Genetic Model of (Magmatic Cu-Au)

Hydrothermal Ore Deposits

Hydrothermal Ore Deposit Exploration Workshop

UPN 2016
J Resources
 Presentation Outline

 Introduction

 Tectonic Setting and Brief Magmatic Hydrothermal System

 Genetic (and Descriptive) Models

 Discussion

J Resources
 Ore Deposit Model

• A synthesis of available information on the deposit type

 It includes the most informative and reliable characteristics that can be
recognized on a variety of scales
• Ore deposit models change as knowledge advances
DESCRIPTIVE GENETIC

J Resources
 Critical elements for a genetic model

Trap
(maximum disequilibrium)
• chemistry
• structure

Transport
(water, gas or magma)

Metal endowment controlled by:

• Temperature and pressure
Source • Salinity, redox, pH
• Sulfur speciation and
metals & concentrations
• Flow path controlled by structure
fluids
and/or rock type
Slide from Ross Large
J Resources
 Magmatic Hydrothermal Ore Deposit Types

J Resources
 Tectonic Setting and Brief Magmatic
Hydrothermal System

J Resources
 Regional Tectonic Framework (Waters, 2010)

Cenozoic Magmatic arc

Oceanic or Island arc crust

Sundaland Craton
Continental fragment
Australian Craton

Rifted continental crust

J Resources After Garwin 2005

 (Cooke et al., 2005; Garwin, 2013)

J Resources
 Porphyry provinces
• In any given province, porphyry
deposits are typically emplaced
within a time interval of a few
million years
• Similar magma suites
characterise individual provinces
• Similar metal suite characterise
each metallogenic event
• There is a general relationship to
subduction environment
• Specific relationship to tectonic
change
J Resources
 Favourable geodynamic settings

 Island arc
 Andean arc
Diagramcourtesy
Accreted arc
of Jorge Skasrmeta,
 Post orogenic belt
CODELCO

J Resources
 Behind-belt magmatic centres (shoshonitic)
 Architecture of an oceanic island arc

Reproduced from Richards (2011)

J Resources
 Arc magmatism and ore deposits

• Porphyry deposits
form at discrete
moments in the
evolution of
magmatic arcs
• What are the
tectonic triggers?

Reproduced from
Richards (2011)

J Resources
 Volcanism and porphyry
deposits
• Active volcanism is the antithesis
of porphyry ore formation
• When shallow crustal magma
chambers erupt, H2O is exsolved
as steam under hydrostatic load
• There is no capacity for the
magma to exsolve metal-rich
brine
• Low P conditions inhibit vapour
transport of copper and gold,
thereby preventing any
significant mineralisation
Plinian ash column, Mt St Helens, May, 1980.
Source: Murck et al., 1997
J Resources
 Geodynamics: Mankayan 200 km

Philippines district Baguio district

(2 – 1 Ma) (3 – 1 Ma)
~8 Mt Cu & 37 ~3 Mt Cu & 35
Moz Au Moz Au

Philippine
Plate

Eurasian
Plate

200 km

Source: [Link] mgg/

image/[Link]
J Resources
 Mankayan district
(2 – 1 Ma)
Northern Luzon,
8 Mt Cu & 37 Moz Au Philippines
Baguio district
(3 – 1 Ma)
3 Mt Cu & 35 Moz Au
aseismic Scarborough
Ridge

Subducted part of
Scarborough Ridge

Image courtesy of Paddy Waters, AngloAmerican (Philippines)

J Resources
 INTRUSION-RELATED MINERALIZATION & TECTONICS

Uplift

Crustal-scale arc-transverse fault system occurs in the arc above a kink, or tear, in the subducting
slab

Rapid rise of asthenospheric melts and efficient release of mineralizing fluids at high crustal-levels

J Resources Garwin, 2013

 Intrusive system
Intrusive system

associated deposit
types magma sources

Modified from Richards (2003)

Schematic representation of a porphyry copper system with its subvolcanic intrusions

and associated coeval volcanic edifice.
Surrounding dashed areas represent alteration haloes.
17

J Resources
 Hydrothermal system

Hydrothermal system

associated deposit
types
convection
fluid sources

Modified from Richards (2003)

Thermal plume and exsolution of magmatic fluids creates
initial prograde alteration of igneous rocks and
metamorphic/metasomatic reactions at the contact with the
country rocks.
18

J Resources
 Hydrothermal system
(continued)

Modified from Richards (2003)

Progressive cooling and flooding with fluids from the host
rocks results in intense fracturing of the igneous rocks and
overprinting of early prograde alteration minerals by
retrograde ones in both igneous and country rocks.
19

J Resources
 Intrusive system and magma sources

Modified from Richards (2003)

20

J Resources
 Hydrothermal system in perspective

Modified from Richards (2003)

21

J Resources
 Associated and related deposits

Epithermal systems:
Au Ag (Cu,Pb,Zn,As,Sb,Hg)
Cu Pb Zn Ag Au (As,Sb) veins & dissseminations
breccias & diatremes replacements
Mesothermal systems: Ag Au (F,B)
Zn Pb
Disseminated Cu skarns
“orogenic” gold
Au Sn
W skarns
Cu
I.O.C.G. systems
Iron Oxide Copper Gold

Modified from Richards (2003)

22

J Resources
 Intrusive system in perspective

Richards, J.P. (2003): Tectono-Magmatic Precursors for Porphyry Cu-(Mo-Au) Deposit Formation;
Economic Geology, vol. 98, no. 8, pp. 1515-1533. 23

J Resources
 Magma sources in perspective

Richards, J.P. (2003): Tectono-Magmatic Precursors for Porphyry Cu-(Mo-Au) Deposit Formation;
Economic Geology, vol. 98, no. 8, pp. 1515-1533.
*MASH: Melting Assimilation storage and Homogenization
24

J Resources
 Where do porphyry copper deposits form
(geotectonic setting)

Richards, J.P. (2003): Tectono-Magmatic Precursors for Porphyry Cu-(Mo-Au) Deposit Formation;
Economic Geology, vol. 98, no. 8, pp. 1515-1533. 25

J Resources
 Porphyry (+Skarn) and Epithermal

J Resources
 Porphyritic intrusions

Quartz diorite porphyry, Quartz monzonite porphyry, Syenite porphyry, Dinkidi,

Far South East, Philippines
J Resources Northparkes, NSW Philippines
 Multi-phase intrusions
• Multiple pipes, dykes or sills typically
comprise mineralised intrusive
complexes
• Only one or two intrusive phases
create significant mineralisation
• A number of factors may affect an
intrusion’s capacity to exsolve
abundant volatiles and metals,
including:
• depth of emplacement
• volatile content
• crystallisation history
• seismic activity

J Resources
 Multi-phase intrusions
LEGEND
LP3
Alluvium

Post-Mineralization
Porphyry

N Northwest Porphyry
LA
100 m
LP3 Late P3 Porphyry

Quartz Eye Porphyry

P2
EP3 Early P3 Porphyry

Los Amarillos Porphyry

LA and igneous breccia
EP3
P2 Porphyry
P2

-66°36’15
LP3
Northeast Porphyry

Andesite volcanic and

volcaniclastic rocks
-27°20’

from Proffett, 2003

 Multi-phase intrusions

Bingham Canyon, Utah

J Resources
 Abrupt grade changes – 0.5 cm
intrusive contacts

Ridgeway, NSW: Quartz monzonite porphyry

J Resources late-mineral intrusion, NC498, 798.5 m
 Alteration and mineralisation
• Porphyry deposits are
characterized by several
alteration assemblages:
 Potassic
 Propylitic
 Phyllic (QSP)
 Intermediate argillic
 Advanced argillic

• These assemblages form at

discrete points in space and
time during the formation of
porphyry deposits
Stockwork quartz veins overprinted by advanced
• Understanding their spatial argillic alteration, Caspiche, Chile
distributions is vital for
exploration
J Resources
Vein Types
Gustafson and Hunt (1975)
A veins:
• Granular quartz-K-feldspar-anhydrite-sulfide veins
“A” veins
• Generally lack internal symmetry
• Irregular and discontinuous

B veins:
• Continuous planar quartz veins
• May contain molybdenite
• Lack K-feldspar and any obvious alteration halos “B” veins

D veins:
• Late sulfide veins
• pyrite ± bornite, chalcopyrite, enargite,
tennantite, sphalerite and/or galena
• Quartz – anhydrite ± carbonate gangue
• Phyllic alteration halos “D” veins
Hypogene mineralisation
 Main ore minerals: chalcopyrite, bornite, gold, molybdenite

• Gangue: quartz, orthoclase, anhydrite, magnetite, biotite ±

sericite ± pyrite
>2 g/t Au

• Sulfide zonation: 1 - 2 g/t Au

+
0.5 - 1 g/t Au
+
• Bornite-rich core (± gold) >2 % Cu
+ +

• Chalcopyrite zone (± pyrite) 1- 2 % Cu

0.5 – 1 % Cu
+ +
+ + +
• Outer pyrite-rich halo + +
+ + +
• Cu-Au rich core may be + +

surrounded by Mo annulus + + +
+ + +

• Late-stage veins with + + + +

+ + +
abundant pyrite and base + + + +

metal sulfides can complicate + + +

+
zonation patterns + +
+

+
+

+
+

200 m
+ + + +

10,600E 10,800E 11,000E 11,200E

Bornite – chalcopyrite - orthoclase
intergrowths, Dinkidi, Philippines E26 - Cu and Au grades
 Deposit clusters

E27
E22

E48

E28
E37 E31

E26

Endeavour porphyry Cu-Au deposits, North Parkes, NSW

(photo courtesy North Parkes Mines)
J Resources
 Batholithic roots - Yerington, Nevada

Ann-Mason PCD McArthur PCD

J Resources Yerington cross-section from Dilles et al. (2000)

 Porphyry ore genesis

• Compressional tectonic regimes

inhibit volcanism, promote plutonism and
are favourable for porphyry ore formation
• Mineralisation occurs when fluid pressures exceed lithostatic
load + the rock tensile strength, producing stockwork veins
• Seismic ruptures that occur late in the porphyry life-cycle result
in epithermal mineralisation under hydrostatic conditions
Unmineralised
J Resources Mt Ngauruhoe stratavolcano, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
Porphyry emplacement in compressional settings – prevents eruption
NE-SW compression
SW Domeyko Fault
Cretaceous continental System
volcano-sedimentary Loa Fault
rocks Rosario NE
Porphyry
(34.4 Ma)
Ponds of hydrous and sulfur-
rich magmas in the mid-lower
crust

Jurassic marine
sedimentary rocks

Permo-Triassic
crystalline Metamorphic
basement Basement

Modified from Masterman et al. (2005)

J Resources
 Epochs of porphyry deposit formation

Magmatic affinity Tectonic Setting

20

10

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
Age (Ma) Age (Ma)
Continental arc
Calc-alkalic Island arc
High-K calc-alkalic Collision zone
Alkalic Arc of unknown type
DataJsource:
ResourcesKirkham & Dunne, 1999
 Genetic Model For Porphyry

Staged PCD Evolution

Early Late

From Corbett

J Resources
 From Corbett

J Resources
The porphyry Cu model

Geology
Sillitoe (2010)
J Resources
The porphyry Cu model

Alteration
Sillitoe (2010)
J Resources
 Lepanto mine

Actinolite-cemented
Quartz-chalcopyrite veins
Prehnite-calcite-pyrite
Biotite-magnetite hydrothermal
inorthoclase-
vein
and orthoclase-
in chlorite-
From Holiday and Cooke (2007), with inspiration from Biotite-magnetite-altered hornblende-
altered
Bladed
Epidote dacite
veins and Vuggy breccia,
quartz,
porphyry,
calcite-cemented
altered
alteration,
Mankayan
altered El
basalt,Teniente,
Lepanto,
Ampucao,
breccia,
Mankayan,
lithocap,
trachyandesite, Chile
Philippines
Philippines
Kelian, Indonesia
Ridgeway, NSW
Philippines
E27, NSW
Sillitoe and Thompson (2006) quartz diorite porphyry, Philex, Philippines
 Summary

• Porphyry Cu, Au and Mo deposits are centred on mineralising

intrusive complexes and are classically zoned
• Alteration assemblage are distributed predictably in space and time
• Quartz stockwork veins and/or hydrothermal breccias associated with
potassic alteration typically host Cu-Au mineralization
• Replacement-style mineralization predominates in some deposits
• Propylitic alteration assemblages are zoned laterally outward from the
intrusive centre
• actinolite  epidote  chlorite
• Alteration mapping is a key tool for exploration

J Resources
J Resources
 SW Pacific porphyry and epithermal deposits
Monywa: Far South East:
2 Gt @ 0.38% Cu 329 Mt @ 0.72% Cu, 1.14 g/t Au

Atlas: 1.32 Gt @ 0.46% Cu, 0.27 g/t Au

Sipalay: 807 Mt @
Boyongan - Bayugo: 337 Mt @ 0.63% Cu, 0.82 g/t Au
0.47% Cu, 0.05 g/t Au
Tampakan: 2.4 Gt @ 0.60% Cu, 0.29 g/t Au
Frieda River: 1.06 Gt @
0.53% Cu, 0.29g/t Au Golpu: 1.64 Gt @
0.89% Cu, 0.78 g/t Au
Panguna:
Grasberg: 3.37 Gt
1.42 Gt @
@ 0.87% Cu, 0.89 g/t Au
0.47% Cu,
Tujuh Bukit: 1.9 Gt Ok Tedi: 854 Mt
0.57 g/t Au
@ 0.45% Cu, 0.45g/t Au @ 0.64% Cu, 0.78 g/t Au

Batu Hijau: 1.64 Gt @ 0.44% Elang: 2.42 Gt @ 0.31% Cu,

Cu, 0.35g/t Au 0.33g/t Au

Resource data modified after Waters (2010)

J Resources
 Epithermal
Low and High Sulphidation

J Resources
 Unconventional Settings

• Not all epithermal deposits

occur in subduction-related
volcanic arcs
• Some important examples are in
large igneous provinces (e.g.,
Deseado Massif, Argentina)
• Some are in post-collisional
settings (e.g., Tibet and SW China)
• Some are in rift settings (e.g.,
Iceland, African Rift Valley)

Low-sulfidation epithermal vein in large

J Resources igneous province, Deseado Massif, Argentina
 Definition of Epithermal Deposits

Definition – Hydrothermal fissure-filling deposits

formed sub-aerially at low temperature (~150-300oC),
usually at shallow depths (<2 kms)
4 Types –
• High Sulphidation, eg. Seruyung, Bakan, Martabe
• Intermediate Sulphidation, eg. Kelian; Cirotan
• Low Sulphidation, eg. Pongkor, Gosowong
• Alkalic, eg. Cripple Creek, USA; Porgera, PNG; Emperor, Fiji

J Resources
 Epithermal deposit classification

Simple and practical approach:

• High-sulfidation deposits have mineralogy and textures

that are distinct from the others
• Intermediate- and low-sulfidation deposits have many
similarities, but differences in metal content and
mineralogy, and slight differences in textures

J Resources
 To simplify discussion we will consider two end-
members:
Gold is the dominant economic metal in
• deposits associated with neutral pH,
dominantly meteoric fluids (low-
sulfidation)
• in most aspects intermediate-
sulfidation deposits are very similar to
low-sulfidation
• deposits associated with acid pH,
dominantly magmatic fluids (high-
sulfidation)

Low-sulfidation vein, Central Extended, Cracow, Queensland

J Resources
 Low-sulfidation epithermal gold
deposits

• Form from upwelling deep geothermal fluids

• Fluids dominantly near-neutral pH meteoric water (possible
small magmatic component)

• Deposits occur in zones of high permeability (mostly open

fractures)

• Characteristic vertical and lateral alteration zoning

• Characteristic textures

J Resources
Agynski, Kamchatka, Russia: high-grade ore with needle adularia
 Geothermal systems
– modern analogues for LS – IS deposits

acid sulfate steam-heated chloride waters • Magmatic heat

boiling springs, silica sinter
waters mud pools, fumaroles source (plus
volatiles?)
CO2-rich steam-
heated waters
• Meteoric
cold groundwater
recharge
convection

• Peripheral
bicarbonate waters
Neutral chloride
waters
400°C
• Steam-heated acid
sulfate waters
2 km

2 km
Magma

J Resources
J Resources
 Volcanic-hydrothermal systems
– modern analogues for HS deposits
• Magmatic heat and
volatile source
acid sulfate waters crater lake
solfatara

• Acid alteration in
acid chloride upflow & lateral
waters / brines
200ºC outflow zones
300ºC
400ºC 300ºC

• Volcanism may
disrupt or destroy
hydrothermal system
2 km

Magma
2 km

J Resources
 Where do they occur?

Neutral-pH, meteoric Acid-pH, magmatic

Low- Sulfidation High-Sulfidation

• Calc-alkaline to alkaline • Calc-alkaline volcanic arcs

volcanic arcs (tholeiitic rare)
• Subaerial environments • Mostly subaerial environments,
rarely submarine
• Mostly intermediate to distal • Proximal volcanic settings
volcanic settings
• In volcanic rocks or basement • In volcanic rocks, rarely in
basement
White and Hedenquist, 1995
J Resources
 Form of Deposits

Low-Sulfidation High-Sulfidation

• Open-space veins • Veins subordinate, locally

dominant dominant
• Stockwork ore common • Stockwork ore minor
• Disseminated ore mostly • Disseminated ore
minor dominant
• Replacement ore minor • Replacement ore common

White and Hedenquist, 1995

J Resources
 Characteristic Textures

Neutral-pH, meteoric Acid-pH, magmatic

Low-Sulfidation High-Sulfidation
banded veins ‘vuggy quartz’
breccia veins massive quartz
drusy cavities massive sulfide veins
crustification crudely banded veins
lattice texture

White and Hedenquist, 1995

J Resources
 Ore Minerals in Au-rich Ores
frequency of occurrence (abundance)

Low-Sulfidation High-Sulfidation
Pyrite ubiquitous (abundant) ubiquitous (abundant)
Sphalerite common (variable) common (very minor)
Galena common (variable) common (very minor)
Chalcopyrite common (very minor) common (minor)
Enargite-Luzonite rare (very minor) ubiquitous (variable)
Tennantite-Tetrahedrite common (very minor) common (variable)
Covellite uncommon (very minor) common (minor)
Stibnite uncommon (very minor) rare (very minor)
Orpiment rare (very minor) rare (very minor)
Realgar rare (very minor) rare (very minor)
Arsenopyrite common (minor) rare (very minor)
Cinnabar uncommon (minor) rare (very minor)
Electrum uncommon (variable common (minor)
Native Gold common (very minor) common (minor)
Tellurides-Selenides common (very minor) uncommon (variable)
J Resources
 Hydrothermal Alteration

Low-Sulfidation High-Sulfidation

Associated with near-neutral pH acid (pH <1 to >3)

ores

Mineral illite (sericite) alunite, kaolinite,

assemblage interstratified clays pyrophyllite,
(illite-smectite)
diaspore

Zoning zoned higher T  zoned acid 

lower T neutral pH

White and Hedenquist, 1995

J Resources
 Temperature oC

pH Alunite
Mineral 100 Mineral
200 300
Mineral
Jarosite
Halloysite
Kaolinite
Stability Stability
A c idi c

Dickite
Pyrophyllite
Diaspore
Zunyite, topaz
Anatase
Rutile
Mineral assemblages
Cristobalite Sinter
lithostatic
allow us to estimate
Quartz
Pyrite
temperature and acidity
200
Marcasite
N eutr al

Smectite
Depth, m

Illite/smectite 400
Chlorite/smectite
Illite
600 hydrostatic
Chlorite (water + 1 wt% CO2 )
Epidote
Biotite 800
Adularia
A l k alin e

100 200 300

Calcite Temperature, oC

Mordenite
Laumontite
Wairakite

Epithermal ore deposition

J Resources Hedenquist et al., 1998
 Alteration zonation
Low and intermediate sulfidation: High sulfidation:
1 - 10 m
Crustiform banded ore Altered Disseminated Altered
with lattice textures host massive host Kaolinite (pyrophyllite?)
rock ore rock ± sericite / illite
smectite
illite smectite
pyrite

Chlorite
Illite
calcite
chlorite
epidote
calcite
pyrite
epidote
quartz, chalcedony, quartz residual quartz Quartz, illite / chlorite
adularia, pyrite, adularia (vuggy & massive), alunite, alunite
base metal sulfides, illite sulfides, sulfosalts, Au-Cu-
carbonates, Au-Ag pyrite (Ag)
Modified from Sillitoe, 1993

J Resources
 Geochemical Associations

Low-Sulfidation High-Sulfidation

High Au, Ag, Au, Ag,

As, Sb, As, Sb, Bi,
Zn, Pb, Hg, Cu, Pb, Hg,
Se, K, Ag/Au Te, Sn, Mo,
Te/Se
Low Cu, Te/Se (unless alkaline) K, Zn, Ag/Au

White and Hedenquist, 1995

J Resources
 Classic LSE Model

Buchanan’s 1981 classic

model for epithermal
deposits
NO MENTION of high-
sulfidation deposits, even
though they were in his
database!

J Resources
 Low-sulfidation schematic model

Silicified blanket

Illite ± adularia

Hedenquist et al., 2000

J Resources
 High sulfidation deposits - genesis

ALTERATION ORE DEPOSITION

A Fumaroles B1 B2

0
Cool meteoric
(km) water Ores
Alteration Mixing with
envelope shallow meteoric
Acid sulfate water
with low Au solubility
water
Absorption of high-P Meteoric water
vapor produces transports gold
reduced, acid as AuHS(aq)??
Heated ground-
low salinity water Heated
1 water with high Au
ground-water
solubilities as
AuHS(aq) convective cell
Magmatic vapors Alteration Heated
(incl. SO,2 HCl) ground-water
Vuggy quartz
Acid brine
Alunite
Gas phase transports gold
Kaolinite metal transport as AuCl2- ??
Magmatic Sericite Magmatic
2 brine
brine
K-silicate

Modified after White (1991), Arribas (1995) and Heinrich et al. (2004)

J Resources
 GAS PHASE
low density
high SO2, HCl
low NaCl, metals

MAGMATIC Partitioning changes

FLUID with changes in P, T

LIQUID PHASE
higher density
low SO2, HCl
At shallow depths (< 4 km)
high NaCl, metals
aqueous magmatic fluids
split into two separate phases

J Resources
White, 1990
 Lepanto-FSE, Philippines
SE NE SW
NW b v
v
v v
v v v v v v v
v v v 1200
v
1200 v v v v Breccia pipe v v
v v (m)
v v
(m) v v v
v v
Lepanto v
800 Epithermal ore 1000
>2.5 wt% Cu equiv.
v v
v
Main breccia ore
400
Porphyry ore 800
>1.0 wt% Cu equiv. FSE
+ 200 m
+ +
0 400 m
a b Stratabound ore
+ + +

Fresh Quartz-alunite Vuggy

dacite halo quartz ore Note syn-hydrothermal fault
offset, creating enargite-
cemented breccia body

Hedenquist et al, 1996

J Resources
 Quimsacocha
GEOLOGY ALTERATION MINERALISATION

Macdonald et al., 2011 SGA

• The ore mainly occupies a zone of brecciated vuggy quartz that is possibly
lithologically controlled
• In places the ore is at the bottom of the lithocap, in other places it is
mainly towards the middle
• Conclusion: fluid dense to neutral buoyancy (dilution?)
J Resources
 Silicic and advanced argillic alteration

Lepanto – FSE, Philippines

J Resources
 Silicic and advanced argillic alteration

J Resources
LOW SULPHIDATION
EPITHERMAL (LSE)

- Gosowong
- Pongkor
- Toka Tindung
- Hishikari, Japan
- Martha, NZ
- Cracow, Australia

J Resources
 Evidence of boiling

Adularia - Kelian, Indonesia Bladed calcite - Golden Cross, New Zealand

Hydrothermal eruption breccia, Yellowstone, USA Co-existing L- and V-rich fluid inclusions,
J Resources Acupan, Philippines
 Intermediate Sulphidation

J Resources
 Intermediate sulfidation deposits

• This is a complex group of deposits that is poorly

understood
• Some are associated with intrusions; some may not be
• Some are related to porphyry and high sulfidation
deposits; some are not
• Some contain Cu in high-T parts, some have Sn and W
• Ag or Au dominant economic metal; Au minor in some,
major in others
• Zn and Pb typically ~1%, locally more

J Resources
 Intermediate sulfidation deposits

• Veins typically quartz and calcite with minor chalcedony;

some adularia, Mn carbonate, fluorite, gypsum, anhydrite
• Textures diverse, may not be so well developed as in high
sulfidation deposits
• Vein strike length variable; can be very long (>20 km)
• Not likely to have formed in geothermal systems like
today’s
• Magmatic input probably important

J Resources
 From Corbett 2002

J Resources
 FSE-LEPANTO-VICTORIA

(Hedenquist et al., 2001)

J Resources
 INTERMEDIATE SULPHIDATION – Kelian, Indonesia

Fe-rich sphalerite +
chalcopyrite veins in
sericite-carbonate Sphalerite-galena-
altered andesite carbonate fill
breccia

Kelian, Indonesia
J Resources
 Overprinting

J Resources
 Porphyry – epithermal superposition

J Resources Vuggy quartz with dickite infill, Lepanto, Philippines Reproduced from Sillitoe, 2010
 Telescoping Mechanisms
Progressive uplift and erosion during magmatic-hydrothermal activity promotes
transition from lithostatic to hydrostatic load and epithermal overprinting

Rosario HS
vein
LS Epithermal
Rosario overprint
Porphyry Seaward-directed
sector collapse

Biotite
alteration

1 km
1 km

1 km 1 km

Gradual transition Instantaneous transition

e.g., gravitational collapse of an uplifted e.g., sector collapse of an altered volcanic
mountain range edifice
Collahuasi, Chile (Masterman et al, 2005) Lihir, PNG (Sillitoe, 1994)
J Resources
 Alteration Overprinting
South American porphyry model • Phyllic alteration
cuts the potassic
alteration zones, and
wall can be
rocks
independently
potassic potassic mineralised

propylitic propylitic
• Phyllic alteration is
phyllic typically magmatic-
hydrothermal in
origin (not meteoric)
wall • It may relate to
rocks
potassic periods when
magmatic gases
dominate the system
Lowell and Guilbert (1970) model
J Resources
 Tumpangpitu Type Section 11060mN

Base of HSE System

Upper Limit of Porphyry System

Harrison and Maryono (2012)

J Resources
 AA overprint at Bujang,
AA overprint atTumpangpitu Photo by Rachel

J Resources
 LOCATION OF PRINCIPAL EPITHERMAL DEPOSITS

J Resources
 IOCG
Iron Oxide Copper Gold Deposit
(IOCG deposits consist of predominant magnetite or haematite, one or more copper sulphides
And (MINOR) pyrite within silicate alteration dominated by K-feldspar or sericite or by albite and biotite
or by biotite and chlorite-actinolite. DW. Haynes)

J Resources
 Tectonic Setting IOCG (Hitzman, 2000)

J Resources
 Alternative Models based on Principal Fluid Sources

J Resources
 Conceptual Model (Barton and Johnson, 2000)

Conceptual model (Barton and Johnson, 2000) that contrasts igneous-related mineral deposits dominated by: (1)
magmatic hydrothermal fluids (on right, = porphyry type) with (2) those dominated by non-magmatic (external) brines
(on left, = IOCG type).
J Resources
 Schematic Cross-Section of Alteration Zoning Related to Typical Fe-
oxide Cu-Au ±REE / U Deposits
(after Hitzman et al. 1992)

J Resources
 Anatomy of an MH-IOCG system showing variable depth of emplacement of the source
batholith in the mid- to upper crustal environment, spatial associations of proximal and distal
alteration and mineralization styles, and possible fluid and metal sources. Sources: Hitzman et
al. (1992), Naslund et al. (2002), Richards (2005, 2011), Mumin et al. (2007, 2010), Groves et
al. (2010), Corriveau et al. (2010a,b).

J Resources
 Genetic Link and Secular Differences Between PCD and Magmatic
Hydrothermal IOCG

J Resources
 Genetic Link and Secular Differences Between PCD and Magmatic
Hydrothermal IOCG

J Resources
 Genetic Link and Secular Differences Between PCD and Magmatic
Hydrothermal IOCG

J Resources
 Olympic Dam

97
J Resources
 Location

J Resources
 SELESAI–SATU

J Resources
 Volcanogenic Massive Sulphides

J Resources
 VMS

J Resources
 VMS

J Resources
J Resources
J Resources
J Resources
J Resources
J Resources
J Resources
 Benar-benar S E L E S A I . .

J Resources