1. What is system software and application software? Explain with example.

System Software:
System Software is the type of software which is the interface between application
software and system. Low level languages are used to write the system software. System
Software maintain the system resources and give the path for application software to run.
An important thing is that without system software, system cannot run. It is a general
purpose software.
Application Software:
Application Software is the type of software which runs as per user request. It runs on the
platform which is provide by system software. High level languages are used to write the
application software. It’s a specific purpose software.
The main difference between System Software and Application Software is that without
system software, system cannot run on the other hand without application software,
system always runs.

S.NO System Software Application Software

System Software maintain the system resources

and give the path for application software to Application software is built for specific
1. run. tasks.

Low level languages are used to write the While high level languages are used to
2. system software. write the application software.

3. Its a general purpose software. While its a specific purpose software.

While without application software

4. Without system software, system can’t run. system always runs.

System software runs when system is turned on While application software runs as per
5. and stop when system is turned off. the user’s request.

Example of system software are operating Example of application software are

6. system, etc. Photoshop, VLC player etc.

Application software programming is

System Software programming is complex than simpler as comparison to system
7. application software. software.
2. What are the two components of CPU of a computer system? List the
main function of each component.

The two main components of the CPU is Control unit and ALU.
The two typical components of a CPU include the following: The arithmetic logic unit (ALU),
which performs arithmetic and logical operations. The control unit (CU), which extracts
instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary.
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit used to perform arithmetic and logic operations.
It represents the fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer.
Modern CPUs contain very powerful and complex ALUs. In addition to ALUs, modern CPUs
contain a control unit (CU).
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is also known as the microprocessor or processor. The
processor contains three sections called the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), the Control Unit and
Registers. Control unit: The Control Unit makes decisions and sends the appropriate signal down
its lines to other parts of the computer.

Main function of Control unit

The control unit of the central processing unit regulates and integrates the operations of
the computer. It selects and retrieves instructions from the main memory in proper sequence
and interprets them so as to activate the other functional elements of the system at the
appropriate moment…

Main function of ALU

An arithmetic logic unit (ALU), a memory unit, and input/output (I/O) controllers. The ALU
performs simple addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and logic operations, such as
OR and AND. The memory stores the program’s instructions and data. The control unit
fetches data and instructions from memory .
3. What is network topology? Describe four network topologies .

In computer networks, there are mainly two types of topologies, they are:
Physical Topology: A physical topology describes the way in which the computers or
nodes are connected with each other in a computer network. ... Logical Topology: A
logical topology describes the way, data flow from one computer to another.

Four Network Topologi

 Mesh Topology

In mesh topology each device is connected to every other device on the network through
a dedicated point-to-point link. When we say dedicated it means that the link only
carries data for the two connected devices only. Lets say we have n devices in the
network then each device must be connected with (n-1) devices of the network. Number
of links in a mesh topology of n devices would be n(n-1)/2.
  Star Topology

In star topology each device in the network is connected to a central device called hub. Unlike
Mesh topology, star topology doesn’t allow direct communication between devices, a device
must have to communicate through hub. If one device wants to send data to other device, it has
to first send the data to hub and then the hub transmit that data to the designated device .
Ring Topology

In ring topology each device is connected with the two devices on either side of it. There are two
dedicated point to point links a device has with the devices on the either side of it. This structure
forms a ring thus it is known as ring topology. If a device wants to send data to another device
then it sends the data in one direction, each device in ring topology has a repeater, if the received
data is intended for other device then repeater forwards this data until the intended device
receives it.
  Bus Topology

In bus topology there is a main cable and all the devices are connected to this main cable through
drop lines. There is a device called tap that connects the drop line to the main cable. Since all the
data is transmitted over the main cable, there is a limit of drop lines and the distance a main cable
can have.
4. Explain the concept of text, Graphics, Animation, Audio, Image, Video.

Multimedia means that computer information can be represented through audio, video, and
animation in addition to traditional media (i.e., text, graphics drawings, images).

A good general definition is:

Multimedia is the field concerned with the computer-controlled integration of text, graphics,
drawings, still and moving images (Video), animation, audio, and any other media where every
type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and processed digitally.

A Multimedia Application is an Application which uses a collection of multiple media sources

e.g. text, graphics, images, sound/audio, animation and/or video.

Hypermedia can be considered as one of the multimedia applications.

1. Text

Whether or not they have used a computer ,most people are familiar with text. Text is the basis
for word processing programs and is still the fundamental information used in many multimedia
programs.

In fact ,many multimedia applications are based on the conversion of a book to a computerized
form.This conversion gives the user immediate access to the text and lets him or her display pop-
up windows , which give definitions of certain words.Multimedia applications also enable the
user to instantly display information related to a certain topic that is being viewed.Most
powerfully ,the computerized form of a book allows the user to look up information quickly
(without referring to the index or table of contents).

The Windows operating environment gives the user an almost infinite range of expressing
text.As a multimedia programmer ,you can choose what font to display text in ,how big (or
small) it should be ,and what color it should be displayed in .By displaying text in more than one
format ,the message a multimedia application is trying to portray can be made more
understandable.

One type of application ,which many people use every day ,is the Windows Help Engine.This
application is a text-based information viewer that makes accessing information related to a
certain topic easy.
2. Audio Sound

The integration of audio sound into a multimedia application can provide the user with
information not possible through any other method of communication .Some types of
information can't be conveyed effectively without using sound.It is nearly impossible ,for
example ,to provide an accurate textual description of the bear of a heart or the sound of the
ocean.

Audio sound can also reinforce the user's understanding of information presented in another type
of media.For example ,a narration might describe what is being seen in an animation clip.This
can enhance the understanding of what the application is all about and lead to better
comprehension.Experts in learning have found that presenting information using more than one
sense aids in later retention of the information.Most importantly ,it can also make the
information more interesting to the user.

3. Static Graphics lmages

When you imagine graphics images you probably think of "still" images-that is ,images such as
those in a photograph or drawing.There is no movement in these types of picture.Static graphics
images are an important part of multimedia because humans are visually oriented.As the old
Chinese proverb goes ,"A picture is worth a thousand words."Windows is also a visual
environment.This makes displaying graphics images easier than it would be in a DOS-based
environment.

Static graphics images have a number of formats and can be created in a number of different
ways.Just as you can see an unlimited number of photographs or pictures ,the types of static
graphics images that you can include in a multimedia application are almost unlimited.

4. Animation

Animation refers to moving graphics images.The movement of somebody giving CPR makes it
much easier to learn cardiopulmonary resuscitation ,rather than just viewing a static picture.Just
as a static graphics image is a powerful form of communication ,such is the case with
animation.Animation is especially useful for illustrating concepts that involve movement.

Such concepts as playing a guitar or hitting a golf ball are difficult to illustrate using a single
photograph ,or even a series of photographs ,and even more difficult to explain using
text.Animation makes it easier to portray these aspects of your multimedia application.
5. Write about word processing software.
The earliest word processors were standalone machines similar to electric typewriters that
debuted in the 1960s. The great advantage of these early machines over using a typewriter
was that you could make changes without retyping the entire document. Over time, the
devices acquired more advanced features, such as the ability to save documents on a disk,
elaborate formatting options, and spell-checking.

A word processor, or word processing program, does exactly what the name implies. It
processes words. It also processes paragraphs, pages, and entire papers.
Some examples of word processing programs include Microsoft Word, WordPerfect
(Windows only), AppleWorks (Mac only), and OpenOffice.org.
6. Write short notes on:
a) Wi-fi
b) Multihop wireless networks.
c) Radio-router technologies.

WiFi

Wifi is a universal wireless networking technology that utilizes radio frequencies to

transfer data. WiFi allows high-speed Internet connections without the use of cables. The
term WiFi is a contraction of "wireless fidelity" and commonly used to refer to wireless
networking technology.

Multi-hop routing

Multi-hop routing (or multihop routing) is a type of communication in radio networks in

which network coverage area is larger than radio range of single nodes. Therefore, to
reach some destination a node can use other nodes as relays.

Routers

Routers are used to connect hardware equipment with remote location networks like BSC,
MGW, IN, SGSN, and other servers. It provides support for a fast rate of data transmission
because it uses high STM links for connectivity; that's why it is used in both wired or
wireless communication.
 7. Differentiate between a LAN and WAN. Write one example of each.

WAN covers the large area than LAN as well as MAN such as: Country/Continent
etc. WAN is expensive and should or might not be owned by one organization. PSTN or
Satellite medium are used for wide area network. ... LAN stands for Local Area Network.

Let’s see the difference between LAN and WAN:

S.NO LAN WAN

1. LAN stands for Local Area Whereas WAN stands for Wide Area
Network. Network.

But WAN’s ownership can be private or

2. LAN’s ownership is private. public.

3. The speed of LAN is high(more While the speed of WAN is slower than
than WAN). LAN.

The propagation delay is short Whereas the propagation delay in WAN is

4. in LAN. long(longer than LAN).

5. There is less congestion in While there is more congestion in

LAN(local area network). WAN(Wide Area Network).

There is more fault tolerance in

6. LAN. While there is less fault tolerance in WAN.

7. LAN’s design and maintenance While it’s design and maintenance is

is easy. difficult than LAN.

LAN covers small area i.e.

8. within the building. While WAN covers large geographical area.

9. LAN operates on the principle While WAN works on the principle of point
of broadcasting. to point.

Whereas WAN uses PSTN or satellite link

Transmission medium used in as a transmission or communication
10. LAN is co-axial or UTP cable. medium.
8. How to create entire row, entire column in excel.

Shift+Space is the keyboard shortcut to select an entire row. Ctrl+Space is the keyboard
shortcut to select an entire column.

To modify row height:

1. Position the cursor over the row line so the white cross becomes a double
arrow

2. Click, hold, and drag the mouse to increase or decrease the row height.

3. Release the mouse. The height of the selected row will be changed.
To modify column width:

In our example below, some of the content in column A cannot be displayed. We can make all of
this content visible by changing the width of column A.

1. Position the mouse over the column line in the column heading so the white
cross becomes a double arrow .

2. Click, hold, and drag the mouse to increase or decrease the column width.

3. Release the mouse. The column width will be changed.

If you see pound signs (#######) in a cell, it means the column is not wide enough to display
the cell content. Simply increase the column width to show the cell content.
To AutoFit column width:

The AutoFit feature will allow you to set a column's width to fit its content automatically.

1. Position the mouse over the column line in the column heading so the white
cross becomes a double arrow .

2. Double-click the mouse. The column width will be changed automatically to fit
the content.

You can also AutoFit the width for several columns at the same time. Simply select the columns
you want to AutoFit, then select the AutoFit Column Width command from the Format drop-
down menu on the Home tab. This method can also be used for row height.
To modify all rows or columns:

Rather than resizing rows and columns individually, you can modify the height and width of
every row and column at the same time. This method allows you to set a uniform size for every
row and column in your worksheet. In our example, we will set a uniform row height.

1. Locate and click the Select All button just below the formula bar to select
every cell in the worksheet.

2. Position the mouse over a row line so the white cross becomes a double arrow
.
3. Click, hold, and drag the mouse to increase or decrease the row height.
4. Release the mouse when you are satisfied with the new row height for the
worksheet.
9. How to merge cell, sort by only column, custom sort fills the series in
Excel.

You need to unmerge all merged cells at first and then sort the list. ... Keep
the range selected, then click Find & Select > Go To Special under Home tab. 3. ... without
losing any data with the Unmerge Cell & Fill Value utility of Kutools for Excel. ... without
losing Data; Split Cells Content; Combine Duplicate Rows/Columns.

To merge cells using the Merge & Center command:

In our example below, we'll merge cell A1 with cells B1:E1 to create a title heading for our
worksheet.

1. Select the cell range you want to merge.

2. Select the Merge & Center command on the Home tab.

3. The selected cells will be merged, and the text will be centered.
To access more merge options:

Click the drop-down arrow next to the Merge & Center command on the Home tab.
The Merge drop-down menu will appear. From here, you can choose to:

 Merge & Center: Merges the selected cells into one cell and centers the text
 Merge Across: Merges the selected cells into larger cells while keeping
each row separate
 Merge Cells: Merges the selected cells into one cell but does not center the text
 Unmerge Cells: Unmerges selected cells

Although merging cells can be useful, it can also cause problems with some spreadsheets. Watch
the video below to learn about some of the problems with merging cells.