Catch « Wavel ea, Automotive waveform reference manual Automotive Electronics Services (209) 292-7851 http://www.aeswave.comCatch « Wael ®—a, Automotive waveform reference manual Automotive Electronics Services (209) 292-7851 http://www.aeswave.comWaveforms! version 1b (d:\waveform\viewer) A SS There are three table of contents, The first is arranged by file number, page AI - A-4. The second by manufacturer, page B-1 - B-4. The third by signal, page C-1 - C4. ‘Most of the waveforms were captured by Jorge Menchu, Scott Brown, and Frank Benvenuto. All waveforms were printed using the AES (Automotive Electronics Services) Database View-er. These waveforms are not intended to be used as a diagnostic manual. They are meant to be used for learning purposes only. DISCLAIMER This book is intended for use as a reference and for education. While reasonable care has been exercised with respect to its accuracy, the author, reseller or those that captured the waveforms, assume no responsibility for errors, omissions or suitability of its contents for any application. neither do we assume any liability for any damages resulting from use of information. (© Copyright 1995 by Jorge Menchu - all rights reserved. This book cannot be reproduced without written permission from Jorge Menchu. Single pages.can be copied for shop floor or training purposes and may not be used for resale or profit,Table of Contents _ by page number ry Page SIGNAL MFG MODEL YEAR ENGINE, 1 SQUARE WAV SETUP NA NA NA 2 INJECTOR cM SIERRAPU 1987 4.6L 3 INJECTOR cM SIERRA 1987 4.6L. 4 ‘ALTNR AG TOYOTA CAMRY. 1987 2-01. 5 INECTOR+ = GM CADILLAC = 1979 NIA 6 INJECTOR cM NA NA 3800 7 OPTICAL GM CORVETTE 1993 N/A 8 CRANK SENS GM NA NA NA 9 SINE WAVE NIA NA NIA NA 10 INJECTOR NISSAN PATHFINDER 1992 VG-30 "1 INJECTOR NISSAN PICKUP 1987 VG-30 12 VOLT SPIKE NA NA NA NA 12.1 SECONDARY N/A NA NA N/A 122 COIL NISSAN SENTRA 1992 4CYL 13 SPIKE NA NA NIA NA 14 REFERENCE GM GRANDAM 1992 _2.3L 15 CRANK SENS GM GRANDAM 1992, -2.3L, 16 INJECTOR NISSAN PICKUP 1987 VG-30 17 PULSEMOD = GM GRANDAM 1992 2.3L 18 COIL cM GRANDAM 1992 _2.3L 19 NOISE om GRAND AM 1992 NIA 20 HALLEFECT = GM SKYHAWK 1884 1.8 = 2 LINEPRESS NISSAN MAXIMA, 1983 VG-30 22 TPS NA NA NA NIA 23 TPS N/A NIA NA NIA 24 AIRSENSOR N/A NA NA NA 25 AIRSENSOR N/A NA NA NA 28 IDLE AIR cm NA NA NA 27 IDLE AIR em NA NA NIA 28 AAC VALVE NISSAN ‘STANZA 1990 KA.24 29 IDLE AIR GM NIA NA NIA 30 IGNITION NISSAN MAXIMA, 1984 L.24 31+ IDLEAIR NA NA NA NIA 32 INJECTOR BMW NA NA NA 33 IDLE LOAD BOSCH NA NA NA 34 COIL NISSAN ‘STANZA 1992 KA-26 35 SECONDARY NISSAN STANZA 1982 KA-24 36 VANE AIR BOSCH NA NA NIA 37 PIP FORD NA NA NIA 38 RIPPLE MAZDA 626 1987 4CYL 39 SPOUT FORD NA. NA NA 40 Ps SYSTEM NISSAN 300Zx 1990 VG-30 “1 SPOUT FORD NA NIA NIA 42 IDLE AIR FORD NA NA NA 43 IDLE AIR FORD NA NIA NA 44 TPS FORD NA NA NA 45 AIR FLOW FORD NA NA NA 48 INJECTOR NISSAN 200 SX 1984 = NAPZ 48 HEIGHT FORD NA NA NIA ‘ 49 O2SENSOR N/A N/A NA NA by page number A-1Table of Contents _ by page number 100 SIGNAL INJECTOR ABS vss SQUARE WAV 02 SENSOR, TPS SECONDARY DIGITAL WV INJECTOR AC SENSOR ALTNR AC GROUND SPEED INJ SERIAL 18x. 3X SIGNAL INJECTOR INJECTOR CAM 02 SENSOR 02 SENSOR FUEL CONT SPARK TIME SECONDARY CRUISE AIR COND. AIR COND. AIR FLOW INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR TPS AIR FLOW AIR SENSOR AIR SENSOR SINE WAVE CRANK SENS 02 SENSOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR lac lac e+ SECONDARY. SECONDARY. TPS MAP TPS MAP 02 MAP MFG NISSAN FORD FORD NISSAN SETUP SETUP SETUP SETUP SETUP SETUP SETUP SETUP SETUP FORD GM cM CHRYSLER CHRYSLER GM TOYOTA TOYOTA cM cM N/A TOYOTA TOYOTA TOYOTA NIPPON DEN NIPPON DEN NIPPON DEN NIPPON DEN TOYOTA NIPPON DEN NISSAN MODEL, 200 Sx NA NA ALL NA ALL MOsT NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA YEAR 1987 NIA NIA NIA NIA ALL NIA NIA NA NIA NA NA NA NA 1984 1984 NA 1987 1987 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1984 NIA N/A NA 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 ENGINE 1974C NA NA NA NA ALL NA NA NA NA NA N/A NA NA 3800 3800 3.1L 3.4 3.1L 3.4L 3.4L 3.4L, by page number A-2Table of Contents _ by page number Page 105 106 107 108 109 110 1 112 112 413 115 116 17 118 119 120 121 122 123, 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 138 SIGNAL, 02 02 SECONDARY CYLN. ID ‘SECONDARY CID ‘SECONDARY, CID EGR SOL ISA AIRBYP PFE (EGR) INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR 02 SECONDARY PIP VRS VRS lac CAN PURGE lac INJ CONT INJ CONT DIST REF DIST REF TPS INd INJ INJ INJ 02 INJ EVP TPS 02 INJ ALT MAF INJ INJ 02 02 EVP IND INJ IND REF MFG cM cM FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD TOYOTA TOYOTA FORD FORD NA NA FORD FORD GM CHRYSLER CHRYSLER CHRYSLER CHRYSLER CHRYSLER CHRYSLER CHRYSLER CHRYSLER: CHRYSLER FORD FORD FORD MODEL CORSICA CORSICA ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT CAMERY CAMERY ESCORT NA NIA NIA TORUS SHO TORUS SHO CORSICA LANCER LANCER LANCER LANCER LEBARON LEBARON LEBARON LASER LASER ‘TAURUS, ESCORT TAURAS CELEBRITY CELEBRITY CELEBRITY NA ‘CIMMARON 30 2600 DELTA 88 DELTA 88 TAURAS C30 C30 CELEBRITY CAVALIER YEAR 1994 1994 1990 1990 1990 1990 1980 1990 1990 1990 1991 1990 1990 1990 1980 1987 1990 1990 1987 1870 1980 ENGINE 3.4L, 190 194 2.3L 194 194 2.3L 2.3L 194 NIA NA NA 3LMA NIA 3.4L 2.2T 227 227 227 2.5L 2.5L 2.5L 227 227 3.0L 1.9L 2.8L 28 2.8L 2.8L 4.5L 2.8L 5.7L 5.7L 3.8L 3.8 2.5L 5.7L. 5.7L 28 2.0L by page nuinber A-3Table of Contents _ by page number Page 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 167 168 169 170 71 172 173 174 175 176 17 178 179 180 180 181 182 183 184 SIGNAL, INJ MAP INJ INJ INJ MAF 02 INJECTOR PRIMARY RIPPLE PRIMARY ks INJECTOR DIGITAL 02 cts SECONDARY NA AFM. INJECTOR INJECTOR TBI Crmt TBI Volt MAG PICKUP. SECONDARY SECONDARY PRIMARY JEEP TOYOTA TOYOTA TOYOTA TOYOTA TOYOTA NA MERCURY MODEL CAVALIER CAVALIER si0 CAVALIER CAVALIER CIMMARON DELTA 88 626 626 626 626 ou TOYOTA CAMRY CAMRY CAMRY CAMRY NA TRACER NA NA NA NA ACCORD CAMRY: CAMRY CAMRY YEAR 85 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1993 NA NIA NIA. NIA 1981 1987 1987 1987 ENGINE, 2.0L, 2.0L 2.8L 2.0L 2.0L 2.8L 3.8L 4CYL 4cYL 4cyL 4cyL 2581 2.3L by page number A-4Table of Contents _by mfg ‘SIGNAL, INJECTOR IDLE LOAD VANE AIR DIST REF DIST REF INJ CONT INJ CONT INJ IND IND IN TPs INJECTOR INJECTOR cip CID CYLN. ID EGR SOL IND INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR ISA AIRBYP 02 02 02 PFE (EGR) SECONDARY ‘SECONDARY SECONDARY. SECONDARY ABS. AIR FLOW HEIGHT IDLE AIR IDLE AIR PIP PIP SERIAL SPOUT SPOUT TPS vss EVP EVP 02 CAN PURGE IAC INJ MFG Bmw BOSCH BOSCH CHRYSLER CHRYSLER CHRYSLER CHRYSLER CHRYSLER CHRYSLER CHRYSLER CHRYSLER CHRYSLER CHRYSLER CHRYSLER FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD FORD GM MODEL, NIA NA NA LANCER LANCER LANCER LANCER LASER LASER LEBARON LEBARON LEBARON NA NA ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT NIA NIA TAURAS TAURAS TAURUS TORUS SHO TORUS SHO ©2500 1990 1990 1990 1990 1980 1980 1980 1980 1990 1987 1990 1990 1991 1980 1990 1980 1980 NA NIA NA NIA NIA NA NA NA NA NIA. NIA 86 a7 NIA. 1990 ENGINE, N/A N/A NA 227 2.27 227 227 227 227 2.5L 2.5L 2.5L 4 4cyYL 190 190 190Table of Contents by mfg Page 150 154 155 5 158 161 162 159 157 147 156 178 SIGNAL, IND IND INJ INJECTOR + INJ INJ INJ MAP. REF INS IND 02 TPS MAF MAF 6+ lac. IAC. IAC. MAP MAP. MAP. 02 02 02 SECONDARY. SECONDARY TPS TPS OPTICAL 02 02 02 COIL CRANK SENS NOISE PULSE MOD REFERENCE 18x. ‘3X SIGNAL ALT CAM CRANK SENS. FUEL CONT IDLE AIR IDLE AIR IDLE AIR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR MODEL, C30 C30 C30 CADILLAC. CAVALIER CAVALIER CAVALIER CAVALIER CAVALIER CELEBRITY CELEBRITY CELEBRITY CELEBRITY CIMMARON CIMMARON CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA CORVETTE DELTA 88 DELTA 88 DELTA 88 GRAND AM GRAND AM. GRAND AM. GRAND AM. GRAND AM NIA NA NA NA NA NIA NIA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ENGINE 5.7L. 5.7L 5.7L NA 2.0L, 2.0L 2.0L, 2.0L, 20L, 2.8L 28 2.8L 28 GS 2.8L, 2.8L 3.4L 3.4L 3.4L 3.4L 3.4L 3.4L 3.4L 3.4L 3.4L 34L 3.4L. 3.1L 3.1L G: 3.4L NA 3.8L 3.8L, 3.8L, 23L 23L NIA 2.3L 2.3L 3800 3800 4.5L 3800 NA 3800 NA NIA 3800 NIA NA NA NA NATable of Contents by mtg Page 179 74 160 3 2 20 181 170 165 167 169 38 168 17 24 25 86 88 31 178 49 89 124 15 9 87 13 180 180 22 23 12 127 128 79 84 80 84 82 ‘SIGNAL INJECTOR SPARK TIME IND INJECTOR INJECTOR HALL EFECT MAG PICKUP Ks INJECTOR PRIMARY. PRIMARY. RIPPLE RIPPLE AFM AIR SENSOR AIR SENSOR AIR SENSOR CRANK SENS. IDLE AIR NA. 02 SENSOR 02 SENSOR SECONDARY SECONDARY SINE WAVE ‘SINE WAVE SPIKE TBI Crmt TBI Volt TPS TPs VOLT SPIKE VRS VRS. AIR FLOW AIR FLOW INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR PS SYSTEM IGNITION LINE PRESS AIR SENSOR ‘SQUARE WAV INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR COIL AAC VALVE COIL SECONDARY MERCURY NA NA NA NA NA NA NIA NIA NA NIA NA NA NIA NIA NIA NIA NA NA NA NA NIPPON DEN NIPPON DEN NIPPON DEN NIPPON DEN NIPPON DEN NISSAN NISSAN NISSAN NISSAN NISSAN NISSAN NISSAN NISSAN NISSAN NISSAN NISSAN NISSAN NISSAN NISSAN MODEL NIA NA S10 SIERRA SIERRA PU SKYHAWK ACCORD cur 626 626 626 626 626 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 200 SX 200 SX 3002X MAXIMA, MAXIMA, NA NA PATHFINDER PICKUP PICKUP, ‘SENTRA STANZA STANZA STANZA YEAR NA NA 1987 1987 1984 1981 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1993 NA NA NA NA N/A NA NA NA ENGINE NA 3800 2.8L 4.6L 4.6L 18 NA 2581 4cyL 4cyL 4cyL 4cyL 4cYL 4cyL KA-24 KA24 KA24 by mfg B-3Table of Contents by mte Page 184 175 182 183 7 78 76 m1 SIGNAL DIGITAL WW 02 SENSOR TPS INJECTOR AC SENSOR ALTNR AG GROUND, SECONDARY ‘SPEED INJ SQUARE WAV 02 02 ALTNR AC cTs DIGITAL 02 02 SENSOR 02 SENSOR PRIMARY SECONDARY SECONDARY SECONDARY AIR COND AIR COND. CRUISE TPS INJECTOR MFG SETUP SETUP, SETUP SETUP SETUP SETUP SETUP SETUP SETUP SETUP TOYOTA TOYOTA TOYOTA TOYOTA TOYOTA TOYOTA TOYOTA TOYOTA TOYOTA TOYOTA TOYOTA TOYOTA TOYOTA TOYOTA TOYOTA TOYOTA TOYOTA MODEL, ALL ALL ALL. MosT NA NA NA NA NA NA CAMERY CAMERY CAMRY CAMRY CAMRY CAMRY. CAMRY CAMRY. CAMRY. CAMRY CAMRY CAMRY NA NA NA NA TOYOTA ENGINE NA NA. ALL NA NA N/A NA NIA NA NA 2.3L 2.3L 2.0L, 2.3L by mfg B-4Table of Contents _ by signal SIGNAL, 18x 3X SIGNAL +1 AAC VALVE ABS AC SENSOR AFM AIR COND. AIR COND. AIR FLOW AIR FLOW AIR FLOW AIR SENSOR AIR SENSOR AIR SENSOR AIR SENSOR ALT ALTNR AC ALTNR AC. CAM CAN PURGE CID ciD COIL COIL COIL CRANK SENS CRANK SENS CRANK SENS CRUISE, CTs CYLN. ID DIGITAL DIGITAL WV DIST REF DIST REF EGR SOL EVP Eve FUEL CONT GROUND HALL EFECT HEIGHT tac lac. tac 1aC IDLE AIR IDLE AIR IDLE AIR MFG cM GM GM NISSAN, FORD SETUP MERCURY TOYOTA TOYOTA FORD NIPPON DEN NIPPON DEN NIA NIA NIA NISSAN GM SETUP, TOYOTA GM FORD FORD FORD GM NISSAN NISSAN GM cM NIA TOYOTA TOYOTA FORD TOYOTA SETUP CHRYSLER CHRYSLER FORD FORD FORD MODEL. NA NA CORSICA STANZA NA NA TRACER NIA NIA NIA NA NIA NIA NIA NIA NA NA NA CAMRY. NA TORUS SHO ESCORT ESCORT GRAND AM SENTRA STANZA GRAND AM NA NA NA CAMRY ESCORT CAMRY ALL LANCER LANCER ESCORT TAURAS ‘TAURAS NA NA SKYHAWK NA TORUS SHO CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA NA NA, NA 1987 1990 NIA NIA 1984 1990 1994 1994 1994 NIA NIA NIA ENGINE 3800 3800 3.4L KA-24 NA. NIA 2.3L 2800 by signal C-1Table of Contents _ by signal Page 27 29 34 33 30 139 140 137 138 142 151 150 154 155 158 161 162 147 156 160 132 133 32 66 67 116 117 118 171 113 170 2 SIGNAL, IDLE AIR IDLE AIR IDLE AIR IDLE LOAD IGNITION IND IND IND INJ IND INJ CONT. INJ CONT INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR INJECTOR + ISA AIRBYP KS LINE PRESS MFG cM cM NIA BOSCH NISSAN CHRYSLER CHRYSLER CHRYSLER CHRYSLER FORD GM. CHRYSLER CHRYSLER BMW CHRYSLER CHRYSLER FORD FORD FORD FORD cM cM ou cM MAZDA NIPPON DEN NIPPON DEN NIPPON DEN NISSAN NISSAN NISSAN NISSAN NISSAN SETUP TOYOTA cM FORD JEEP NISSAN MODEL NA NA NA NA MAXIMA, LASER LASER LEBARON LEBARON ESCORT ©2500 C30 C30 C30 CAVALIER CAVALIER CAVALIER CELEBRITY CELEBRITY s10 LANCER LANCER NA NA NA ESCORT ESCORT SIERRA SIERRA PU 628 NA NA NA 200 SX 200 SX PATHFINDER PICKUP, PICKUP, MosT TOYOTA CADILLAC. ESCORT cur MAXIMA, 1987 1987 1987 NA NA NA 1984 1987 1992 1987 1987 NIA 1987 1979 1990 86 1993 ENGINE, NA NA NA NA L24 2.27 227 2.5L 2.5L 1.9L 5.7L 5.7L 5.7L 5.7L 2.0L 2.0L, 2.0L 28 28 2.8L, 227 227 NIA 4 4cYL 19d 194 194 190 3800 NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.6L, by signal C-2Table of Contents _ by signai 184 175 182 SIGNAL MAF MAF MAG PICKUP MAP Map MAP 02 02 SENSOR 02 SENSOR 02 SENSOR 02 SENSOR 02 SENSOR OPTICAL PFE (EGR) PIP PIP PRIMARY PRIMARY PRIMARY PS SYSTEM PULSE MOD REF REFERENCE RIPPLE RIPPLE SECONDARY SECONDARY SECONDARY SECONDARY SECONDARY SECONDARY SECONDARY SECONDARY SECONDARY SECONDARY SECONDARY SECONDARY MFG GM GM HONDA TOYOTA TOYOTA TOYOTA NIA NA SETUP, TOYOTA TOYOTA GM FORD FORD FORD MAZDA MAZDA TOYOTA NISSAN MODEL CIMMARON CIMMARON ACCORD CAVALIER CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA NA GRAND AM. ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT TAURUS CELEBRITY CORSICA CORSICA CORSICA DELTA 88 DELTA 88 DELTA 88 CAMERY CAMERY CAMRY NA NA ALL CAMRY. CAMRY, CORVETTE ESCORT NA NA 626 626 CAMRY 3002x GRAND AM. CAVALIER GRAND AM. 626 626 ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT ESCORT CORSICA CORSICA NA NA STANZA, NA CAMRY. CAMRY ENGINE 2.8L 2.8L NA 2.0L 3.4L 3.4L. 3.4L, NA NA 2.3L, 190 195 3.0L. 2.8L 3.4L. 3.4L 3.4L 3.8L. 3.8L. 3.8L. 2.3L 2.3L 2.3L NA NA NA 2.0L, 2.0L NIA 19 NA NA 4CYL 4cYL 2.3L VG-30 2.3L 2.0L, 2.3L, 4cYL 4CYL 1.9 4.9) 19d 190 3.4L 3.4L NIA NA KA24 NA 23L 2.3L by signal C-3Table of Contents _by Page 183 63 9 a7 74 62 13 39 4“ SIGNAL SECONDARY SERIAL SINE WAVE SINE WAVE SPARK TIME SPEED INJ SPIKE SPOUT SPOUT SQUARE WAV SQUARE WAV TBI Crt TBI Volt TPS TPS TPS TPS TPS TPS TPS TPS TPS VANE AIR VOLT SPIKE VRS VRS vss MFG TOYOTA FORD NA NA cM ‘SETUP NA FORD FORD NISSAN SETUP NA NA CHRYSLER FORD MODEL. CAMRY NA NA NA NIA NIA NIA NIA NA NA NA NA NA LEBARON NA CELEBRITY CORSICA CORSICA NIA NA ALL NA NA NA NIA NA NIA YEAR 1987 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 86 N/A 85 1994 1994 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ENGINE 2.3L NA NIA NA 3800 NA NA NA NA NA NIA NIA NA 2.5L NIA 28 3.4L 3.4L NA NIA ALL NA NIA NA NA NA NA by signal C-4Automotive Electronics Services futonotive Electronics Services SQUARE WAU N/A SETUP NVA NvA - GOOD a ae f ee wd indicates zero. va tts, SU/Div inS/Div Filet 1 Typical square wave pattern found from a variety of sensors. optical sensors and hall effect sensors output this type of waveform. AES WAVEFORMS - page 1Automotive Electronics Services futonotive Electronics Services INJECTOR 1987 GM SIERRA PU 4.6L Leimap hauls, eorteut build op 18U/Div 200uS/Div Filew 2 Note the lift of the signal from the initial on point. This is an indication of current flow, ground integrety, and driver transistor resistance. Notice the noise between the spikes, this is not a problem at this time. If the oscillations become "taller" they can affect fuel delivery. There is no setup information stored for this signal, refer to waveform 3. AES WAVEFORMS - page 2Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services INJECTOR 1987 GH SIERRA 4.6L - BAD brede..elip me 18V/Div 190uS/Div Files 3 The ringing between the spikes is caused by a defect in the injector driver circuit. If the ringing becomes pronounced, the temporary cure is a .1 mf capacitor in parellel with the injector. This signal was not causing any noticable problems for the driver. To cause a problem, it would probably have to be occuring at a much slower frequency and have a higher peak to peak. In the period of time the first spike occurs, the computer actually opens the circuit long enough to release the energy built up in the coil, but the pintle still does not have enough time to close! AES WAVEFORMS - page 3Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services A@LTNR AC 1987 TOYOTA CAMRY 2.6L - GOOD i Fs nition mrs a SOa¥/Div S86uS/Div Files 5 When examining the AC in a charging circuit, set the scope to AC. This will allow for a low volt/div setting, displaying the diode pattern clearly. The spike on the 3rd hump, in this example, is ignition noise and is generally not a problem. If a diode i& bad the hump will be distorted or missing. AES WAVEFORMS - page 4Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services INJECTOR + 1979 GM CADILLAC N/A - GOOD XN ee Maks. Ze¢o. Volts... Coil collapse: always vecuns..wheu..eireu lopeus,. 18U/Div InS/Div Files 6 This injector is grounded all the time. The computer supplies the power to the circuit. Note the max peak voltage, this picture was taken while the engine was cranking. Understanding wiring diagrams, the way basic circuits are configured, and how it all relates to the display on the scope, can lead to quick decisions and confidence, even when good detailed information is not available. AES WAVEFORMS - page 5Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services INJECTOR N/A GM NA 3008 - GOOD 18U/Div 16nS/Div Files 7 This pattern is from a typical port fuel injector. AES WAVEFORMS - page 6Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services OPTICAL 1993 GH CORVETTE N/A - GOOD zriv sons/iv— Make soe yout sweep specdis Fact entugh ! Files 8 Optical Distributor 8 pulse reference signal AES WAVEFORMS - page 7Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services CRANK SENS NVA GM N/A N/A — GOOD 2U/Div 100S/Div Files 9 This signal, from a GM Direct Ignition system, is an AC sensor. The trigger wheel has six notches that are 60 degrees apart with a seventh notch that is 10 degrees after notch six. This signal gives base time, RPM and cylinder location to the ignition module. The amplitude of this signal will change with RPM and with the distance of the magnetic pick-up to the trigger wheel. Minimum cranking voltage should average 100 mV AC. AES WAVEFORMS - page 8Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services SINE WAVE NA NA NVA NA ~ GOOD 20Ga0/Div 286uS/Div File# 12 Typical Sine Wave from an AC source. Do nit ose. your ab scope ov horse held current J AES WAVEFORMS - page 9Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services INJECTOR 1992 NISSAN PATHFINDER UG-38 - GOOD 100/Div 2mS/Div Files 13 Waveform picked up at injector, engine at IDLE. Note the oscillation at the trailing edge of the spike. This is caused by inadequate filtering in the computer. It is filtered either by a ener diode or capacitor / resister combination. Is this good? In this case probably, but better check a few more from the same system and compare to decide. If the car is not having any problems associated with this then ignore, but keep it in mind for a future reference. AES WAVEFORMS - page 10Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services INJECTOR 198? Nissan Pickup UG-38 - BAD “NN Shaws sheet: or pawer [oss 18U/Div 2mS/Div Files 15 Signal picked up at the injector. Car is a nostart. Possible ECU short to injector, shorted injector or computer driver going out. It would be wise to check the crank position signal going into the computer. If it is erratic, the injector and ignition will be, Always remember, the crank position signal is the foundation for all output signals, if it is not good, nothing is good! Note the waves in the voltage supply. This could be caused by high resistance up stream from the test point or the scope does not have a good ground to the system under test. AES WAVEFORMS - page 11Automotive Electronics Services futomotive Electronics Services VOLT SPIKE N/A NVA NA NA This: Wasa: Square: Wave, = : #udas ron voy 4a resistor feap Filter Poe 4 This: Waveloem These. spikes. ate dtd. fo. Tigger. - al digtal.00..fimer Mires... ZU/Div 198uS/Div +. Filew 14 Voltage Spike. AES WAVEFORMS - page 12Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services SECONDARY N/A N/A NA NA - GOOD Nev aan las using Spack. line. °.. Chiteh ‘captird kick ~ “ko Tynition (secendaey needs, iavee?. 2U/Div S00uS/Div Files 16 Secondary Ignition trace using the Fluke PM9096/001 Capacitive Pickup. AES WAVEFORMS = page 12.1Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services COIL 1992 NISSAN SENTRA 4 cyl - GOOD 20U/Div 2nS/Div Files 17 Signal probed at the ignition power transistor neg side. Note that there is no set up information stored for this waveform. AES WAVEFORMS - page 12.?Automotive Electronics Services futonotive Electronics Services SPIKE N/A N/A NYA NA - GOOD when: using The. exfernal Tagger an The Fluke or Tekmeter- se? the: slope to b+) aud the Trigger level ahsue ~Pualts far bast resolts. SU/Div inS/Div Sate . File® 18 Induced voltage spike using the Fluke RPM-80 inductive pickup. This signal is used to trigger the scope using the external trigger input connections. AES WAVEFORMS - page 13Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services REFERENCE 1992 GM GRAND AM 2.31 - GOOD 2U/Div 20nS/Div Si Files 19 Square wave reference on the primary side of the mdsl, white wire. This signal is taken from a quad 4 OHC 2.3L Grand An. AES WAVEFORMS - page 14Automotive Electronics Services futonotive Electronics Services CRANK SENS 1992 GM GRAND AM 2.3L - GOOD SUDiv SaS/Div Files 20 Crankshaft position sensor from a 1992 Grand Am with a 2.3L quad 4 OHC engine. This signal was taken from the yellow wire. AES WAVEFORMS - page 15Automotive Electronics Services futomotive Electronics Services INJECTOR 198? NISSAN PICKUP UG-38 - GOOD 18V/Div SeBUuS/Div Files 21 Probed at the ECU. Injector circuit is a current limiting type. Do not let the absence of the first spike thow you off, some circuits clip it, most that do, quickly go into current control mode. . . The scope might have just missed it! Take into consideration the way the car is running and the fact that the rest of the signal looks good. To confirm that the spike is there and OK (if it supposed to be - ZOOM in on it.) Note that the setup information is not present for this example. AES WAVEFORMS - page 16Automotive Electronics Services Autonotive Electronics Services PULSE MOD 1992 GM GRAND AN 2.3L - GOOD 2U/Div 20nS/Div . Files 23 Pulse Width Modulated signal from a quad 4 OHC engine. The purple with white stripe wire was probed. AES WAVEFORMS - page 17Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services COIL 1992 GM GRAND AM 2.3L - GOOD SBmV/Div 20uS/Div Files 24 Coil Discharge signal from a 1992 quad 4 OHC, black with red stripe wire. AES WAVEFORMS - page 18Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services NOISE 1992 GM GRAND AM N/A - GOOD Files 26 Noise (RFI) on ground from a quad 4 OHC 2.3L engine, black wire. AES WAVEFORMS - page 19Automotive Electronics Services futonotive Electronics Services HALL EFECT 1964 GM Skyhauk 1,8 - GOOD SU/Div 20nS/Div Files 27 Picked up at distributor. AES WAVEFORMS - page 20Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services LINE PRESS 1993 NISSAN MAXIMA UG-39 — GOOD 18U/Div 2mS/Div Filet 28 Transmission line pressure solenoid at full throttle. signal taken at harness connector on left side fender well. Note the slight dip in the ON TIME. This shows the driver saturation. The driver supplies power, we know this because the direction of the spikes. Note that the setup information is not stored for this waveform. AES WAVEFORMS - page 21Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services TPS N/A N/A NYA N/A - GOOD W/Div SmS/Div Files 29 Leading edge sweep test, note the clean transition from ground to wot. AES WAVEFORMS - page 22Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services TPS N/A N/A N/A N/A - GOOD W/Div SaS/Div F Files 38 Throttle position sensor trailing edge sweep test. Note the gradual fall from wot to ground. AES WAVEFORMS - page 23Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services AIR SENSOR N/A N/A N/A N/A - GOOD SU/Div 199uS/Div Files 31 Air flow sensor signal at idle. The rounded corners would not mean a defective sensor. The frequency is important and the comparison of one pulse to another. AES WAVEFORMS - page 24Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services AIR SENSOR N/A N/A N/A N/A - GOOD SU/Div SOuS/Div -S Filet 32 Air flow sensor signal at 3000 rpm with NO-Load. AES WAVEFORMS - page 25Automotive Electronics Services futonotive Electronics Services IDLE AIR N/A GN NVA N/A ~ GOOD 2u-Div 1ems/Div Files 33 General Motors Idle Air control signal. Note the spikes at the top and bottom of the waveform, this is caused by solenoid inductance. AES WAVEFORMS - page 26Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services IDLE AIR N/A GH NANA ~ GOOD SU/Div 10mS/Div Filet 34 Idle air control signal at start up. AES WAVEFORMS - page 27Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services AAC VALVE 1990 Nissan Stanza KA-24 - GOOD SU/Div SaS/Div Filet 35 AAC valve with Idle speed set at 2000 rpm. AES WAVEFORMS - page 28Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services IDLE AIR NA GH NVA NA - GOOD SU/Div 19nS/Div Filet 36 Idle air control signal at shut down. AES WAVEFORMS - page 29Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services IGNITION 1984 NISSAN MAXIMA L-24 - GOOD *” 3 s 8 : v Se LN cons a 8 : oa s = Ei ig x nlrof 18V/Div 2n8/Div = -“® Files 3? Primary ignition pattern. Knee up in dwell section shows a current limiting circuit. What happens in a basic circuit to cause the voltage to rise on your test equipment? The resistance between the test leads goes up or the current flow increases causing the resistance that is present to have more of an effect. In this case, the voltage is steady between 12 and 15 volts so this "knee-up" must be caused by added resistence in the driver (ignition module) - this is to limit the current flow. This method of the module limiting the current flow, gives the designer, much more control over the process then just a plain old resistor wire. AES WAVEFORMS - page 30Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services IDLE AIR NA NANA N/A ~ GOOD SUDiv 10nS/Div i & ty Files 38 Idle air control open circuit signal at shut down. AES WAVEFORMS - page 31Automotive Electronics Services Autonotive Electronics Services INJECTOR N/A BMW N/A N/A - GOOD 10U/Div SmS/Div Files 39 BMW fuel injector. Note that in this example we are using 10:1 probes. Notice high voltage spikes. AES WAVEFORMS - page 32Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services IDLE LOAD N/A BOSCH NVA NA - GOOD SUDiv SnS/Div wy Piles 40 Bosch Idle Load Compensator on a warm engine. AES WAVEFORMS - page 33Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services COIL 1992 NISSAN STANZA KA-24 - GOOD = Marks. begining. of Atel] 100nU/Div SO0uS/Div “Files 44 Coil saturation section of secondary waveform pattern. Note that the setup is not stored for this pattern. AES WAVEFORMS - page 34Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services SECONDARY 1992 NISSAN STANZA Ka-24 - GOOD 200nU/Div 2nS/Div cs Files 4Z Secondary waveform pattern. We know this is a secondary because of the coil oscillations at the point when the "dwell" begins. Notice the "KV" line was missed by the scope. When diagnosing an ignition, we are interested in the burn time, the burn height, and the coil oscillations. ohms law and general physics tell us that they are all related. If the resistance of the circuit is good (plug gap, etc.) and the burn time and height are good then the KV must be good. If the KV goes down, the burn time will shorten. If the resistance goes up the burn time will shorten and the burn height will go up. If the resistance goes down the burn time will increase and the burn height will decrease. AES WAVEFORMS - page 35Automotive Electronics Services futomotive Electronics Services UANE AIR N/A BOSCH Nya N/A - GOOD 2U/Div 10mS/Div Files 43 Bosch vane type air flow sensor pattern. Expect the same signal from any variable voltage sensor. The difference is - what makes them change voltages - the min and max voltages for some systems = The scope basicall sets up the same with minor adjustments to volts or time/div. AES WAVEFORMS - page 36Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services PIP_N/A FORD NA NVA - GOOD 18U/Div 2OmS/Div Filen 44 Profile Ignition Pickup signal. AES WAVEFORMS - page 37Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services RIPPLE 1987 MAZDA 626 4 cyl - GOOD SeGaU/Div SaS/Div Files 45 Alternator ripple pattern. AES WAVEFORMS - page 38Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services SPOUT N/A FORD N/A NA - GOOD 18U/Div 2amS/Div rom Filet 46 Ford SPOUT signal with the Jumper disconnected. AES WAVEFORMS - page 39Automotive Electronics Services futonotive Electronics Services PS SYSTEM 1996 NISSAN 3092X Ug-38 - GOOD SUDiv ZnS/Div Filet 48 Signal picked up at the power steering control unit. Even though this signal does not have the related setup information, it is a good one. AES WAVEFORMS - page 40Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services SPOUT N/A FORD NyfA NA - GOOD 18/Div 10nS/Div Files 49 Ford SPOUT signal at 2000 rpm. AES WAVEFORMS - page 41Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services IDLE AIR N/A FORD NA N/A — GOOD. SU/Div 2nS/Div ‘ Filet So Ford idle air bypass at NO Load Idle. AES WAVEFORMS - page 42Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services IDLE AIR N/A FORD NA N/A - GOOD SU/Div 2nS/Div Files 51 Ford idle air bypass at Loaded Idle. AES WAVEFORMS - page 43Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services TPS N/A FORD N/A N/A ~ GOOD 1W/Div SmSDiv Files 52 Ford Throttle Position Sensor during snap throttle test. AES WAVEFORMS - page 44—~ Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services AIR FLOW N/A FORD NVA N/A GOOD 1U/Div SmS/Div Files 53 Ford air flow sensor during snap throttle test. AES WAVEFORMS - page 45Automotive Electronics services futonotive Electronics Services INJECTOR 1984 NISSAN 200 SX NAP Z - BaD 10U/Div 2nS/Div Files 54 This car was running rich. Too long a pulse width caused by a bad air flow meter. This car also had a bad crank angle sensor. The effects of the bad crank angle sensor are not seen in this waveform. SCOPE STRATEGY - Viewing the injector pattern is a very powerful technique. The injector pulse width, of course, is a direct result of sensor and computer performance. If you look at enough injector patterns, you will develop a feel for computer response. Example, if you snap the throttle and the engine hesitates, same time the injector goes wide - check the timing and the fuel supply. AES WAVEFORMS - page 46Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services HEIGHT N/A FORD NA NA - GOOD SU/Div SaS/Div * Files 55 Ford height sensor power signal. AES WAVEFORMS - page 47Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services HEIGHT N/A FORD NVA NA - GOOD SU/Div SaS/Div * Filet 56 Ford height sensor return. AES WAVEFORMS - page 48Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services 02 SENSOR N/A N/A N/A N/A - GOOD 208nU/Div 190nS/Div Files 5? No Data AES WAVEFORMS - page 49Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services INJECTOR 1967 NISSAN 208 SX 1974c - GOOD 18V/Div inS/Div N Filet 58 Injector pattern when cranking a cold engine. This engine has no cold start injector system so the injectors are giving a prolonged pulse to aid in starting. The distortion between the spikes is an effect of the DSO sampling speed. SCOPE STRATEGY - If you are dealing with a cold no start, the injector pulse will indicate how the computer is responding to the sensors. The pulse width is dependant on a signal from the throttle position sensor, coolant and air temp sensors and the ignition/start voltage. If you are expecting a long pulse width - make sure the computer knows the engine is cranking and the temp sensors are not shorting. What are the other possibilities? AES WAVEFORMS - page 50Automotive Electronics Services futonotive Electronics Services ABS N/A FORD N/A N/A ~ GOOD 2008mU/Div SmS/Div Filet 59 Ford wheel speed sensor anti-lock brake system. AES WAVEFORMS - page 51Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services USS_NvA FORD NVA NVA - GOOD 1V/Div 10mS/Div Filet 68 Ford vehicle speed sensor. AES WAVEFORMS - page 52Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services SQUARE UAU_N/A NISSAN N/A N/A - GOOD 2UAiv 1080S/Div Filet 61 The scope was set to AC. AC blocks out all DC. steady voltages are blocked and measure as 0 volts. All voltage level changes are recorded correctly but are offset by half in relation to 0 volts. When there are voltage changes, as in the rising edge of this signal, the signal changes accordingly. As soon as the voltage remains steady, the signal slowly bleeds to 0 volts. Think of the pressures inside a leaky vacuum advance. AES WAVEFORMS - page 53Automotive Electronics Services Autonotive Electronics Services 02 SENSOR N/A SETUP ALL N/A - GOOD 2000U/Div SOGnS/Div Files 62 02 sensor setup for channel A. Channel B is off. It is advisable to use a sheilded test lead or the Fluke PM8918/301 Low Pass Filter. at low voltage settings there may seem to be a lot of noise in the signal, the question is - can you correlate the noise with a problem? If no then it probably is not a problem. The sweep can be increased from this setting, a faster sweep speed will show more noise (more detail). FREE RUN is highlighted. AES WAVEFORMS - page 54Automotive Electronics Services futonotive Electronics Services TPS ALL SETUP ALL ALL - GOOD 1U/Div 200nS/Div File 63 Variable voltage channel A. Channel B off, FREE RUN must be highlighted. This is not a repetitive signal and has no specific triggering point. Make sure all test leads are away from ignition and injector wires. Some people prefer to have a faster sweep speed, if you do I would advise the scope to be set to 10 DIV. 20 DIV causes a visual delay when the last 10 DIV are being written. Change the VOLT/DIV as needed (according to the reference voltage). The signal should change voltage directly to the movement of the sensor (or temp change, whatever the case may be). If you want to capture a one time event, unhighlight FREE RUN, set the trigger level to just above the closed throttle level then open it up! AES WAVEFORMS - page 55Automotive Electronics Services futonotive Electronics Services SECONDARY N/A SETUP Nya N/A - GOOD SOaU/Div imS/Div Files 64 Secondary ignition superimpose channel A. Channel B off. Note that channel A is INVERTED and the trigger level is set just above the burn line. If the trigger level is set too high the scope might not trigger. The sampling of the scope can easily miss the spike causing a NO-TRIG. With superimpose, if there is a bad signal it will deviate from the others. This is the quickest way to analyze the ignition. Attach the pickup to the coil wire on standard ignition, to cap with HEI and each plug wire for DIS. AES WAVEFORMS - page 56Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services DIGITAL WU N/A SETUP ALL N/A - GOOD SUDiv inS/Div Filet 65 Digital wave channel A. Channel B is off. This type of signal is described as repetitive. The trigger needs to be set only if FREE RUN is not highlighted. Note the peak to peak for this signal. ‘some digital signals have a peak of only 5 volts, if that is the case you might want to change the volts/div setting. If you want to view high data rate digital waves like those found on Nissan optical distributors, make sure you have the sweep speed set as fast as it can be and stills shows a few complete cycles, otherwise you might not get the real picture. AES WAVEFORMS - page 57Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services INJECTOR N/A SETUP MOST NA - GOOD This. oaks hike. ignition dwell ror Wupe Mast: Shard aicamaon PUBEE Saf Cl SUDiv 2nS/Div File® 66 Injector channel A. Channel B off. The trigger is the tricky part. Set the trigger to neg slope and the level between 1 and 12 volts. This will trigger the display on the initial drop (turn on point) of the signal. You might need to raise the volt/div setting and increase the sweep speed. Try using TIME DELAY to move the waveform across the screen as well - Press , Press <4th BLUE KEY>, Select TIME DELAY, use UP/DOWN arrow keys to move waveform! AES WAVEFORMS - page 58ae Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services AC SENSOR N/A SETUP N/A NYA - GOOD WAiv 2nSDiv File 67 AC speed sensor channel A. Channel B off. The channel coupling is set to AC. It will work on Dc but Ac is better. This is an easy one to set up. Make sure FREE RUN is highlighted and set the volts/div and time/div. Note that the scope is set to capture 20 divisions. If you wish to capture only 10 then press the buttone then the 3rd button to change to 10. If you are checking a sensor that also includes a cylinder ID, you might want to set the trigger to external and trigger from #1 plug wire. If not the ID signal will "flote" across the screen. AES WAVEFORMS - page 59Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services ALTNR AC N/A SETUP NVA NYA - GOOD 18GnU/Div SO0uS/Div Files 68 Diode pattern channel A. Channel B off. The coupling has to be set to AC. Note the low volt/div setting. The important information is the condition of the humps and not the spikes (noise). The noise is a result of the low volt/div setting. If the signal jumps a lot, you might want to hit the hold button for analysis. Scope is set to capture 20 divisions. If you suspect a steady problem - hit the hold button then diagnose. If you have shielded leads (AES 03-60) use them for this test. If you do not, you might see a lot of ignition noise! Some systens will not give a clean waveform like this.... AES WAVEFORMS - page 60Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services GROUND N/A SETUP NVA NVA 1080Y/Div imS/Div Files 69 Ground on channel A. Channel B off. There might be a lot of noise with the volt/div set to 100mv. Keep in mind the problem you are looking for and the noise you see. If the noise is quick and does not occur in relation to any problem - keep looking. If you have shielded leads, use them. Make sure the scope is connected onto the battery ground post or the alternator housing. AES WAVEFORMS - page 61Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services SPEED INJ N/A SETUP NA N/A - GOOD 1U/Div 10mS/Div Filet 78 Channel A Speed Sensor. Channel B Injector. The scope is set to trigger from the slower repeating signal. In this case that is the injector. FREE RUN is not highlighted and the trigger is set to neg slope to trigger from the intial drop of the injector signal. I personally spend alot of time looking at these two signals for that intermittent problem. The crank signal is the foundation of all of the computer outputs. If it is not good, nothing is. The injector is the result of all of the signals into the computer (the final word). AES WAVEFORMS - page 62Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services SERIAL N/A FORD NA NA - GOOD Ziv 2nS/Div Filet 71 Ford data stream. AES WAVEFORMS - page 63Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services 18X_N/A GM N/A 3808 - GOOD SU/Div SnS/Div Filet 72 GM 3800 18x signal. AES WAVEFORMS - page 64Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services 3X SIGNAL N/A GH N/A 3868 - GOOD SU/Div SnS/Div Files 73 GM 3800 3x signal. AES WAVEFORMS - page 65Automotive Electronics Services Automotive Electronics Services INJECTOR 1984 CHRYSLER N/A 4 196U/Div 1mS/Div a 2 Files 74 High side power switch! Bosch style current control. This is a unique setup, no doubt a time for experimentation for Chrysler. Note the missing "first" spike. The circuit is not given enough time to release the coil energy, as do most popular current control systems. Notice the scope settings - the scope was set for a 10:1 probe and captured using 1:1! The volts/div should be 10, etc, etc. SCOPE STRATEGY - The waveform as veiwed on the scope gives much information, not just how the circuit is behaving, but how the wiring diagram is configured. This injector is connected to ground all of time. There is no "current control" series resistor and the computer supplies the power. AES WAVEFORMS - page 66