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Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Sadhi, Vadodara: Physics Investigatory Project

Hardik Rohit completed a physics investigatory project on finding the refractive indices of different liquids using a hollow prism. He took observations of the angle of minimum deviation for benzaldehyde, water, and diluted sulfuric acid at different angles of incidence. The experimental refractive index values were close to the actual known values, with benzaldehyde at 1.504 experimental vs 1.546 actual and water at 1.306 vs 1.33 actual. Proper precautions need to be taken when performing the experiment to ensure accurate results.

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Hardik Rohit
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13K views13 pages

Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Sadhi, Vadodara: Physics Investigatory Project

Hardik Rohit completed a physics investigatory project on finding the refractive indices of different liquids using a hollow prism. He took observations of the angle of minimum deviation for benzaldehyde, water, and diluted sulfuric acid at different angles of incidence. The experimental refractive index values were close to the actual known values, with benzaldehyde at 1.504 experimental vs 1.546 actual and water at 1.306 vs 1.33 actual. Proper precautions need to be taken when performing the experiment to ensure accurate results.

Uploaded by

Hardik Rohit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • INDEX: Lists the main sections of the document including certificate, acknowledgements, aim, apparatus, theory, procedure, observations, conclusions, precautions, and bibliography.
  • Aim of the Experiment: Defines the goal of the experiment to determine the refractive indices of different liquids using a hollow prism.
  • Apparatus Required: Lists the materials needed for the experiment, such as different liquids and a hollow prism.
  • Theory: Explains the theoretical background of how prisms work and the formula for refractive index calculation.
  • Procedure: Describes the step-by-step method used to conduct the experiment, including setup and measurement techniques.
  • Observations: Details the experimental observations made, listing results for different liquids and angles.
  • Conclusion: Summarizes the final results of the experiment, comparing actual vs. experimental refractive indices of liquids.
  • Precautions: Lists the precautions needed to ensure accurate and reliable results during the experiment.
  • Bibliography: Provides a list of references and sources used in the preparation of the project.

JAWAHAR NAVODAYA

VIDYALAYA
SADHI , VADODARA
Physics Investigatory Project

Name: Hardik Rohit


Class: XII
Roll no: 1214
Guided by: Sh. Santosh Bahuguna
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Hardik Rohit of class XII has


successfully completed the project on PHYSICS
for class XII practical examination of the central board of
secondary education in year 2021-22.

Sign. of Principal :

Sign. of subject teacher :

Sign. of Examiner :
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of


gratitude to my physics teacher “Sh. Santosh
Bahuguna” for their able to guidance and support in
completing my project.
I would like to extend my gratitude to the principal
“S.K.DAMOR” for providing me all the facility that
was required.
INDEX

1.CERTIFICATE
2.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3.AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
4.APPARATUS REQUIRED
5.THEORY
6.PROCEDURE
7.OBSERVATIONS
8.CONCLUSIONS
9.PRECAUTIONS
10.BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aim of the experiment

To find out the refractive indices of different liquids using a


hollow prism

Apparatus Required

 Hollow glass prism


 Various liquids like water, carbon disulphide, benzaldehyde
etc.
 Bell pins
 Drawing board
Theory

A prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished


surfaces that refract light. Prisms can be
made from any material that is transparent including glass,
plastic and fluorite. A prism can be used to break light up into its
constituent spectral colors. Prisms can also be used to reflect
light, or to split light into components with different
polarizations.

The refractive index of the liquid


Is given by the formula:
U=sin i/sin r=sin((a+d)/2)/sin(a/2)
Where,
U=refractive index of the liquid.
a= the angle of minimum deviation
d=angle of prism
i=angle of incidence
r=angle of refraction

Procedure

 Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with help


of drawing pins.

 Keep the prism and mark the outline of it as ABC.

 Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.


 Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the normal
PQ and place 2 pins so that they appear to be in the straight
line.

 Place the prism filled with given sample of liquid ,on the
marked outline ABC.

 Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so that all
the 4 pins appear to be in same line.

 Remove the prism and draw the line joining the points so
obtained.
 
 Mark the diagram as shown in the figure.

 Repeat this with different liquids and different angle of


incidence.

Observation

 Benzaldehyde
S.no a º(angle of prism) i º (angle of incidence) d º (angle of deviation)

1 60 30 45
2 60 35 42
3 60 37.5 40
4 60 39 42
5 60 40 45

U=sin((60+40)/2)/sin(30)
= 1.504

 Water
S.no a º(angle of prism) i º (angle of incidence) d º (angle of deviation)

1 60 30 25
2 60 35 22
3 60 40 20
4 60 45 22
5 60 50 25
6 60 55 28

U=sin((60+22)/2)/sin(30)
= 1.306

 Dil. Sulphuric Acid


S.no a º(angle of prism) i º (angle of incidence) d º (angle of deviation)

1 60 20 33
2 60 30 30
3 60 35 25
4 60 40 29
5 60 45 30

U=sin((60+25)/2)/sin(30)
= 1.351

Conclusion

Refractive indices at room temperature:

 Benzaldehyde
o Actual: 1.546
o Experimental: 1.504
o
 Water
o Actual: 1.33
o Experimental: 1.306
o
 Dil . Sulphuric acid
o Actual: 1.355
o Experimental: 1.351

Precautions

 Angle of incidence should lie b/w 35-60 degree.


 
 Pins should be vertically fixed and should lie in same line. 
 
 Distance b/w two points should not be less than 10mm. 
 Same angle of prism should be used for all observation. 
 
 Arrow head should be marked to represent emergent and
incident ray. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

o www.google.in
o www.cbse.nic.in
o www.icbse.com

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