The IRU Academy is currently developing a training

programme on Safe Loading and Cargo Securing. This

programme will be made available in multiple languages to
IRU Academy ATIs.

Please find below a summary of the latest development on

the Cargo Securing Standards, including a comparison of the
norms and best practices currently in place or in being
implemented.

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 1 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Safe Loading and Cargo
Securing
Status - November 2010

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 2 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Unsecure cargo is a major risk

Euro Contrôle Route (ECR) an association of 14

European countries for the inspection of road
transport, notes that:

25% of all commercial vehicle accidents in

Europe are caused by poorly secured loads.
Over 2300 accidents per year are due to poor
cargo securing.

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 3 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Unsecure cargo is a major cost

Overloading is a key concern!

Source: Europol

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 4 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing
Comparison of Cargo Securing according to:

IMO/ILO/UN ECE Rev prEN 12195-1

(2001) (Jan 2009)

EN 12195-1
(Dec 2003)

© MariTerm i Höganäs AB

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 5 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Different
requirements in
guidelines and
standards
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 6 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing
Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing

• European Best Practice Guidelines on Cargo Securing for

Road Transport

• IMO/ILO/UN ECE
Guidelines for packing of cargo transport units (CTU’s)
with IMO Model Course 3.18

• Standard EN 12195-1
Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles – Safety –
Part 1: Calculation of lashing forces

• Updated version Standard prEN 12195-1 (rev: 2009-1)

Load restraining on road vehicles – Safety – Part 1
Calculation of securing forces
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 7 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing
Cargo securing guidelines

IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1 Rev prEN 12195-1

2001 Dec 2003 Jan 2009

© MariTerm i Höganäs AB

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 8 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing
Differences in the basic principles in the
guidelines and standards

Item IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1 Rev prEN 12195-1

Acceleration coefficients
(road transport)
- Forward cx = 1.0 cx = 0.8 cx = 0.8
- Sliding sideways cy = 0.5 cy = 0.5 cy = 0.5
- Tipping sideways
+ Direct lashings cy = 0.5 (FT=LC) cy = 0.7 (FT=LC) cy = 0.6 (FT=LC)
+ Frictional lashings cy = 0.5 (FT=STF) cy = 0.7 (FT=STF) cy = 0.5 (FT=STF) or
cy = 0.6 (FT=LC/2)

Safety factor in
calculations of frictional
(top over) lashings
- Forward fs = 1.0 fs = 1.0 fs = 1.25
- Sideways and backward fs = 1.0 fs = 1.0 fs = 1.1

© MariTerm i Höganäs AB

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 9 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing
Differences in the basic principles in the
guidelines and standards
Rev prEN 12195-
Item IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1
1
Friction factor
established by friction
test Static friction µs Dynamic friction µ =µs  0.925
- Frictional lashings µd = µs  0.70
Dynamic friction Dynamic friction µ  fµ
- Direct lashings µd = µs  fµ µd = µs  fµ

Conversion factor fµ for fµ = 0,70 fµ = 0,70 fµ = µd/µs

direct lashings 0.75 < fµ < 1.0

Internal friction Included Not included Included

Coefficient of k=2 k =1.5 k=2

transmission (k-factor)

© MariTerm i Höganäs AB

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 10 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing
Differences in the basic principles in the
guidelines and standards

Item IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1 Rev prEN 12195-1

Some differences in table

of friction factors, e.g:
- sawn wood against µ = 0.50 µ = 0.50 µ = 0.45
fabric base
laminate/plywood
µ = 0.40 µ = 0.40 µ = 0.30
- sawn wood against steel
sheet Not included Not included µ = 0.45
- steel crate against fabric
base laminate/plywood
Verification of the Calculations Calculations Calculations
efficiency of securing Static inclining test Static inclining test
arrangement by Dynamic driving
test (road transport)
Lashing protocol Included Not included Included

© MariTerm i Höganäs AB

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 11 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo securing
examples

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 12 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing example 1
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways
sliding
Curtain sided trailer, aluminium floor Wooden boxes
and strong headboard

L
Length = 13.6 m
Height = 2.55 m B
Breadth = 2.48 m
Quantity = 8 pieces
H × B × L = 2 × 2 × 1.7 m
Web lashings Weight = 3 000 kg/box
LC = 1 600 daN = 1.6 tonnes = 16 kN Total cargo weight: 24.0 tonnes
STF = 400 daN = 0.4 tonnes = 4 kN

Friction between floor and cargo  = static = 0.4

© MariTerm i Höganäs AB

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 13 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing example 1
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways
sliding
IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1 Rev prEN 12195-1
EU Best Practice Guidelines - Equation (6) Equation (10)
Cargo Securing (p.108)
(c y  cz  µ)m  g (c y  cz  µ)m  g
n n  fs
k  µd  sin   FT 2µ  sin   FT
where where

m = 3 tons m = 3 tons
g = 9.81 m/s2 g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 (table 2) cy = 0.5 (table 2)
cz = 1.0 (table 2) cz = 1.0 (table 2)
µd = µs × 0.7 = 0.28 µ = µest= 0.4 (table B.1)
(section 6.1)
α = 84.3º
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
fs = 1.1
α = 84.3º
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB Answer

n = 0.9 n = 3.9 n = 1.02

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 14 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing example 1
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways
sliding
IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1 Rev prEN 12195-1

8 top over lashings 32 top over lashings 9 top

16 topover
overlashings
lashings
(One lashing / section) (Four lashings / section) (with
(Two supporting beam)
lashing / section)

Reasons for the difference:

• Static friction s = 0.4 • Dynamic friction µd = 0.7  s= • Friction factor µ = 0.4
• Lashing force FT = STF 0.28 • Lashing force FT = STF
• K-factor k = 2 • Lashing force FT = STF • K-factor k = 2
• Safety factor fs = 1.0 • K-factor k = 1.5 • Safety factor fs = 1.1
• Safety factor fs = 1.0

© MariTerm i Höganäs AB

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 15 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing example 2
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways
tipping
Curtain sided trailer with
strong headboard Steel crates

Blocking
H
Side bottom
blocking

Length = 13.6 m
B
Height = 2.55 m Quantity = 99 pcs in 11 sections
Breadth = 2.48 m Cargo section dimensions:
H × B × L = 2.4 × 2.4 × 1.2 m
Web lashings Weight = 2 000 kg/section
LC = 1 600 daN = 1.6 tonnes = 16 kN Total cargo weight: 22.0 tonnes
STF = 400 daN = 0.4 tonnes = 4 kN H/B = (2.4/2.4) =1
Number of rows = 3
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 16 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing example 2
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping

IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1 Rev prEN 12195-1

EU Best Practice Guidelines - Equation (11) Equation (16)
Cargo Securing (p.108) 1 m  g (c y  h  cz  w) m  g ( c y  d  c z  b)
nFT  n  fs
2 (k  1) w  sin   (2  k )h  cos w  FT  (sin  0.25( N  1))
where where
m = 2 tons/section m = 2 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2 g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.7 (table 2) cy = 0.5 or 0.6 (table 2)
cz = 1.0 (table 2) cz = 1.0 (table 2)
h = 2.4 d = 1.2
w = 2.4 b = 0.4

k = 1.5 (section 6.2) w = 0.8

FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kn FT = STF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8kN

α = 90º N =3
fs = 1.1
α = 90º
Answer
n = 0.9/section n = 5.4/section n = 0.9/section
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 17 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing example 2
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping

IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1 Rev prEN 12195-1

11 top over lashings 66 top over lashings 11 top over lashings

(One lashing / section) (Six lashings / section) (One lashing / section)

Reasons for the difference:

• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 or
• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 • Acceleration factor cy = 0.7
cy = 0.6
• Lashing force FT = STF • Lashing force FT = STF
• Lashing force FT = STF or
• K-factor k = 2 • K-factor k = 1.5
FT = 0.5  LC
• Safety factor fs = 1.0 • Safety factor fs = 1.0
• K-factor k = 2
• Internal friction considered • No instructions for internal
• Safety factor fs = 1.1
friction
• Internal friction considered
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 18 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing example 3
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding and tipping

Curtain sided trailer with Paper reels

strong headboard

H2
H
1

B1 B2
One layer Two layers

• Quantity = 36 reels in 12 sections

Length = 13.6 m • H × B = 1.3 × 1.1 m / reel
Height = 2.55 m • Weight = 650 kg / reel
Breadth = 2.48 m • Total cargo weight: 23.4 tonnes
• H1/B1= (1.3/2.2)  0.6
• H2/B2= (2.6/2.2)  1.2
Web lashings • Number of rows = 2
LC = 1 600 daN = 1.6 tonnes = 16 kN • Static friction between floor and
STF = 400 daN = 0.4 tonnes = 4 kN reel and between reels, static = 0.5
• Friction factor = 0.46 (0.5  0.925)
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 19 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing example 3
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding

IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1 Rev prEN 12195-1

Equation (6) Equation (10)
EU Best Practice Guidelines -
Cargo Securing (p.108) (c y  cz  µ)m  g (c y  cz  µ)m  g
n n  fs
k  µd  sin   FT 2µ  sin   FT
where where
m1 = 1.3 tons (one layer) m1 = 1.3 tons (one layer)
m2 = 2.6 tons (two layers) m 2 = 2.6 tons (two layers)
g = 9.81 m/s2 g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g (table 2) cy = 0.5 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2) cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
µd = µs × 0.7 = 0.35 (section 6.1) µ = µest= 0.46 (Annex B)
k = 1.5 (section 6.2) α1 = 85.6º
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN α2 = 87.8º
α1 = 85.6º
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
α2 = 87.8º
fs = 1.1
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB Answer

No sliding n1 = 0.91/section n1 = 0.20/section

n2 = 1.82/section n2 = 0.39/section
IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 20 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing example 3
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping - one layer

IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1 Rev prEN 12195-1

EU Best Practice Guidelines - Equation (11) Equation (16)
Cargo Securing (p.108)
m  g (c y  h  cz  w) m  g (c y  d  c z  b )
nFT 
1 n  fs
2 (k  1) w  sin   (2  k )h  cos w  FT  (sin  0.25( N  1))
where where
m = 1.3 tons/section m = 1.3 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2 g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.7 g (table 2) cy = 0.5 g or 0.6g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2) cy = 1.0 g (table 2)
h = 1.3 d = 0.65
w = 1.1 b = 0.55

k = 1.5 (section 6.2) w = 1.1

FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN FT = STF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8 kN

α = 85.6º N=2
fs = 1.1
α =85.6º
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB Answer
No tipping No tipping No tipping

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 21 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing example 3
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping - two layers

IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1 Rev prEN 12195-1

EU Best Practice Guidelines - Equation (11) Equation (16)
Cargo Securing (p.108) 1 m  g (c y  h  cz  w) m  g (c y  d  c z  b )
nFT  n  fs
2 (k  1) w  sin   (2  k )h  cos w  FT  (sin  0.25( N  1))
where where
m = 2.6 tons/section m = 2.6 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2 g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.7 g (table 2) cy = 0.5 g or 0.6g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2) cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
h = 2.6 d = 1.3
w = 1.1 b = 0.55

k = 1.5 (section 6.2) w = 1.1

FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN FT = STF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8 kN

α = 87.8º N=2
fs = 1.1
α = 87.8º
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB Answer
n2 = 0.5/section n2 = 4.6/section n2 = 0.7/section

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 22 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing example 3
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding and tipping

IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1 Rev prEN 12195-1

9 top over lashings 36 top over lashings 10 top over lashings

(One lashing / 4 tonnes of cargo to (five lashings/section when loaded in (five lashings / six sections loaded in
prevent tipping and wandering) two layers to prevent sliding and two layers to prevent tipping, and one
tipping, and one lashing/section when lashing / 1-2 sections of cargo loaded
loaded in one layer to prevent sliding) in one layer to prevent sliding)

© MariTerm i Höganäs AB Reasons for the difference:

• Dynamic friction µd = 0.7s= 0.35
• Static friction s = 0.5 • Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 (sliding)
• Friction factor µ = 0.45
• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 • Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 or cy = 0.6
and cy = 0.7 (tipping) • Lashing force FT = STF or FT = 0.5 
• Lashing force FT = STF • Lashing force FT = STF LC
• K-factor k = 2 • K-factor k = 1.5 • K-factor k = 2
• Safety factor fs = 1.0 • Safety factor fs = 1.0 • Safety factor fs= 1.1
• Internal friction considered • No instructions for internal friction • Internal friction considered

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 23 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing example 4
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding and tipping

Truck with plyfa floor Heat exchanger with steel feet

b L
B
• The heat exchanger is blocked in
Length = 8. m forward direction.
Height = 2.55 m • H × B × L = 2.0 × 0.9 × 2.1 m
Breadth = 2.48 m • Centre of gravity: h × b × l =
Breadth between lashing points = 2.36 m 1.35 × 0.45 × 1.05 m
• Weight = 2000 kg = 2 tonnes
• h/b= (1.35/0.45) = 3.0
Web lashings
• Number of rows = 1
LC = 1 600 daN = 1,6 tonnes = 16 kN
• Static friction µstatic = 0.4 and friction
STF = 400 daN = 0.4 tonnes = 4 kN
factor µ = 0.45
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 24 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing example 4
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding

IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1 Rev prEN 12195-1

Equation (6) Equation (10)
EU Best Practice Guidelines -
Cargo Securing (p.108) (c y  cz  µ)m  g (c y  cz  µ)m  g
n n  fs
k  µd  sin   FT 2µ  sin   FT
where where
m = 2 tons m = 2 tons
g = 9.81 m/s2 g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g (table 2) cy = 0.5 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2) cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
µd = µs × 0.7 = 0.28 (section 6.1) µ = µest= 0.46 (Annex B)
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
α = 70º
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
α = 70º
fs = 1.1

Answer
n = 0.6 n = 2.7 n = 0.7
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 25 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing example 4
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping

IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1 Rev prEN 12195-1

EU Best Practice Guidelines - Equation (11) modified for Equation (16)
Cargo Securing (p.108) centre of gravity off centre
m  g (c y  d  c z  b ) m  g (c y  d  c z  b )
nFT  n  fs
(k  1)w  sin   (2  k )h  cos w  FT  (sin  0.25( N  1))
where where
m = 2 tons m = 2 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2 g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.7 g (table 2) cy = 0.5 g or 0.6g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2) cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
d = 1.35 d = 1.35
b = 0.45 b = 0.45
h = 2.0 w = 0.9
w = 0.9 FT = STF or LC/2 = 4 kN or 6.5kN
k = 1.5 (section 6.2) N=2
FT = 0.4 ton = 4 kN fs = 1.1
α = 70º α = 70º
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB Answer
n = 1.25 n = 30.0 n = 1.9
IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 26 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing example 4
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding and tipping

IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1

Rev prEN 12195-1

2 top over lashings 30 top over lashings

2 top over lashings
Reasons for the difference:
• Dynamic friction µd = 0.7  s= 0.28 • Friction factor µ = 0.45
• Static friction s = 0.4 • Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 (sliding) • Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 or cy = 0.6
• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 and cy = 0.7 (tipping) • Lashing force FT = STF
• Lashing force FT = STF • Lashing force FT = STF or FT = 0.5  LC
• K-factor k = 2 • K-factor 1.5 • K-factor k = 2
• Safety factor fs = 1.0 • Safety factor fs = 1.0 • Safety factor fs = 1.1

© MariTerm i Höganäs AB

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 27 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing
Comparison between the different guidelines for road transport

Cargo weight in ton prevented from

sliding by one Top-Over lashing
Sideways Forward Backwards
IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN
µ UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1
0,05 0,09 0,04 0,08 0,04 0,02 0,04 0,09 0,04 0,08
0,10 0,20 0,09 0,18 0,09 0,04 0,09 0,20 0,09 0,18
0,15 0,34 0,15 0,31 0,14 0,07 0,15 0,34 0,15 0,31
0,20 0,53 0,23 0,48 0,20 0,09 0,21 0,53 0,23 0,48
0,25 0,80 0,31 0,73 0,27 0,12 0,29 0,80 0,31 0,73
0,30 1,20 0,42 1,09 0,34 0,15 0,38 1,20 0,42 1,09
0,35 1,87 0,56 1,70 0,43 0,19 0,50 1,87 0,56 1,70
0,40 3,20 0,74 2,91 0,53 0,23 0,64 3,20 0,74 2,91
0,45 7,20 0,99 6,55 0,65 0,27 0,82 7,20 0,99 6,55
0,50 0,80 0,31 1,07
0,55 0,98 0,36 1,41
0,60 No sliding 1,20 0,42 1,92 No sliding
0,65 1,49 0,48 2,77
0,70 1,87 0,56 4,48
0,75 2,40 0,64 9,60
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 28 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing
Comparison between the different guidelines for road transport

Number of Top-Over lashings to prevent sliding

Sideways Forward Backwards
IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN
µ UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1
0,05 100% 204% 110% 100% 200% 99% 100% 204% 110%
0,10 100% 212% 110% 100% 204% 97% 100% 212% 110%
0,15 100% 223% 110% 100% 208% 96% 100% 223% 110%
0,20 100% 237% 110% 100% 212% 94% 100% 237% 110%
0,25 100% 256% 110% 100% 217% 92% 100% 256% 110%
0,30 100% 286% 110% 100% 223% 89% 100% 286% 110%
0,35 100% 335% 110% 100% 229% 87% 100% 335% 110%
0,40 100% 434% 110% 100% 237% 83% 100% 434% 110%
0,45 100% 730% 110% 100% 246% 80% 100% 730% 110%
0,50 100% 256% 75%
0,55 100% 270% 69%
0,60 No sliding 100% 286% 63% No sliding
0,65 100% 307% 54%
0,70 100% 335% 42%
0,75 100% 375% 25%
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 29 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Cargo Securing

SAFE ENOUGH!

IMO/ILO/UN EN 12195-1
ECE (Dec 2003)
(2001)
Rev prEN 12195-1
(Jan 2009)
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 30 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 IRU Academy Checklist on Safe
Loading and Cargo Securing

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 31 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 IRU Academy Interactive Programme
on Safe Loading and Cargo Securing

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 32 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010
 Worldwide Excellence in Road Transport Training
IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 33 © International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010