publishing Ltd.

Liebscher, P., (1998), Quantity with Quality? Teaching Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in
an LIS Master‘s Program. Library Trends, Vol 46 no4, pp.668-680.

Lumbini Development Trust. (2011). Tourist Brochure Rupandehi. Nepal: Lumbini

Development Trust.

Lumbini Development Trust. (2016). Tourist Brochure Rupandehi. Nepal: Lumbini

Development Trust.

Lumbini Development Trust. (2016). About Lumbini. Retrieved from http://

www.lumbinitrust.org/placestosee.htm. Accessed on August 12, 2016.

MacCannell, D. (1999). The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. Berkeley: University
of California Press

Martin, P.L.R. (1999). The Modelling of Tactics and Procedures Using a Component Based
System. In Proceedings of the 1999 Winter Simulation Conference ed Farrington, P.A, Black-
Nembhard, H Sturrock, D.T. Evans,G.W.

Martin, J., Morales, N., and Scrapa, R. (2004).Tourism and Economic Growth in Latin American
Countries: A Panel Data Approach. The Arellano-Bond Panel Data. 1-20

viii
Martın J. D. et al. (2004), ―Factors Influencing Destination Image‖, Annals of Tourism Research,
Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 657–681

Maxwell, J. A. (1996). "Qualitative Research Design-An Interview Approach". London: Sage

McCullough, D. (1997). Quantitative vs. Qualitative Marketing Research.pp9-18. Mazanec,

J.(2005). Comment by Josef Mazanec Following the Presentation by Fallon, P. and Schofield, P.,
of ‗Exploring the When? How? And Why? Of Assessing Destination Attribute Importance‘ at
the Fourth Consumer Psychology of Tourism, Hospitality, and Leisure Research, (CPTHL)
Symposium in Montreal, July 17th-20th.

MOTCA. (2009). Tourism Policy. Official website ministry of tourism and civil association.
Nepal Government.

MOFA. (2015). Tourism In Nepal. Drived from Mofa.gov.np

Morgan, Neil A., Bruce H. Clark, Richard Gooner. (2002). Marketing productivity, marketing
audits, and systems for marketing performance assessment: Integrating multiple perspectives. J.
Bus. Res. 55(5) 363–375.

Morgan et at al. (2004), Destination Branding: Creating the unique destination, 2nd Edition,
Edited by Morgan et at al, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemanna, Amsterdam, pp. 3-17

Morinis, A. (1992). Introduction: The Territory of the Anthropology of Pilgrimage. In Morinis,

A. (Ed.) Sacred Journeys: The Anthropology of Pilgrimage (pp. 1-27), Westport CA: Greenwood
Press.

Morrison, A., M. (2009). Hospitality and Travel Marketing. India: Thomson Learning.

Musa, M. (2013). ―Marketing‖ A tool to develop Bangladesh‘s tourism sector. International

Journal of Business, Economics and Law, Vol. 2, Issue 1 (June) ISSN 2289-1552.

ix
Myers, M.D. (1999). Investigating Information Systems with Ethnographic Research, (This is the
PDF Version of a Paper Published in Communications of the AIS).231-243.

Myers, M.D and Avison, D.E. (2002). Qualitative Research in Information Systems: A Reader,
Sage Publications, London. 17-25.

Ndlovu, J. (2009). Branding as a strategic tool to reposition a destination. 1st ed. Pretoria: [s.n.].

Neupane, G.P. (2009). Heritage complexity and tourism: the case of Lumbini, Nepal. Journal
of Heritage Tourism, 4 (2): 157-172.

Oppermann, M. (2000). Tourism Destination Loyalty, Journal of Travel Research, 39(1), 78-84.

Osterreith, A. (1997). Pilgrimage, Travel and Existential Ques. In Morinis, A. (Ed.) Sacred
Journeys: The Anthropology of Pilgrimage (pp. 25 - 39), Westport CA: Greenwood Press.

Owens, B. M. (2002). Monumentality, Identity, and the State: Local Practice, World Heritage,
and Heterotopia at Swayambhu, Nepal. Anthropological Quarterly, 75 (2), 269-316.

Pike, S. (2005). Tourism destination branding complexity. Journal of Product & Brand
Management, 14(4), 258-259.

Qu, H., Kim, L. H. and Im, H. (2011). A model of destination branding: Integrating the concepts
of the branding and destination image. Tourism Management, 32 (3), pp. 465--476.

Rai, R. (2006). Lumbini: Present Status and Future Challenges. Kathmandu:UNESCO.

Kathmandu office.

Regmi, U.K. (2009). ―Relationship between air transport and tourism: A case study of Nepal‖.
Master‘s Degree thesis, Molde University Collage, Norway.

x
Richards, G. & Wilson, J. (nd.) Conference: Global Nomad: Backpacker Travel in Theory and
Practice. (pp. 60-76), Kasetsart Univ, Int. MBA Sch., Bangkok, Book Series: Tourism and
Cultural Change.

Ryan, C. (2002). Researching Tourist Satisfaction: Issues, Concepts, Problems. London, UK:
Routledge.

Sharpley, R, & Sundaram, P. (2005). Tourism: a Sacred Journey? The Case of Ashram Tourism,
India. International Journal of Tourism Research, 7(3), 161-171.

Shrestha H.P. (1999). Tourism Marketing in Nepal. Unpublished PhD. Dissertation, submitted to
Tribhuwan University, Kathmandu.

Shreastha, P. (1999). Tourism in Nepal, Problem and prospects, Doctoral Diss., Banaras Hindu
University, India.

Singh, R.P and Gauri, S. (2013). Developing Ancient Buddhist Sites as Tourist Circuits to
Minimize Conflict in SAARC Region. P. 23.

Štefko, R., Jenčová, S. & Litavcová, E. (2013). Selected aspects of marketing pilgrimage sites.
In: Polish Journal of Management Studies. 8(8), 1-8.

Suwal, R. and Bhuju, U. (2006). Lumbini: An Environmental analysis. In Lumbini: Present

Status and Future Challenges. Kathmandu: UNESCO office.

Sweeney B.S. (2008). 101 ways to promote your tourism business web site. Canada: Library of
congress publications data.

Theobald, (1997:6). The act of Leaving and the Returning to the Original Starting Point.
Published and Unpublished Dissertations.

xi
Timothy, D.J. (1997). Tourism and the personal heritage experience. Annals of Tourism
Research, 24(3), 751–754.

Timothy, D. J. & Boyd, S. W. (2003). Heritage Tourism. Harlow: Pearson Education.

Tiwari, R. (2016). Lumbini: A Pilgrimage Destination of the Buddhists . Derived from

http://www.travelbiznews.com/news/features-destinations/item/1466-lumbini--a-pilgrimage-
destination-of-the-buddhists. Accessed on 10.08.2016.

Tiwari, S.P. (1994). Tourism Dimension. Delhi: Atma Ram and Sons.

Tourism & more (2009). Religious and Pilgrimage Tourism. Retrieved from:
http://www.tourismandmore.com/tidbits/religious-and-pilgrimagetourism/

Turner, V. & Turner, E. (1978). Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture. New York:
Columbia University Press.

UNESSCO (2002). UNESSCO World Heritage Site List.

UNESCO (2008b). World heritage fund. Retrieved from http://whc.unesco.org/ en/109.

Accessed on January 10, 2008.

UNESCO (2013). Lumbini. Brochure.

Upadhyaya, B. S. (2018 BS). Geography of Buddhists Era (in Hindi). Prayaga, India: Hindi
Sahitya Sammelan.

Upadgyay Rudra and Agrayal Manoj Kumar (2006). Tourism and Economic Development in
Nepal, New Delhi; Northern Book Centre.

Vellas, F. & Bechamel, L.(1998). International Tourism. London. MacMillan.18(7),38-42.

xii
Vellas, Francois and Becherel Lionel. (2012). The international marketing of travel and tourism:
a strategic approach. Palgrave: Australia.

Vogt, C. (2003). Destination Branding: Concept and Measurement. Michigan State University.
Retrieved April, 7 p. 2009.

Vukonić, B. (1996). Tourism and Religion. Oxford: Pergamon.

Wang, Y. (2008). Collaborative Destination Marketing: Understanding the Dynamic Process,

Journal of Travel Research, 47(2), 151-166.

Weiermair K., & Mathies C. (2004). The Tourism and Leisure Industry- shaping the future. New
York: The Heiworth Hospitality Press.

William, F. Theobald (1994), Global Tourism: The Next Decade, Butterworth Heinemann Ltd.,
Jordon Hill, Oxford, p. 4.

World Tourism Organization. (2003). Destination.

Yeoman Y. (2008). Tomorrow‘s Tourist: Scenarios and Trends. Amsterdam: Elselver Ltd

Zhang, M. (2007). Chinese Perspective. Raj, R. & Morpeth, D. (Eds.) Religious Tourism and
Cultural Pilgrimage: An International Perspective. (pp. 98-112) Wallingford: CABI.

Zouni, G. & Kouremenos, A. (2008). Do Tourism Providers Know their Visitors? An

Investigation of Tourism Experience at a Destination, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(4),
282-297.

xiii
 APPENDIX: I

QUESTIONNAIRE
Field Survey 2016
Tourist survey

Sir/ Madam,
I am a Masters student at the Nord University, Norway. I am presently conducting a research on
tourism destination marketing based in Lumbini. I would be thankful to you to have your views
on some of the questions below. I assure you that your responses would be used only for research
study purpose and treated confidentially.

A. Demography Study
1. Nationality…………………………………………………………………
2. Age □ 15-25 □ 25-35 □35-45 □45+
3. Gender □Male □Female
4. Occupation □Student □Employee/Jobholder □Self-employed
□Unemployed □Others

B. Marketing Mix Factors Study:

Please rate on the scale 1-5 how much you are satisfied with these factors regarding this
destination.
1- Not at all satisfied, 5- very satisfied.

Factor Elements Your satisfaction

1 2 3 4 5
1. Attractiveness(cultural, natural) of the place
2. Accessibility to this destination
3. Recreational places (bars, night clubs etc)

xiv
 4. Accommodation.
5. Shopping & grocery stores
6. Tour packages
7. Safety and hygiene of the place
8. Prices level
9. Market segmentation
10. Availability of ICT infrastructure
11. Local public transport
12. Tour operators and travel agents
13. Hospitality of local people
14. Courtesy & skills of tourism personnel
15. Advertising and publicity
16. Promotions
17. Personal selling
18. Exhibitions/Events
19. Access to information
20. Documentation
21. Planning and liaising of tours
22. Ticketing system
23. Provision of exchange and insurance
24. Information on rules & regulations
25. Route maps
26. Physical environment around product/service

C. Visit Background Study

1. How many times have you visited Lumbini?................................................................
2. How did you hear about this place?

□ Magazine □ Newspaper □ Internet

□ Friends/family □ T.V □ Others.
xv
3. Have you seen any promotions or marketing activities about Lumbini tourism?If yes, what

types of promotions? (Mark) □Yes Publicity □No

Advertising
Exhibitions/fairs
Others

4. Do you have any effect of promotions in your visiting Lumbini? If Yes, rate the effect in a

scale of 1 to 5. □Yes 1 2 3 4 5 □No

5. Is this travel:

□Self-organized □Organized by travel agent □Organized by tour operator

□Organized by a club or association □Organized by others……..
6. Reasons behind travelling Lumbini?

□Religious purpose □Leisure time spent purpose □A part of package

□To see the place □Other purpose……
7. For how long you plan to stay in Lumbini territory?

□Today only □Till tomorrow □2-5 days □More than 5 days

D. General Impression Study

Please rate the following questions in a scale as below: 1- Strongly disagree, 5- Strongly agree
Questions 1 2 3 4 5
1. Overall, are you satisfied with your visit to the Lumbini?

2. Would you visit this destination again?

3. Would you recommend this place to another person?

Many Thanks for your valuable time.

xvi
 APPENDIX: II

Descriptive Statistics

Std.
Mean Deviation N

Overall satisfaction 4.3043 .83292 184

Revisiting
4.2391 .91579 184
consideration
Tendency to
4.7609 .72984 184
recommend

Correlations

overall revisiting tendency to

satisfation consideration recommend

overall satisfaction Pearson

1 .649** .552**
Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000

N 184 184 184

revisiting Pearson
.649** 1 .478**
consideration Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000

N 184 184 184

tendency to Pearson
.552** .478** 1
recommend Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000

N 184 184 184

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

xvii
 Total Variance Explained

Compo Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings

nent Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative %

1 7.592 29.202 29.202 7.592 29.202 29.202

2 2.643 10.165 39.367 2.643 10.165 39.367
3 2.143 8.241 47.608 2.143 8.241 47.608
4 1.913 7.356 54.965 1.913 7.356 54.965
5 1.581 6.081 61.046 1.581 6.081 61.046
6 1.418 5.453 66.499 1.418 5.453 66.499
7 1.253 4.818 71.317 1.253 4.818 71.317
8 1.068 4.108 75.425

9 .901 3.465 78.890

10 .861 3.310 82.200

11 .716 2.753 84.953

12 .612 2.355 87.308

13 .563 2.164 89.472

14 .537 2.065 91.537

15 .419 1.613 93.149

16 .375 1.442 94.592

17 .297 1.143 95.735

18 .230 .885 96.619

19 .200 .769 97.388

20 .170 .654 98.042

21 .162 .624 98.666

22 .112 .432 99.098

xviii
23 .100 .386 99.484

24 .063 .241 99.725

25 .040 .155 99.880

26 .031 .120 100.000

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Component Matrix

Component

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Attractiveness .713 .000 -.158 .140 .195 -.005 -.305

Accessibility .657 -.192 -.274 .194 .219 .084 -.140
Recreation .543 .367 -.008 -.323 -.157 .370 -.010
Accommodation .349 -.308 .383 -.414 .004 .193 -.240
Shopping .480 .405 .445 -.121 .334 .047 -.121
Tour package .531 .463 .167 -.002 -.010 .295 -.394
Safety hygiene .760 -.181 -.345 -.077 -.189 -.230 -.090
Prices .312 -.347 .413 .261 .024 .326 .348
Segmentation .229 .107 .346 -.210 .622 .011 .436
ICT .675 .177 .047 .127 .293 -.084 .104
Local transport .616 -.352 .319 .096 -.118 .199 -.244
Operators agents .368 .209 -.077 -.256 -.502 .093 -.073
Hospitality .527 -.206 .064 -.324 .106 -.587 -.295
Courtesy skills .658 -.212 -.063 -.201 -.043 -.487 .156
Advertising/publicity .226 .337 .400 .488 -.284 -.285 .244
Personal selling .131 .159 .331 -.032 -.363 .165 .075

xix
Promotions .310 .307 .085 .724 -.249 -.195 -.118
Exhibitions/events .347 .676 .225 .139 .223 -.215 -.086
Information .731 -.357 .037 .338 .016 .116 -.129
Documentation .407 -.231 -.432 .340 .109 .209 .185
Connecting tours .108 .404 -.533 .179 .125 .106 .000
Ticketing .645 -.437 .031 .168 .187 .130 -.009
Exchange/insurance .392 .493 -.567 -.199 .144 .203 .118
Rules/regulations .736 .147 .020 -.230 -.351 .036 .266
Route/maps .794 -.197 -.143 -.083 -.182 .044 .337
Physical/environment .760 .138 -.012 -.197 -.078 -.168 .266

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

KMO and Bartlett's Test

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling

.582
Adequacy.
Bartlett's Test of Approx. Chi-Square 3.546E3
Sphericity df 325

Sig. .000

xx
 Model Summary

Adjusted R Std. Error of

Model R R Square Square the Estimate

1 .884a .781 .744 .42109

ANOVA

Sum of
Model Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

1 Regression 99.118 26 3.812 21.500 .000a

Residual 27.839 157 .177

Total 126.957 183

Coefficients

Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients

Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.

1 (Constant) 1.511 .630 2.397 .018

Attractiveness .600 .070 .662 8.602 .000

Accessibility -.272 .062 -.319 -4.363 .000

Recreation -.082 .068 -.095 -1.196 .233

Accommodation -.164 .073 -.152 -2.229 .027

Shopping .282 .127 .206 2.227 .027

Tour package -.543 .085 -.510 -6.408 .000

xxi
 Safety hygiene -.209 .106 -.231 -1.966 .051

Prices -.014 .062 -.013 -.224 .823

Segmentation -.135 .122 -.082 -1.100 .273

ICT -.032 .078 -.031 -.415 .679

Local transport .391 .065 .438 6.016 .000

Operators agents .044 .069 .043 .641 .522

Hospitality .130 .079 .122 1.643 .102

Courtesy skills -.277 .086 -.290 -3.203 .002

Advertising/publicity -.310 .090 -.306 -3.452 .001

Promotions -.016 .091 -.014 -.179 .858

Personal selling .028 .008 .146 3.271 .001

Exhibitions/events .136 .127 .096 1.075 .284

Information .165 .094 .185 1.762 .080

Documentation .261 .067 .244 3.890 .000

Connecting tours .089 .101 .066 .888 .376

Ticketing -.213 .069 -.226 -3.096 .002

Exchange/insurance .205 .154 .154 1.327 .186

Rules/regulations .149 .119 .148 1.252 .213

Route/maps -.186 .111 -.210 -1.673 .096

Physical environment .651 .077 .690 8.422 .000

Dependent Variable: Overall satisfaction

xxii
 APPENDIX: III

The researcher in Lumbini

With International tourists With domestic tourists

xxiii
Srilankan Pilgrims

Some international visitors taking picture near Ashoka Pillar

xxiv
Visitors near Central Canal and Peace Lamp

The researcher in Lumbini periphery

xxv