1. A 5m high rigid retaining wall has to retain a backfill of dry, cohesionless soil having the following properties: e = 0.

74, G = 2.68, m = 0.36.

Determine (i) magnitude and point of application of the resultant thrust above the toe of the wall, (ii) change in the lateral thrust (in %) if the
water table rises from a great depth to the top of the backfill. Assume, there is no lateral yielding of the wall.
G
Bulk density of dry backfill: gd = gw = 15.11 kN/m3 Height of the wall, H = 5 m
(1 + e )
G = 2.68 gw = 9.81 kN/m3 e = 0.74
m
Co-efficient of earth pressure at rest, k0 = = 0.56 m = 0.36 0
(1 - m )
Depth below GL (m) Pressure Intensity (kN/m2)
0 0
5 42.50
1
Resultant lateral thrust on the wall P0 = k 0gH 2 = 106.24 kN/m at 1.67 m above the toe. 42.50
2 (G - 1) g =
If the WT rises to the top of the backfill, the soil will get fully submerged. g su b = 9.47 kN/m3
(1 + e ) w
1 1
P1 = k0g subH 2 + g w H 2 = 189.22 kN/m Increase in lateral thrust = 78.11 %
2 2
2. A retaining wall has to retain a sand backfill (f = 30°, e = 0.82, G = 2.68) upto a height of 4.5m. A uniform surcharge of 50 kN/m2 is placed
over the backfill. The water table is at 2m below ground surface. The soil above the water table has a degree of saturation of 10%. Determine
the magnitude and point of application of the resultant active thrust above the toe of the wall.

gt =
(G + Se ) g =
Bulk density of backfill above WT, 14.89 kN/m3
(1 + e ) w
g sub =
(G - 1) g = G = 2.68 g w = 9.81 kN/m3
Submerged density of backfill below WT, 9.06 3
e = 0.82 S = 10 %
Ka = 0.33 (1 + e ) w kN/m
f= 30 deg.
Height of the wall, H = 4.5 m Surcharge, q = 50.0 kN/m2
Active pressure due to surcharge = 16.67 kN/m2
Active pressure at 2.0 m below GL (due to moist soil above GWT) 2.0
2
= 9.92 kN/m 2
Active pressure at 4.5 m below GL (due to sub soil below GWT)
= 7.55 kN/m2 1
Lateral pressure exerted by water = 24.53 kN/m2
y
PA1 = 75.00 kN/m y1 = 2.25 m 2.5 3
4
PA2 = 9.92 kN/m y2 = 3.17 m
PA3 = 24.81 kN/m y3 = 1.25 m
PA4 = 40.09 kN/m y4 = 0.83 m 16.67 9.92 7.55 24.53
Resultant active thrust, PA = 149.83 kN/m acting at 1.77 m above the toe of the wall.
3. A retaining wall has to retain a sand backfill (e = 0.83, G = 2.68) upto a height of 5m. The water table is at 2m below ground surface. The
soil above the water table has a degree of saturation of 20%. the angle of internal friction of soil above and below the water table are 32° and
28° respectively. Determine the magnitude and point of application of the resultant active thrust above the toe of the wall.

G = 2.68 g w = 9.81 kN/m3

gt =
(G + Se ) g = 3
Bulk density of backfill above WT, 15.26 kN/m e = 0.83 S = 20 %
(1 + e) w
g sub =
(G - 1) g = Height of the wall, H = 5.0 m
Submerged density of backfill below WT, 9.01 kN/m3
(1 + e ) w A
Above WT, f = 32 deg. Ka = 0.307
Below WT, f = 28 deg. Ka = 0.361 2
Soil above WT: 1
At, z = 0 m pa = 0 kN/m2 B 9.38
At, z = 2 m pa = 9.38 kN/m2 11.02
Soil below WT:
In this case, the upper layer (i.e. the moist soil) is treated as an equivalent y 3
surcharge, for which the intensity q is equal to the self-weight of the layer
2 3
PA
2
q = 30.51 kN/m
At, z = 2 m pa = 11.02 kN/m2 C
2
At, z = 5 m pa = 9.75 kN/m (due to submerged soil below WT) 9.75 29.43
At, z = 5 m pa = 29.43 kN/m2 (due to water)
PA1 = 9.38 kN/m PA2 = 33.05 kN/m PA3 = 58.78 kN/m
y1 = 3.67 m y2 = 1.50 m y3 = 1.00 m
Resultant active thrust, PA = 101.20 kN/m acting at 1.41 m above the toe of the wall.
 4. For the retaining wall shown in the figure, determine the magnitude and point of application of the resultant active thrust above the toe of

GL
1.0m Layer - I: Loose sand (g = 16.4 kN/m3, f = 25°)
GWT
1.2m Layer - II: Medium dense sand (gsat = 18.0 kN/m3, f = 22°)

2.3m Layer - III: Dense sand (gsat = 20.5 kN/m3, f = 32°)

g w = 9.81 kN/m3
Layer - I:
Thickness, H 1 = 1.0 m f= 25 deg. K a1 = 0.406 g1 = 16.4 kN/m3
Layer - II:
Thickness, H 2 = 1.2 m f= 22 deg. K a2 = 0.455 g sat2 = 18.0 kN/m3
g sub2 = 8.19 kN/m3
Layer - II:
Thickness, H 3 = 2.3 m f= 32 deg. K a3 = 0.307 g sat3 = 20.5 kN/m3
g sub3 = 10.69 kN/m3
Soil above WT (Layer - I) At, z = 0 m pA = 0 kN/m2
At, z = 1.0 m pA = 6.66 kN/m2

2
Soil below WT (Layer - II) Equivalent surcharge from layer - I: qe1 = 16.40 kN/m [g1H1]
2
At, z = 1.0 m pa = 7.46 kN/m
At, z = 2.2 m pa = 4.47 kN/m2 (due to submerged soil in layer - II below WT)
At, z = 2.2 m pa = 11.77 kN/m2 (due to water)

Soil below WT (Layer - III) Equivalent surcharge from layer - I and II: qe2 = 26.23 kN/m2 [g1H1+gsub2H2]
At, z = 2.2 m pa = 19.83 kN/m2 [Ka3(g1H1+gsub2H2)+gwH2]
At, z = 4.5 m pa = 7.55 kN/m2 (due to submerged soil in layer - III below WT)
At, z = 4.5 m pa = 22.56 kN/m2 (due to water)

1.0 1
6.66
7.46

2 3
1.2

4.47 11.77
19.83

2.3 4
y 5

7.55 22.56
PA1 = 3.33 kN/m y1 = 3.83 m
PA2 = 8.95 kN/m y2 = 2.90 m
PA3 = 9.75 kN/m y3 = 2.70 m
PA4 = 45.61 kN/m y4 = 1.15 m
PA5 = 34.64 kN/m y5 = 0.77 m
Resultant active thrust, P A = 102.27 kN/m acting at 1.41 m above the toe of the wall.
 5. A retaining wall with a smooth vertical backface has to retain a backfill (c = 15 kN/m2, f = 12°, g = 18 kN/m3) upto a height of 5m.
Determine (i) magnitude and point of application of the resultant active thrust above the toe of the wall, (ii) depth of the zone of tension
cracks, (iii) intensity of the fictitious uniform surcharge, which if placed over the backfill can prevent the formation of tension cracks and
(iv) the resultant active thrust after placing the surcharge.
Height of the wall, H = 5.0 m -24.29
c = 15 kN/m2 f = 12 deg. g= 18 kN/m 3

Ka = 0.656
At, z = 0 pa = -24.294 kN/m2
pa = gzKa - 2c Ka At, z = 5.0 m pa = 34.72 kN/m2 2.06
2c
The depth of zone of tension crack is given by, z0 = = 2.06 m
Hence, pa = 0 at z = 2.06 m g Ka

The resultant active thrust is given by PA = 51.08 kN/m

After placing the surcharge q, the active earth pressure intensity at any depth z is given by,
2.94
pa = (gz + q )Ka - 2c Ka
The magnitude of q is such that,
2c
At, z = 0 pa = 0 Hence, q= = 37.05 kN/m2
Ka
At, z = 5.0 m pa = 59.02 kN/m2 34.72
The resultant active thrust after placing the surcharge = 147.54 kN/m

6. For the retaining wall shown in the figure, determine the magnitude and point of application of the resultant active thrust above the toe of the
wall.

1.9m Layer - I: Sandy Silt (c = 10 kN/m2, f = 20°, g = 18.5 kN/m3)

1.0m Layer - II: Loose Sand (c = 0, f = 30°, g = 17.2 kN/m3)

1.6m Layer - III: Dense Sand (c = 0, f = 36°, g = 18.8 kN/m3)

Layer - I: Thickness = 1.9 m

c = 10 kN/m2 f= 20 deg. Ka = 0.490 g= 18.5 kN/m3

Layer - II: Thickness = 1.0 m

c = 0 kN/m2 f= 30 deg. Ka = 0.333 g= 17.2 kN/m3

Layer - III: Thickness = 1.6 m

c = 0 kN/m2 f= 36 deg. Ka = 0.260 g= 18.8 kN/m3

p a = g zK - 2c K
Layer - I:
a a

2
At, z = 0 pa = -14.00 kN/m [constant throughout the soil - 2 depth]
2
At, z = 1.9 m pa = 3.23 kN/m The depth of zone of tension crack = 1.54 m
Layer - II:
Equivalent surcharge intensity, qe1 = 35.15 kN/m2 from layer - I
2
At, z = 1.9 m pa = 11.72 kN/m (for equivalent surcharge)
2
At, z = 2.9 m pa = 5.73 kN/m (for the soil layer - II)
Layer - III:
Equivalent surcharge intensity, qe2 = 53.95 kN/m2 from layer - I and II
At, z = 2.9 m pa = 14.01 kN/m2 (for equivalent surcharge)
At, z = 4.5 m pa = 7.81 kN/m2 (for the soil layer - III)
 -14.00

1.54 -

0.36 1
3.23
11.72

1.00 2
3

5.73
14.01

4
1.60
5

7.81
PA1 = 0.57 kN/m y1 = 2.72 m
PA2 = 11.72 kN/m y2 = 2.10 m PA4 = 22.41 kN/m y4 = 0.80 m
PA3 = 2.87 kN/m y3 = 1.93 m PA5 = 6.25 kN/m y5 = 0.53 m

Resultant active thrust, PA = 43.82 kN/m

Point of application of this thrust is 1.21 m above the toe of the wall.
7. For the retaining wall shown in the figure, determine the magnitude and point of application of the resultant active thrust above the toe of the
wall.
GL
1.5m Layer - I: Sandy Clay (c = 12.15 kN/m2, f = 20°, g = 16.4 kN/m3)

4.5m Layer - II: Loose Sand (c = 0, f = 30°, g = 17.25 kN/m3)

Layer - I: Thickness = 1.5 m

2
c = 12.15 kN/m f= 20 deg. Ka = 0.490 g= 16.4 kN/m3
Layer - II: Thickness = 4.5 m
2
c = 0 kN/m f= 30 deg. Ka = 0.333 g= 17.25 kN/m3
At, z = 0 pa = -17.02 kN/m2 The depth of zone of tension crack = 2.12 m
2
At, z = 1.5 m pa = -4.95 kN/m Hence, no formation of tension crack

Since, the active earth pressure intensity at top and bottom of the clay layer are negative,
so this layer is not included for calculating active earth pressure

Layer - II: 1.5

Equivalent surcharge intensity, qe1 = 24.60 kN/m2 from layer - I 8.20
2
At, z = 0.0 m pa = 8.20 kN/m (for equivalent surcharge)
At, z = 6.0 m pa = 25.88 kN/m2 (for the soil layer - II)

Resultant active thrust, PA = 95.12 kN/m 4.5

Point of application of this thrust is 1.79 m
m above the toe of the wall.

25.88
 8. A retaining wall 6.5m high with a smooth vertical back supports a saturated clay soil with a horizontal surface. The properties of the backfill
are: c =20 kN/m2, f = 28°, g = 18 kN/m3. Determine (i) the depth of tension cracks, (ii) the critical depth of a vertical cut, (iii) the total active
thrust against the wall and its point of application, if cracks are formed in the tension zone, (iv) what will be the depth of tension cracks, if any, if
the backfill carries a uniform surcharge of 50 kN/m2 over the backfill surface? and (v)What will be the magnitude and location of the resultant
active thrust above the toe of the wall after placing the surcharge?

c = 20 kN/m
2
f= 28 deg. g= 18 kN/m
3

Ka = 0.361 Height of the wall, H = 6.5 m

At, z = 0 pa = -24.03 kN/m2 At, z = 6.5 m pa = 18.21 kN/m2

The depth of zone of tension crack = 3.70 m The critical depth = 7.40 m
The resultant active thrust is given by PA = 25.50 kN/m at 0.93 m above the base of the wall.
p a = (g z + q )K a - 2 c Ka

Surcharge, q = 50 kN/m2
At, z = 0 pa = -5.98 kN/m2
At, z = 6.5 m pa = 36.26 kN/m2
The depth of zone of tension crack after placing the surcharge = 0.92 m
-24.03 -5.98
-- 0.92

3.70

2.80 5.58

18.21 36.26
The resultant active thrust after placing the surcharge is 101.15 kN/m
Point of application of thrust after placing the surcharge is 1.86 m above the toe of the wall.

9. For the retaining wall shown in the figure, determine the magnitude and point of application of the resultant active thrust above the toe of the
wall.
GL

3m Layer - I: Clayey Sand (c = 10 kN/m2, f = 24°, g = 18.5 kN/m3)

1.5m Layer - II: Dense Sand (c = 0, f = 36°, g = 19.5 kN/m3)

Height of the wall, H = 4.5 m Layer - I: Thickness = 3.0 m c = 10 kN/m2

f= 24 deg. K a = 0.422 g = 18.5 kN/m3
Layer - II: Thickness = 1.5 m
c = 0 kN/m2 f= 36 deg. Ka = 0.260 g= 19.5 kN/m3
2
Layer - I: At, z = 0 pa = -12.99 kN/m
2
At, z = 3.0 m pa = 10.42
kN/m Depth of zone of tension crack = 1.66 m
Layer - II: Equivalent surcharge intensity, qe1 = 55.50 kN/m2 from layer - I
At, z = 3.0 m pa = 14.41 kN/m2 (for equivalent surcharge)
At, z = 4.5 m pa = 7.59 kN/m2 (for the soil layer - II)
 -12.99
PA1 = y1 =
PA2 =
PA3 =
6.96
21.61
5.70
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
y2 =
y3 =
1.95
0.75
0.50
m
m
m 1.66
-
1.34
1

Resultant active thrust, PA = 34.26 kN/m 10.42

at 0.95 m above the base of the wall. 14.41

2
1.5 3

7.59
10. For the retaining wall shown in the figure, determine the magnitude and point of application of the resultant active thrust above the toe of
the wall.
GL

6m Layer - I: (c = 0 kN/m2, f = 35°, g = 20 kN/m3)

4m Layer - II: (c = 20 kN/m2, f = 25°, g = 18 kN/m3)

5m Layer - III: (c = 35 kN/m2, f = 0, g = 16 kN/m3)

Layer - I: Thickness = 6.0 m

c = 0 kN/m2 f= 35 deg. Ka = 0.271 g= 20 kN/m3
Layer - II: Thickness = 4.0 m
c = 20 kN/m2 f= 25 deg. Ka = 0.406 g= 18 kN/m3
Layer - III: Thickness = 5.0 m
c = 35 kN/m2 f= 0 deg. Ka = 1.000 g= 16 kN/m3
pa = 2
Layer - I: At, z = 0 0.00 kN/m
At, z = 6.0 m pa = 32.52 kN/m2
Equivalent surcharge intensity, qe1 = 2
Layer - II: 120.00 kN/m from layer - I
At, z = 6.0 m pa = 23.22 kN/m2 (for equivalent surcharge, q e1 & cohesion, c 2)
At, z = 10.0 m pa = 29.22 kN/m2 (for the soil layer - II) Hence, no formation of tension crack
Layer - III: Equivalent surcharge intensity, qe2 = 192.00 kN/m2 from layer - I and II
At, z = 10.0 m pa = 122.00 kN/m2 (for equivalent surcharge, q e2 & cohesion, c 3)
At, z = 15.0 m pa = 80.00 kN/m2 (for the soil layer - III)

6.0
PA1 = 97.56 kN/m y1 = 11.00 m
1
PA2 = 92.88 kN/m y2 = 7.00 m
PA3 = 58.44 kN/m y3 = 6.33 m 32.52
PA4 = 610.00 kN/m y4 = 2.50 m 23.22
PA5 = 200.00 kN/m y5 = 1.67 m 2
4.0
Resultant active thrust, PA = 1058.88 kN/m 3
Point of application of this thrust is 3.73 m 29.22
above the toe of the wall.

5.0 4

122.00 80.00
 11. For the cantilever wall shown in figure, check the stability of the wall with respect to overturning, sliding and bearing capacity.Take
adhesion factor as 0.55. Assume angle of friction between base of the wall and the foundation soil as (2/3)ff, where,ff is the angle of friction of
the foundation soil. The ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation soil is 600 kN/m2.

0.5m 15°

cb = 0
fb = 30°
7.0m gb = 18.5 kN/m3

2.0m
g = 24 kN/m3 0.75m
cf = 60 kN/m2
1.0m 0.75m 3.0m ff = 25°, gf = 19 kN/m3
4.75m
Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3
Angle of inclination of backfill surface with horizontal = 15 deg.
Backfill soil property:
c = 0 kN/m2 f= 30 deg. g= 18.5 kN/m3

Foundation soil property:

c = 60 kN/m2 f= 25 deg. g= 19 kN/m3

Check for Rankine's condition: B

sin b
sin e = = 0.518 e = 31.2 degree 0.5 1 0.80
sin f

90 - f e - b
ao = - = 21.9 degree PV
2 2 H
Rankine Active Earth pressure ao
Height of wall, H = 7.80 m 7
4 aw PA
aw = 23.2 degree 2
Rankine's theory can be applied since PH
23.2 > 21.9 5
cos b - cos 2 b - cos 2 f 0.373 2
C
K a = cos b =
cos b + cos b - cos f
2 2 3 0.75
A
PA = 210.09 kN/m 1.0 0.75 3.0
PV = 54.38 kN/m qh
PH = 202.93 kN/m
qt

e
Check for Overturning Failure R
Section No. Area Unit Weight Weight Lever arm Moment
2
(m ) (kN/m3) (kN/m) (m) (kN-m/m)
1 1.206 18.5 22.31 3.750 83.65
2 18.750 18.5 346.88 3.250 1127.34
3 3.563 24 85.50 2.375 203.06
4 3.125 24 75.00 1.500 112.50
5 0.781 24 18.75 1.167 21.88
PV = 54.38 4.8 258.29
Total vertical force = 602.81
Total MR = 1806.72 [MR is the Restoring moment]
Now total MO = 527.89 [MO is the Overturning moment]
Factor of safety w.r.t. overturning = 3.42 > 2, hence ok
Check for Sliding Failure
The force that resists the movement is given by FR = caB + Rtand + PP Kp = 2.46
The width , B = 4.75 m On pasive side (in front of the toe of the wall)
Adhesion factor, a = 0.55 At, z = 0 m pp = 188.36 kN/m2
Adhesion ca = 2
33 kN/m At, z = 2.00 m pp = 281.99 kN/m2
Total vertical force, R = 602.81 kN/m
Angle of friction between base and foundation soil, d = 16.67 deg.
PP= 470.353 kN/m
FR= 807.572 kN/m
PH= 202.93 kN/m
Factor of safety w.r.t. sliding = 3.98 > 1.5, hence ok
Check for Bearing Capacity Failure
B (M -MO)
The eccentricity is given by, e= - R
= 0.25 m Now, B /6 = 0.79 m
2 R <B/6, hence ok
R é 6e ù
The pressure at the toe of the retaining wall is given by, qt = 1+ ú = 167.55 kN/m2
B êë Bû

R é 6e ù
The pressure at the heel of the retaining wall is given by, qt = 1- = 86.26 kN/m2
B êë B úû
Now, ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation soil = 600 kN/m2

Factor of safety w.r.t. bearing capacity = 3.58 > 3, hence ok

12. A vertical wall 6m high, above the water table retains a 20° slope of soil (c¢= 0, f¢ = 40°, g = 18 kN/m3). Determine the total active thrust on
the wall and the inclination of two sets of failure planes with the vertical.

b = 20 deg. c ¢= 0 kN/m
2
f ¢= 40 deg. g= 18 3
kN/m

cos b - cos 2 b - cos 2 f Height of the wall, H = 6.0 m

K a = cos b ´ = 0.250
cos b + cos b - cos f
2 2

Total active thrust, PA = 81.14 kN/m

sin b
sin e = = 0.532 e = 32.1 degree
sin f
90 - f e - b 90 - f e - b
ao = - = 18.9 degree ai = + = 31.1 degree
2 2 2 2

13. For the cantilever wall shown in figure, check the stability of the wall with respect to overturning, sliding and bearing capacity.Take
adhesion factor as 0.55. Assume angle of friction between base of the wall and the foundation soil as (2/3)ff, where,ff is the angle of friction of the
foundation soil. The ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation soil is 800 kN/m2.
0.5m 15 kN/m2

cb = 0
fb = 30°
7.5m gb = 19 kN/m3

2.0m
g = 24 kN/m3 0.75m
cf = 60 kN/m2
1.0m 0.75m 3.0m ff = 25°, gf = 18 kN/m3
4.75m
 3
Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m
Surcharge = 15 kN/m2
Backfill soil property:
c = 0 kN/m2 g= 19 kN/m3 0.5
f= 30 deg. B
Foundation soil property:
c = 60 kN/m2 g= 18 kN/m3
f= 25 deg.
Rankine Active Earth pressure
Height of wall, H = 7.50 m 7.5
1 - sin f 3 1
Ka = = 0.33
1 + sin f PH = PA
PA = 215.63 kN/m 4
PV = 0.00 kN/m 2 C

PH = 215.63 kN/m 2 0.75

A

1.0 0.75 3.0

qh

qt

e
R
Check for Overturning Failure
Section No. Area Unit Weight Weight Lever arm Moment
2 3
(m ) (kN/m ) (kN/m) (m) (kN-m/m)
1 20.250 19 384.75 3.250 1250.44
2 3.563 24 85.50 2.375 203.06
3 3.375 24 81.00 1.500 121.50
4 0.844 24 20.25 1.167 23.63

Total vertical force = 571.50

Total MR = 1598.63 [MR is the Restoring moment]
Now total MO = 539.06 [MO is the Overturning moment]
Factor of safety w.r.t. overturning = 2.97 > 2, hence ok
Check for Sliding Failure
The force that resists the movement is given by FR = caB + Rtand + PP Kp = 2.46
The width , B = 4.8 m On pasive side (in front of the toe of the wall)
Adhesion factor, a = 0.55 At, z = 0 m pp = 188.36 kN/m2
2
Adhesion ca = 33 kN/m At, z = 2.00 m p p = 277.06 kN/m2
Total vertical force, R = 571.50 kN/m
Angle of friction between base and foundation soil, d = 16.67 deg.
PP= 465.425 kN/m
FR= 793.271 kN/m
PH= 215.63 kN/m
Factor of safety w.r.t. sliding = 3.68 > 1.5, hence ok
Check for Bearing Capacity Failure
B (M R - M O )
The eccentricity is given by, e= - = 0.52 m Now, B /6 = 0.79 m
2 R
<B/6, hence ok
R é 6e ù
The pressure at the toe of the retaining wall is given by, qt = 1+ = 199.50 kN/m2
B êë B úû

R é 6e ù
The pressure at the heel of the retaining wall is given by, qt = 1- = 41.14 kN/m2
B êë B úû

Now, ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation soil = 650 kN/m2

Factor of safety w.r.t. bearing capacity = 3.26 > 3, hence ok
 14. For the cantilever wall shown in figure, check the stability of the wall with respect to overturning, sliding and bearing capacity.Take
adhesion factor as 0.55. Assume angle of friction between base of the wall and the foundation soil as (2/3)ff, where,ff is the angle of friction of
the foundation soil. The ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation soil is 600kN/m2.
0.5m

cb = 10 kN/m2
fb = 20°
8.0m gb = 18 kN/m3

1.5m
g = 24 kN/m3 0.75m
cf = 30 kN/m2
1.0m 0.75m 3.0m ff = 25°, gf = 19 kN/m3
4.75m
3
Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m
Backfill soil property: Foundation soil property:
c = 10 kN/m
2
g= 18 kN/m
3
c = 30 kN/m2 g= 19 3
kN/m
f= 20 deg. f = 25 deg.
1 - sin f
Height of wall, H = 8.00 m K = = 0.49
1 + sin f
a

PA = 181.49 kN/m At, z = 0 pa = -14.00 kN/m2

PV = pa = 2
0.00 kN/m At, z = 8 56.60 kN/m
PH = 181.49 kN/m Depth of tension crack = 1.586831 m

0.5 B

3
8 1
PH = PA
4
C

1.5 2 0.75
A
1 0.75 3

qh

qt

e
R
Check for Overturning Failure
Section No. Area Unit Weight Weight Lever arm Moment
(m2) (kN/m3) (kN/m) (m) (kN-m/m)
1 21.75 18 391.50 3.25 1272.38
2 3.5625 24 85.50 2.375 203.06
3 3.625 24 87.00 1.5 130.50
4 0.9063 24 21.75 1.17 25.38
Total vertical force = 585.75 Total MR = 1631.31 [MR is the Restoring moment]
Now total MO = 387.97 [MO is the Overturning moment]
Factor of safety w.r.t. overturning = 4.20 > 2, hence ok
Check for Sliding Failure
The force that resists the movement is given by FR = caB + Rtand + PP Kp = 2.46
The width , B = 4.8 m On pasive side (in front of the toe of the wall)
Adhesion factor, a = 0.55 At, z = 0 m pp = 94.18 kN/m2
2
Adhesion ca = 16.5 kN/m At, z = 1.50 m pp = 164.40 kN/m2
Total vertical force, R = 585.75 kN/m
Angle of friction between base and foundation soil, d = 16.67 deg.
PP= 193.938 kN/m FR= 447.7 kN/m PH= 181.49 kN/m
Factor of safety w.r.t. sliding = 2.47 > 1.5, hence ok
Check for Bearing Capacity Failure
B (M - MO)
The eccentricity is given by, e= - R
= 0.25 m Now, B /6 = 0.79 m
2 R
<B/6, hence ok
R é 6e ù
The pressure at the toe of the retaining wall is given by, qt = 1+ = 162.62 kN/m2
B êë B úû
R é 6e ù
The pressure at the heel of the retaining wall is given by, qt = 1- = 84.01 kN/m2
B êë B úû

Now, ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation soil = 600 kN/m2

Factor of safety w.r.t. bearing capacity = 3.69 > 3, hence ok

15. For the cantilever wall shown in figure, check the stability of the wall with respect to overturning, sliding and bearing capacity.Take
adhesion factor as 0.55. Assume angle of friction between base of the wall and the foundation soil as (2/3)ff, where,ff is the angle of friction of
the foundation soil. The ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation soil is 600kN/m2.

0.5m 15 kN/m2

cb = 8 kN/m2
fb = 30°
10.0m gb = 19.5 kN/m3

2.0m
g = 24 kN/m3 0.75m
cf = 60 kN/m2
1.5m 1.0m 3.0m
ff = 25°, gf = 18 kN/m3
5.5m
3
Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m
2
Surcharge = 15 kN/m 0.5 B
Backfill soil property:
c = 8 kN/m2 g= 19.5 kN/m3
f= 30 deg.
Foundation soil property:
c = 60 kN/m2 g= 18 kN/m3
f= 25 deg. 3
1
Height of wall, H = 10.00 m 10
PH = PA
1 - sin f
Ka = = 0.33
1 + sin f 4
2
C
At, z = 0 pa = -4.24 kN/m 2
At, z = 10.00 pa = 55.76 kN/m2 2 0.75
Depth of tension crack = 1.42117 m A
PA = 239.19 kN/m 1.5 1.0 3.0
PV = 0.00 kN/m qh
PH = 239.19 kN/m
qt

e
R
Check for Overturning Failure
Section No. Area Unit Weight Weight Lever arm Moment
2 3
(m ) (kN/m ) (kN/m) (m) (kN-m/m)
1 27.75 19.5 541.13 4 2164.50
2 4.125 24 99.00 2.75 272.25
3 4.625 24 111.00 2.25 249.75
4 2.3125 24 55.50 1.83 101.75
Total vertical force = 806.63 Total MR = 2788.25 [MR is the Restoring moment]
Now total MO = 683.98 [MO is the Overturning moment]
Factor of safety w.r.t. overturning = 4.08 > 2, hence ok

Check for Sliding Failure

The force that resists the movement is given by FR = caB + Rtand + PP Kp = 2.46
The width , B = 5.5 m On pasive side (in front of the toe of the wall)

Adhesion factor, a = 0.55 At, z = 0 m pp = 188.36 kN/m2

2
Adhesion ca = 33.00 kN/m At, z = 2.00 m pp = 277.06 kN/m2

Total vertical force, R = 806.63 kN/m

Angle of friction between base and foundation soil, d = 16.67 deg.

PP= 465.425 kN/m FR= 888.4 kN/m PH= 239.19 kN/m

Factor of safety w.r.t. sliding = 3.71 > 1.5, hence ok

Check for Bearing Capacity Failure

B (M R - M O )
The eccentricity is given by, e= - = 0.14 m Now, B /6 = 0.92 m <B/6, hence ok
2 R
R é 6eù
The pressure at the toe of the retaining wall is given by, qt = ê1+ ú = 169.26 kN/m2
Bë Bû
R é 6eù
The pressure at the heel of the retaining wall is given by, qt = ê1- ú = 124.06 kN/m2
Bë Bû
Now, ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation soil = 600 kN/m2
Factor of safety w.r.t. bearing capacity = 3.54 > 3, hence ok

16. For the cantilever wall shown in figure, check the stability of the wall with respect to overturning, sliding and bearing capacity.The backfill
soil is submerged below a depth of 3m from the top.Take adhesion factor as 0.55. Assume angle of friction between base of the wall and the
foundation soil as (2/3)ff, where,ff is the angle of friction of the foundation soil. The ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation soil is 600

0.5m
15 kN/m2

3m
g = 16.5 kN/m3

8m cb = 0, fb = 30°
gsat = 19.5 kN/m3

2m g = 24 kN/m3 0.75m
cf = 60 kN/m2
1.5m 1m 3m
ff = 25°, gf = 18.5 kN/m3
4.5m
 3
Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m
Surcharge = 15 kN/m2
Backfill soil property:
c = 8 kN/m2 gsat = 19.5 kN/m3 gsub = 9.69 kN/m3
f= 30 deg. g= 16.5 kN/m
3

Foundation soil property: 0.5

c = 60 kN/m2 g= 18.5 kN/m3
f= 25 deg.
3 B
1a
Height of wall, H = 8.00 m
1 - sin f
Ka = = 0.33
1 + sin f 8
Due to surcharge
2 3
At, z = 0 pa = 5.00 kN/m 1b
At, z = 8.00 pa = 5.00 kN/m2 PH = PA
Due to soil (above WT)
At, z = 0 pa = 0.00 kN/m2 4
pa = 2
At, z = 3 16.50 kN/m 2 C
Due to soil (below WT) 2 0.75
At, z = 0 pa = 0.00 kN/m2
A
At, z = 5 pa = 16.15 kN/m2 1.5 1.0 3.0
Due to water
pa = 2
At, z = 0 0.00 kN/m qh
At, z = 5 pa = 49.05 kN/m2
qt
PA = 227.75 kN/m
acting at a height of 2.55 m above the base of the wall e
R
Check for Overturning Failure
Section No. Area Unit Weight Weight Lever arm Moment
2
(m ) (kN/m3) (kN/m) (m) (kN-m/m)
1a 9.00 16.5 148.50 4 594.00
1b 12.75 19.5 248.63 4 994.50
2 4.125 24 99.00 2.75 272.25
3 3.625 24 87.00 2.25 195.75
4 1.8125 24 43.50 1.83 79.75
Surcharge 3 - 45 4 180.00
Total vertical force = 671.63 Total MR = 2316.25 [MR is the Restoring moment]
Now, total MO = 580.17 [MO is the Overturning moment]
Factor of safety w.r.t. overturning = 3.99 > 2, hence ok
Check for Sliding Failure
The force that resists the movement is given by FR = ca B + R tand + PP Kp = 2.46
The width , B = 5.5 m On pasive side (in front of the toe of the wall)
Adhesion factor, a = 0.55 At, z = 0 m pp = 188.36 kN/m2
Adhesion ca = 33.0 kN/m2 At, z = 2.00 m pp = 279.53 kN/m2
Total vertical force, R = 671.6 kN/m
Angle of friction between base and foundation soil, d = 16.67 deg.
PP= 467.889 kN/m FR= 850.5 kN/m PH= 227.75 kN/m
Factor of safety w.r.t. sliding = 3.73 > 1.5, hence ok
Check for Bearing Capacity Failure
B (M R - M O )
The eccentricity is given by, e= - = 0.17 m Now, B /6 = 0.92 m
2 R
<B/6, hence ok
R é 6e ù
The pressure at the toe of the retaining wall is given by, qt = 1+ = 144.11 kN/m2
B êë B úû
R é 6e ù
The pressure at the heel of the retaining wall is given by, qt = ê1 - ú = 100.12 kN/m2
Bë Bû
Now, ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation soil = 600 kN/m2
Factor of safety w.r.t. bearing capacity = 4.16 > 3, hence ok
 17. A vertical wall 6m high, above the water table, retains a 20° soil slope, the retained soil having a unit weight of 18 kN/m3; the appropriate
shear strength parameters are c¢ = 0 and f¢ = 40°. Determine the total active thrust on the wall and the directions of the two sets of failure planes
relative to the vertical.

Height of wall, H = 6 m c¢ = 0
Angle of inclination of backfill surface with horizontal, b = 20 deg. f¢ = 40 deg.
g= 18 kN/m
3

cos b - cos 2
b - cos 2 f 1
K a = cos b ´ = 0.250 Pa = K a gH 2
= 81.135 kN/m
cos b + cos 2
b - cos 2 f 2
sin b
sin e = = 0.532 e = 32.1 degree
sin f
90 - f e - b
Angle of inclination of outer failure plane with vertical is ao = - = 18.9 degree
2 2
90 - f e - b
Angle of inclination of inner failure plane with vertical is ai = + = 31.1 degree
2 2

18. Calculate the total active thrust on a vertical wall 5m high retaining a sand of unit weight 17 kN/m3 for which f¢ = 35°; the surface of the sand
is horizontal and the water table is below the bottom of the wall. (b) Determine the thrust on the wall if the water table rises to a level 2m below
the surface of the sand. The saturated unit weight of the sand is 20 kN/m3. The surcharge above ground surface is 30 kN/m2.

Height of wall, H = 5 m f¢ = 35 deg. Surcharge, q = 50.0 kN/m2

Unit weight of sand above Water Table, g = 17 kN/m
3

Saturated Unit weight of sand, g sat = 20 kN/m

3

1 - sin f ¢ P a = K a qH +
1
K agH = 125.33 kN/m
= 0.271
2
Ka =
1 + sin f ¢ 2
acting at 2.12 m above the toe of the wall.

When WT rises 2.0 m below the surface of the sand, then depth of WT below GL = 2.0 m

Active pressure due to surcharge = 13.55 kN/m2

Active pressure at 2.0 m below GL (due to dry soil above GWT)
= 9.21 kN/m2
Active pressure at 5.0 m below GL (due to sub soil below GWT)
= 8.28 kN/m2 2.0
Lateral pressure exerted by water = 29.43 kN/m2
2
PA1 = 67.75 kN/m y1 = 2.50 m
PA2 = 9.21 kN/m y2 = 3.67 m 1
PA3 = 27.64 kN/m y3 = 1.50 m
PA4 = 56.57 kN/m y4 = 1.00 m y 3.0
3

Resultant active thrust, PA = 161.17 kN/m 4

acting at 1.87 m above the toe of the wall.

13.55 9.21 8.28 29.43

19. The soil conditions adjacent to a sheet pile wall are given in Figure , a surcharge pressure of 50 kN/m2 being carried on the surface behind the
wall. For soil 1, a sand above the water table, c¢ = 0, f¢ = 38°, g = 18 kN/m3. For soil 2, a saturated clay, c¢ = 10, f¢ = 28°, g sat = 20 kN/m3.
Calculate the total active thrust and passive resistance on the wall. Also determine their location above the toe of the wall.

50 kN/m2
11.89
GL

1
Soil - 1 6m
2
113.50
1 25.69
1.5 m GWT

3 Soil - 2 3m 3 4
2

84.67 108.07 18.05 26.97 11.04

Surcharge, q = 50.0 kN/m2
Soil - I:
Thickness, H 1 = 6.0 m on Active side f¢ = 38 deg. Ka = 0.238 g = 18 kN/m
3

Thickness, H 1 = 1.5 m on Passive side Kp = 4.204 c¢ = 0 kN/m2

Soil - 2:
Thickness, H 2 = 3.0 m on Active side f¢ = 28 deg. Ka = 0.361 g sat = 20 kN/m3
Thickness, H 2 = 3.0 m on Passive side Kp = 2.770 c¢ = 10 kN/m2
Depth of GWT below GL on active side = 6.0 m

Determination of active thrust

Soil - I:
At, z = 0 pa = 0.00 kN/m2 presssure in soil - 1 due to surcharge = 11.89 kN/m2
pa = 2
At, z = 6.0 m 25.69 kN/m

Soil - 2:
Equivalent surcharge intensity, qe1 = 108.00 kN/m2 from layer - I
pa = 26.97 2
At, z = 0.0 m kN/m (for equivalent surcharge) [constant throughout the soil - 2 depth]
At, z = 3.0 m pa = 11.04 kN/m2 (for the soil layer - II)
At, z = 3.0 m
presssure in soil - 2 due to surcharge = 18.05 kN/m2 [constant throughout the soil - 2 depth]

PA1 = 71.36 kN/m y1 = 6.00 m

PA2 = 77.07 kN/m y2 = 5.00 m
PA3 = 135.08 kN/m y3 = 1.50 m
PA4 = 16.56 kN/m y4 = 1.00 m

Resultant active thrust, PA = 300.07 kN/m acting at 3.44 m above the toe of the wall.

Determination of passive resistance

Soil - I:
At, z = 0 pp = 0.00 kN/m2
pp = 2
At, z = 1.5 m 113.50 kN/m

Soil - 2:
Equivalent surcharge intensity, qe1 = 27.00 kN/m2 from layer - I
At, z = 0 pp = 108.07 kN/m2 [constant throughout the soil - 2 depth]
At, z = 3.0 m pp = 84.67 kN/m2

PP1 = 85.13 kN/m y1 = 3.50 m

PP2 = 127.01 kN/m y2 = 1.00 m
PP3 = 324.21 kN/m y3 = 1.50 m

Resultant passive resistance, PP = 536.35 kN/m

acting at 1.70 m above the toe of the wall.

20. A retaining wall 9 m high retains granular filll (unit weight = 18 kN/m3) with level surface. The active thrust on the wall is 180 kN/m length of
the wall. The height of the wall is to be increased and to keep the force on the wall within allowable limits, the backfill in the top half of the
depthis removed and replaced by cinders. If cinders are used as backfill even in the additional height, what additional height may be allowed if
the thrust on the wall is to be limited to its initial value? The unit weight of cinders is 9 kN/m3. Assume the friction angle for cinders the same as
that of the soil.

Backfill (cinders)
h
2.22 h

4.5 m Backfill (cinders)

2.22 (h + 4.5 )

4.5 m Granular backfill

20
Height of the retaining wall, H = 9.0 m Unit weight of granular backfill soil = 18.0 kN/m3
Active thrust on the wall, Pa = 180.0 kN/m Unit weight of cinder = 9.0 kN/m3
Let the additional height of the wall be h m
2 Pa
Ka = = 0.247
gH 2
The depth of cinder backfill will be h + 4.5 m and bottom 4.5 m is granular backfill with K a = 0.247
Since the friction angles for cinders is taken to be the same as that for the granular soil, K a for cinders is also 0.247
The intensity of pressure at (h + 4.5 ) m depth = 2.22222 (h + 4.5 ) kN/m2
2
Intensity of pressure at base = 2.22 (h + 4.5 )+ 20 kN/m
Total thrust = 1.11 h2 + 5.00 (2h + 4.5 )+ 10 (h + 4.5 )+ 45
Equating this to the initial value of P a = 180.0
1.11 h2 + 5.00 (2h + 4.50 )+ 10.00 (h + 4.50 ) + 45.00 = 180.0
or, 1.11 h2 + 10 h + 22.50 + 10.00 h 45 + 45.00 = 180.0
or, 1.11 h2 + 20.00 h -67.50 = 0
or, h = 2.91 m
Thus, the height of the wall may be increased by 2.91 m without increasing the thrust.

21. A 6 m high vertical wall retains a granular backfill where the ground level is inclined at 10° to the horizontal. The bulk unit weight of the fill is
18.0 kN/m and the friction angle is 33°. Assuming the backfill is in the active state, determine the magnitude of the resultant thrust on the wall
assuming the fo llowing: (i) Rankine: Smooth wall, (ii) Coulomb: Smooth wall, (iii) Coulomb, d /f = 0.5 and (iv) Coulomb, d /f = 0.67.

Height of the retaining wall, H = 6.0 m f= 33 deg.

Angle of inclination of backfill surface with horizontal, b = 10 deg. g= 18 kN/m3
a= 90 deg. [Since the wall is vertical]

(i) Rankine: Smooth wall

cosb - cos2 b - cos2 f

Ka = cosb = 0.307 PA =
1
K a gH 2 = 99.61 kN/m
cosb + cos b - cos f
2 2
2

(ii) Coulomb: Smooth wall d= 0 [Since the wall is smooth]

sin(a )= 1.000
sin 2 (a + f ) a + f= 123 deg. sin(a + f )= 0.839
Ka = = 0.328 a - d= 90 deg. sin(a - d )= 1.000
sin (f + d ) sin (f - b ) ù
2
é f + d= 33 deg. sin(f + d )= 0.545
sin a sin (a - d )ê1 +
2
ú
ë sin (a - d ) sin (a + b ) û f-b= 23 deg. sin(f - b )= 0.391
a +b= 100 deg. sin(a + b )= 0.985
1
PA = K a gH 2 = 106.20 kN/m
2
(iii) Coulomb: d / f = 0.5 Hence, d= 16.5 deg. sin(a )= 1.000
sin 2 (a + f ) a + f = 123 deg. sin(a + f )= 0.839
Ka = = 0.301 a - d = 73.5 deg. sin(a - d )= 0.959
sin (f + d ) sin (f - b ) ù
2
é
sin 2 a sin (a - d )ê1 + ú f + d = 49.5 deg. sin(f + d )= 0.760
ë sin (a - d ) sin (a + b ) û f - b = 23 deg. sin(f - b )= 0.391
a + b = 100 deg. sin(a + b )= 0.985
1
PA = K a gH 2 = 97.55 kN/m
2

(iv) Coulomb: d / f = 0.67 Hence, d= 22.11 deg. sin(a )= 1.000

sin 2 (a + f ) a + f = 123 deg. sin(a + f )= 0.839
Ka = = 0.299 a - d = 67.89 deg. sin(a - d )= 0.926
sin (f + d ) sin (f - b ) ù
2
é
sin 2 a sin (a - d )ê1 + ú f + d = 55.11 deg. sin(f + d )= 0.820
ë sin (a - d ) sin (a + b ) û f - b = 23 deg. sin(f - b )= 0.391
a + b = 100 deg. sin(a + b )= 0.985
1
PA = K a gH 2 = 96.97 kN/m
2
22. A 3 m high vertical wall retains a granular backfill where the ground level is inclined at 10° to the horizontal. The bulk unit weight of the fill is
18.0 kN/m and the friction angle is 34°. Assuming the backfill is in the passive state, determine the magnitude of the resultant thrust on the wall
assuming the fo llowing: (i) Rankine: Smooth wall, (ii) Coulomb: Smooth wall, (iii) Coulomb, d /f = 0.5 and (iv) Coulomb, d /f = 0.67.
Height of the retaining wall, H = 3.0 m f= 34 deg.
Angle of inclination of backfill surface with horizontal, b = 0 deg. g= 18 kN/m3
a= 90 deg. [Since the wall is vertical]
(i) Rankine: Smooth wall

cos b + cos2 b - cos2 f 1

K p = cos b ´ = 3.537 PP = K p gH 2 = 286.51 kN/m
cos b - cos b - cos f
2 2
2

(ii) Coulomb: Smooth wall d= 0 [Since the wall is smooth]

sin(a )= 1.000
sin (a - f )
2 a - f= 56 deg. sin(a - f )= 0.829
Kp = = 3.537 a + d= 90 deg. sin(a + d )= 1.000
sin (f + d )sin (f + b ) ù
2
é f + d= 34 deg. sin(f + d )= 0.559
sin a sin (a + d )ê1 -
2
ú
ë sin (a + d )sin (a + b ) û f +b= 34 deg. sin(f + b )= 0.559
a +b= 90 deg. sin(a + b )= 1.000
1
PP = K p gH 2
= 286.51 kN/m
2
(iii) Coulomb: d / f = 0.5 Hence, d= 17 deg. sin(a )= 1.000
sin (a - f )
2 a - f= 56 deg. sin(a - f )= 0.829
Kp = = 6.767 a + d= 107 deg. sin(a + d )= 0.956
sin (f + d )sin (f + b ) ù
2
é f + d= 51 deg. sin(f + d )= 0.777
sin a sin (a + d )ê1 -
2
ú
ë sin (a + d )sin (a + b ) û f +b= 34 deg. sin(f + b )= 0.559
a +b= 90 deg. sin(a + b )= 1.000
1
PP = K p gH 2
= 548.16 kN/m
2
(iii) Coulomb: d / f = 0.67 Hence, d= 22.78 deg. sin(a )= 1.000
sin (a - f )
2 a - f = 56 deg. sin(a - f )= 0.829
Kp = = 9.007 a + d = 112.8 deg. sin(a + d )= 0.922
sin (f + d )sin (f + b ) ù
2
é f + d = 56.78 deg. sin(f + d )= 0.837
sin 2 a sin (a + d )ê1 - ú
ë sin (a + d )sin (a + b ) û f + b = 34 deg. sin(f + b )= 0.559
a + b = 90 deg. sin(a + b )= 1.000
1
PP = K p gH 2
= 729.54 kN/m
2
23. A retaining wall is battered away from the fill from bottom to top at an angle of 15° with the vertical. Height of the wall is 6 m. The fill slopes
upwards at an angle 15° away from the rest of the wall. The friction angle is 30° and wall friction angle is 15°. Using Coulomb’s wedge theory,
determined the total active and passive thrusts on the wall, per lineal metre assuming g = 20 kN/m3.

Height of the retaining wall, H = 6.0 m f= 30 deg.

Angle of inclination of backfill surface with horizontal, b = 15 deg. g= 20 kN/m3
a= 75 deg. [Since the wall is battered away from the bottom to top at an angle of 15 deg. with vertical.
d= 15 deg.

sin 2 (a + f )
15 Ka = = 0.542
sin (f + d ) sin (f - b ) ù
2
é
sin a sin (a - d )ê1 +
2
ú
ë sin (a - d ) sin (a + b ) û

Kp =
sin 2
(a -f)
=
6.0 m 6.247
sin (f + d )sin (f + b ) ù
2
é
sin a sin (a + d )ê1 -
2
ú
ë sin (a + d )sin (a + b ) û
15

sin(a )= 0.966 sin(a )= 0.966

a + f= 105 deg. sin(a + f )= 0.966 a - f= 45 deg. sin(a - f )= 0.707
a - d= 60 deg. sin(a - d )= 0.866 a + d= 90 deg. sin(a + d )= 1.000
f + d= 45 deg. sin(f + d )= 0.707 f + d= 45 deg. sin(f + d )= 0.707
f-b= 15 deg. sin(f - b )= 0.259 f +b= 45 deg. sin(f + b )= 0.707
a +b= 90 deg. sin(a + b )= 1.000 a +b= 90 deg. sin(a + b )= 1.000
1 1
PA = K a gH 2
= 195.09 kN/m PP = K p gH 2
= 2248.88 kN/m
2 2
 2
24. A trapezoidal masonry retaining wall 1 m wide at top and 3 m wide at its bottom is 4 m high. The vertical face is retaining soil (f = 30°), the surface of which is
inclined at an angle of 20° with the horizontal. Determine the maximum and minimum intensities of pressure at the base of the retaining wall. Unit weights of soil and
masonary are 20 kN/m3 and 24 kN/m3 respectively. Assuming the coefficient of friction at the base of the wall as 0.45, determine the factor of safety against sliding.
Also determine the factor of safety against overturning. Use Rankine's theory.

1.0 m
20.0 deg.
Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3
Height of the retaining wall, H = 4.0 m
Angle of inclination of backfill surface with horizontal, b = 20 deg.
f= 30 deg. g= 20 kN/m3
Coeff. of friction at the base of the wall = 0.45
4.0 m

PA = 66.27 kN/m
cos b - cos 2 b - cos 2 f
K a = cos b = 0.414
cos b + cos 2 b - cos 2 f

3.0 m PH = 62.28 kN/m Lever arm for PH about toe = 1.33 m

PV = 22.67 kN/m Lever arm for PV about toe = 3.00 m

W1 = weight of rectangular portion of the wall = 96.00 kN/m Lever arm for W1 about toe = 2.50 m
W2 = weight of rectangular portion of the wall = 96.00 kN/m Lever arm for W2 about toe = 1.33 m

FSOT = Factor of safety against overturning = 5.25

FSSLD = Factor of safety against sliding = 1.55

B (M R - M O )
e= - = 0.14 m Now, B /6 = 0.50 m <B/6, hence ok
2 R

R é 6e ù
The pressure at the toe of the retaining wall is given by, qt = 1+ ú = 92.20 kN/m
2
B êë Bû

R é 6e ù
The pressure at the heel of the retaining wall is given by, qh = 1- ú = 50.91 kN/m2
B êë Bû