A GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE, CHIEFLY FROM THE GERMAN OF RAPHAEL KUHNER BY WILLIAM EDWARD JELF, M. A. STUDENT OF CHRIST CHURCH. SYNTAX. OXFORD: PRINTED BY 7. COMBE, PRINTER TO YHE UNIVERSITY, YOR JOHN HENRY PARKER. MM. [Link].PREFACE. THE want of a more philosophical arrangement and explanation of the phenomena of the Greek language, than is to be found in the Grammars at present within the reach of the English student, is the cause of the publication of the present volume. It has been judged advisable to pub- lish the Syntax first, as it is in this that the philosophy of the language most requires explanation, and the present Grammars are most deficient. The first volume containing the Accidence is ready, and will shortly be put to press. It is proper to state, that, while the greater part of the volume is taken from the German work of Professor Kiihner, yet much has been added which is not in the original. In particular the Professor is not accountable for the middle verb, the particle a», the cases, the preposition zapd, or the compound verbs, as explained in the followingiv PREFACE. pages, though his examples have been mostly retained where it was convenient to do so. The publication of the present volume has been delayed by a great variety of College and University duties, the interruptions arising from which it is hoped will in some measure excuse any errors that may exist. It is but due to the Rev. John Barclay, of Christ Church, to take this opportunity of thanking him for the interest and trouble he has kindly taken in carrying this work through the press. Curis? Cuurce, MajSYNTAX. INTRODUCTION. Language :—Provinee of the Syntax. §. 850.1. LANGUAGE is the expression of thoughts, or eom- Dinations of notions in the mind*. Each of these notions is ex- pressed by a word, a thought by a sentence, or combination of words; words are merely the materials of language, which receive their power by their combinations with each other. Language is subjective, as it represents things only as they are conceived of in the mind. 2. Language does not consist in an arbitrary artificial arrange- iment of words, but is the expression of the previous internal arrangement of notions, by means of the words or forms of speech ; therefore grammar, or the science of language, has rather to explain this arrangement of words than the nature of the words themselves ; and its proper province is to trace the developement of a sentence from its most simple to its complete form, showing how, in the progress of this developement, the various phenomena of the language arose. But as each of these words has certain fixed properties of meaning which regulate its functions when com- bined with others in a sentence, and as some of the difficulties (to resolve which is an object of a modern grammar of an ancient language) consist in the right apprehension of these properties of single words, it follows that we must treat of words and their forms independently of each other, previously to the syntax, which treats of words and their forms in their connection with each other in a sentence. © Arist. De Interp. Lr. tors ny oly ok ey off gol otBora. Gr. Gr. Vor. 11. B rv bv oh yexg malmudrarObs. In® the various theories on the origin of language, there are many attempts to decide whether the verb or the noun is the older form in which human thought expressed itself; but as such vague speculations depend on the assumption that these elements of language were ar- bitrary creations of the human mind, and moreover are apart from our purpose of investigating philosophically the facts of language, no notice will be taken of them, but the parts of speech will be treated of in the order which has been usually adopted by grammarians, the noun first, and then the verb. Essential and Formal words :—Inflexion. §. 851. 1. The essential notions of the mind are of things or persons, qualities, and actions or states: and these notions are capable of as great a variety of relations and combinations as the objects they represent in the world around us. 2. These notions are expressed by Essential words ; the relations in which they stand to each other, either by Jnflexion, that is, certain changes in the word, or by Formal words used for that purpose—Thus in the sentence, rd xaddy Addov O4AAUL ev 7G r08 war zpds xing, the notions, beautiful—rose—flourish—father—garden, are expressed by the words caddy, pébov O4AAst, marfp, xijros, the relations between them partly by the inflexions, partly by the formal words éy, 14, 1, r00. ~ 38. The essential words therefore are, nown substantive, (thinga. or persons) noun adjective, (quality,) verb, (action or state,) an¢ adverbs derived from these three. The formal words are, pronoun inflewions of essential words, numeral, pronominal adcerb, preposition conjunction, and the verb etvac, when used only as a copula with an adjectival predicate, and some other auxiliary verbs expressing either the relations of time, as pétdo ypddew 3 or, as BUracba, xpy, BotrerAai, &e., the notion of possibility, necessity, &c. Obs, Language in its earlier state expressed all the relations (which were afterwards expressed by prepositions, the verb elvas, and the other auxiliary verbs, &c.) by the inflexions alone. As the full powers and meanings of the inflexions were by degrees lost sight of, and at the same time more accurate distinctions between the different relations were required, there arose the prepositions, which originally were themselves essential words, or inflexions thereof.—(See under Prepositions ) & Smith's Moral Sentiments Kuhner Gr. Gr § 386. Donalds. New. Urate 41. » Donaldson New. Crat. p. 212.§. 852. Nouns—Substantive—Remarks, §c. 38 PARTS OF SPEECH. I. NOUNS. A. Substantive. §. 952. 1. The substantive expresses the notion of exisrexce. 2. Substantives express the notion of a person (names of per- sons), or of a thing (names of things). 8. The thing which is expressed as substantive has either an ideal existence independent of any subject-matter, as wisdom, virtue (abstract substantives), or an actual existence in subject- matter, as man, earth (concrete substantives); all names of persons are concrete. 4, Concrete substantives are divided into, a. Proper names expressing the notion of individual persons; as, Cyrus, Plato, in which are included the names of states, or coun- tries considered as individuals. 8. Names of individual things, as a stick, a heart. y. Appellative nouns, expressing the notion of a class; as, san, tree. 7 3. Material nouns, expressing something not conceived of as an individual thing, but as made up of an infinite number of partss as, iron, milk. «Remarks on the different meanings of the sane Noun. 5. Many nouns have a variety of meanings, which often seem at first sight to be unconnected, but which can generally be traced to something in the original notion, This properly belongs to the lexicographer, but the following hints may be useful. a. Some nouns signify the two contrary consequences of that action or state which they properly express ; as, oxmdopd, an event—for good or for evil. 3. Some nouns signify a notion which stands in a two-fold relation, so that, when these relations are separated, the noun is used for both. So févos, stranger and guest: depos, (the extremity) top and bottom : davos, in its relation to 8ikaios, things divine, to lepés, things human: mavés, probable and credible : «yBeorjs, a mourner and a relation. ¢. Some nouns embody in their twofold meaning the connection be- tween the two notions they express ; especially between two parts of man’s nature or habits, &c. So Aéyos, speech and reason: #@os, character and haunts: koopds, order and world. d. When two notions coalesce, the noun which origmally expressed only Ba4 Remarks on the different meanings of the same Noun. §. 858. one, is used to express the other also; as, én, misfortune, and fault *; Aapmpés, light and rapid (wind): pappapvyf, hight, and quick motion. e. Some nouns denve a secondary meaning from some well known eustom, the way or mode, material ‘or instrument with which any thing is done or made. So o¢ipa, a round stone, thence an hammer: 8épv, a stick, thence ship: érorodj, something sent, thence a letter: omovd}, a Hbation, thence a truce. ‘f- Some nouns substitute the generic notion for the specific ; as, elpwvela, any sort of pretext (Dem. 136.) : dajparos, properly dijparos olvos, thence generally pure. g. Or the specific for the generic ; dpy4, strong feeling, then anger. i. Many nouns have a general primary meaning, which varies so as to suit the particular thought of the context ; as, yaya, something a person prides himself on, ornament, statue, &c. So aSvpya, something with which a person is pleased, a plaything, trinkets, trifling; dery—deuwés, dreadful, clever, or wicked. i, The abstract is used for the concrete; as, los, life, and means of life. §. 353. 1, The use of the abstract for the concrete gives vigour and beauty to the sentence; it is naturally a poetic mode of expression, and therefore is more common in Greek than in other Janguages, as it grew up under the auspices of poetry. So in Homer: yévos, yeveh, ydvos for vids. Tl y, 180 4 8 ap’ ty bciov yévos, ob8 avOpémav. Ilr, 124 Elpuedels—, ov yévos. Od. a, 216 ydvos. IL. & 201 ’Qxeavdy re, Gedv yéveory, parentem, Of. 245. IL 8, 235 3 ménoves, wde edeyxe, "Ayaides odx % "Ayal! IL m, 422 aldds, 3 Aino, wdoe Gebyere! MI. x, 358 gpdgeo viv, wh rou re Gedy phyepa yivopat, Od. 2, 73. UL p, 38 § Ke opr Beidoion ydou Kardmavpa yevoluyy. Tl. y, 56 sq. youaie edecdé’ dviyes warpt re o§ péya mi pa, réagt re, navel re Ohug, dvopeviow piv xéppa, kargdgelyy 88 cot aizg; Tl. & 283 plya ydp per Odipmos epee aia Tpwot re kat Hpidue.— So in the tragic and other poets, applied to persons: tévos, ort yos, ary, whpa, vécos, tpts, wives, press ripal, Pr; very commonly in prose: 6 Bios, subsistence, rb Speos, Homer, &, So Xen. Hell. V. 3, 6 wapmdyécis dréxrewav dvOpdmous, Kat Sm wep BHeros Fu rod rowirovorpareparos, So Thue. 1V. 133 8 * Butt, Lex, to, # PBugk ad loc. Elms, Med. 1178. » Bentl. Horace, Od. 1. 37. 9.§.854. -Ranarks on the Number of a Substantive. 5 19 airéy &yéos, dmodéhet®, In historians and orators, especially the collective words: apeoBela for xpiofes, Evppaxla for Eupaxor, Smnpecia, remigium, ératpia, Bovreta, Puy} for puyddes, Grdaxh for GiRaxes, Hracia for Pruwes, &, Even ry ww waidevorr elvat rijs ENAABos for waBevzplar. 2. In a similar way the name of a place is put for a person occupying that place; as, @arpov for Baral, BiSwr, "ABvB0s, for BBdnox, &e.; and on the other hand, the name of a people is very commonly used of a place, as in Latin. So Thue. I. 107 faxay orparevederey és Aopids Thy Aaxe- dawpovioy pyrpénokw ; see Thuc. VI. 4. Hat. VIII. 127. So also the name of any thing is used for the place appropriated to or connected with it in any way; as, dyox, Hom. place for games ; xépauos, prison, I. «, 3873 6éxos, a market-place, Homer and Xen.: yérex, weaving house : ciéypos, iron mart, Hell. IIT. 3. 73 and in Attic, the name of any articles of life was used for the place where these were sold; as, tov, Zap, Axara, ehoaua, rypés, mupfBia, &ee, In poetry the use of this metonymy is still wider; as, arépov, a bird, Soph, and Eur.: xepsia, the weaving, Eur. &c.: and again, the idea of the part is sometimes expressed by the whole ; as, Sods, ox-hide: dddané, Aéav, fox-skin, lion-skin: so xelp, like manus, for a work of art. Benarks on the Number of a Substantice. §. 854. The singular sometimes has a collective foree, and stands for the plural; this arose from a poetical way of looking at plurality as unity :— Il, a, 11 répev ear Bdepvoy elas. I. , 16 ds 8 dre mophipy me Aayos néya RGpart opp. So Od. a, 162. », 169. So in tragic and other poets: derés, orayéy, ardxvs, harvest, &c—Prose: xipa (as Hat. IV. 110. VII. 193.), mAlvGos, €eO4s, AlBos, xépapos, “dpmwedos, 4 tmmos cavalry, } doalsmérdirad, 2. The singular is also used in a plural force to signify a whole nation. The nation being considered as a whole, and represented, as in despotic governments was natural, by its head :— 6 Hépons, 6 ‘ApdBws, 6 Abdos, &c. This usage is mostly restricted to nations under monarchical institutions, though Thueyd. uses 6 *Aéyvaios and 6 Supaxdcws®. Obs. In many combinations where we should expect the plural, the singular form is used, as for example, where a singular substantive is used to define a plural adjective; as, jdeis thy yey Plat., xaxol ry yoxg» Bschyl—Eur. El. 454 raxvmépos 768a.—So also in the Trag. céua is jomed with plural words; as, cdja réwoy Bur. Med. 1117. Conf, Cycl. 223. 1d. H. F. 704 xpév0s yep fy Bapis, ef Srov mémdoes koopeicde copa. & Bernb. p. 47. Valk. Phen. 149%. Lobock Phryt Hipp. 406. Monk. Hipp. 406. Herm.(E. © Bernh, R. 85. 1248. Blomf. Gloss. Sept. 599. Pers. 320. Hemsterh. Lue. Timon. ¢ 55. Longin. p. 373- © Bernh, 60,6 Plural. §. 855. Plural. §. 855. The plural properly belongs only to appellative nouns, not to abstract, proper, or material nouns; but these have also the plural when they assume a generic character. a. Proper names, to signify persons resembling the person of the proper name ; as, Plat. Theet. p.169. B of ‘Hpadées re rat Onaées, Hexcules’s and Theseus’s, sch. Ag. 1439. SpvoniSev®, but generally only in comic and the later prose writers; as, OlBirodcs, Aduayot. So still more frequently in Latin: Scipiones, Lalii. b. Material names a1e often found in the plural, the plual parts which constitute the whole being considered rather than the singular whole. So Homer: xoviae and xovly (always sori when battle or danger is signified: as, Sajyey airdv ex xovlys). Il. p, 23 xéwmecoy ey xovigats YaépaGor always; Att. wvpot ral xpidal, Plat Legg. p. 887 yadage, Eur. Ale 512 garvas Wos dy alway meduppivas€: Fdto1, rays of sun, hke soles, &c. c. Abstract nouns are used in the plural when they signify the sorts or cases of the abstract notion—its particular circumstances or phenomena. a. In Homer: when the several acts, or things differing in sort, time, or circumstances, whence an abstract notion springs, are considered, rather than the abstract notion which collects and unites them to one; the sin- gular signifies an act or state, without considering the particulars whereof it is made up; as, Il», 121 kaxdv moujoere peifov ride pednpocdyy, ive. by this carelessness which ye shew: Il. », 108 pdyovrat syeusvos kaxérqre, by the cowardice of one: peOnpootvpor re rady, by the careless actions of many. Od. a, 7 atray yip ogerépyow dracbadinow Drovro, Il. x, 104 viv 8 ewe Bdeoa abv dracbarinow euforr, by my manifold follies ;—dvarox, mortes, sorts of death. Od. p, 341. Ch I. B, 792 wodexcinaty. 7 97 Borodpocivas. y, 216 cvrnpoatvas. So tnepordiat, tmobqportvad, There are more abstracts in the Odyssey than the Ihad; though many of those in the former are to be taken as concrete. 8. In the Post-Homene poets: pdvat, fits of madness, &¢. So of feelings, thoughts, resolutions: Pindar. Pyth, IIT. 13 4 8° drophaupigacd vw (conteninens Apollinis iram) dpmdaxlacas gpeave. Ibid. VII. ox pepddas & OniBos nérarae tnonripus dvapéacs, animosis consiliis, moli- minibus fortibus (dvopéa, virtus, fortitude) : etvow, Asch. and orators. y. Prose : Hat. VIL. 158 ipiv peyda SGediar re xai éravpécers yeyévarr, Td. TI, 40 epoi 8¢ (Polycrati) af oat peyddua edrvy lar otk dpicxouer. Ibid. 82 2x Gea, inimicitia, orders, seditiones, @tNtar. Id. VI.11 radarmaplat, arumne, Ubid. 58 ray Bacidijov of Bava rot. As, Cicero Tuscul. I. 48, 116 clare mortes pro patria oppe- tite; 80 also neces?, Sce Hat. VI. 109 ra’Abwaloy ppovspara, animi. Xen. Cyr. VIL. 8, 8 8k révey nai [3pdrwy rh cdpara orepeoiebar.—So in Isocrates we find: 2X Oerat, dpyias abdddeca, Buvacreias, Zvderat, edmoplas, lonyopias, ladrares, Katyde ® Bl, Gloss. Ag. 1414. Phan, 1540. + Lobeck Ajac. 190. @ Nitach, Od. g, 7. © Monk. adloc. Blom, Gloss. Choeph. © Diss. ad loc. 60, Ellends. Lex. Soph. ad V. Musgr. — Stallb, Plat. Crita. 46. C.§. 956. Adjectivces—Idea of Adjective. 7 ryres, kapteplas, perpisrares, mardetay, meviat, mpasryres, cepvdrares, PidavOporias xarendryres®, instances or sorts of truth, &¢. Very commonly: xq eat 6dr7q; Ovpol, animid; Plato Rep. p.471.D éfox. Id. Phadon. p. 66.C epdrov 8 kat EmcOvpidy ai GéBov kai cdddov mavrobardy kat Grvapias gurl wryow (73 cdpa) fas rordFs. So copia, Arist. Ran. 670 Gpovhcecs, gidooodlas, systems of philosophy: Plato Theet. 172 C dréyOerac (Demosth. 127, 64.), dv8piac, deeds of valour, dyecae xal edefiac rév copdray, (like valetudines ;) So in Demosth. very often: zodAas @Xwldas eyo (p. 81g, 2.): emt eAmlor xararelwey p. 841, 19.— miorers tyew ixavds, testimonia, p. 843. princ.—edyolas boiva, to give marks of favour, p. 96, 25. wiv. Bremi: xdpires, favours, gifts: 103. also, Bo#Oecar, Scdvocar, xacpol, woderetac: p. III, 3 ai rovadra: wohireias, where Bremi: Plural. indicat hanc rerum civilium rationem per longum jam tempus durantem, renovatam semper, adesse igitur eam in plurali. Obs. 1. In Attic and sometimes in other writers the plural was used with certain abstracts which might be considered in the plorality of their parts; as, yduot, nuptice : aAoiror, divitie : vieres, hore nocturne: Plat. Symp. 217_D. Od. p, 286. Hat. IV. 182. Sapph. p. 28. Xen. Cyr. IV. 5.13. So Gnvoe, Plat. épévor, the royal rights, Trag.4: réax, a funeral, &c®, So of many concretes, the singular is not generally used, as in poetry: Séyara, kdpyva, oréupara, péyapa, kAlpaxes, Aékrpa, rat and 7éfa, the two last an prose; and the names of feasts and games; as, ra "Odum, &e. Obs. 2. The poets often use the plural merely to give weight to the ideafs Eur. Hee. 403 yada roxedow (for pyrp!) elkdros Bypovpévers. So m Lat. : parentes, bert, filn. In the traged. to express fondness. 7a @irara, 7a raidedpara &c. Obs. 3. The Grecks use the plural both-of abstracts and concretes, when the same thing is said of many persons; as, xasot ras yuxds—ol ray dv bpdrav Givaror; but see §, 854. Obs. Il. ADJECTIVES. Idea of Adjective. §. 356, 1. Adjectives express the notion of avanry, and have a three-fold force—1. Atiributive, as rd xddov pdbov.—2. Possessive, as Pacidixds xiizos, the king’s garden ; or, 3. Predicatie, 7d pédov orl xaddv. 2. The original force of the adjective was probably only attri- butive, whereby some quality is represented as immediately re- siding in an object. It has the substantival relations of gender, number, and case, as in its character of attributive, it is always 4 Bremi Exeus. VIL ad Isoer. p. 210. © Bernh. 63. » Lobeck Aj. 716. £ Arist, Rhet. IIL, 6 els dyxoy ris Adews © Blomf, Gloss, Choeph. 282. Heind. (ad sermonis granditatem) ovusdarerai 1 Protag. 310 C. Ey moana moveiv. a Elfendt. Lex. Soph. ad V.8 Verb—Sorts of Verbs. §. 857. referred to a substantive. The use of adjectives as predicates instead of verbs, seems to have arisen from certain actions or energies of any thing being considered rather as qualities than energies ; as rd Bévdpov (O4AAer, energy)—éori. dadepdv, (quality ;) thus many primitive verbs are lost, and their derivative adjec- tives used in their place: as xaAés, aloxpés, ayaOss, xaxds Se. The possessive force arose from the notion of belonging to some one being considered as a distinctive quality. 8. With adjectives are classed participles, which express the action or passion of the verb (past, present, or to come), as a quality residing in the agent or patient. Many participles have from frequent use assumed a purely adjectival meaning ; as, édd- bevos—rervypevos. 4, Adjectives have either a transitive, or intransitive, or passive force ; as, spaxrixds, active : évepyyrixés, operative: rpdipos, nutritious: cadds, xaxés, Idoyos, Wholesome : ceuvds, honoured, &e. ts. Some verbal adjectives in rés, which generally have a passive force, ae frequently in poetry, and sometimes in prose, used transitively ®; as, Sromros dy 8) Tpaxs docos—suspectng, Hec. 1135. Thuc. VIII. 45. So morés, Asch. Prom 953. Soph. CE. C. 1031. Plat. Legg. 824. Bb. Asyoros, Arist. Rhet. Il. 8.6. peunrds, Soph. Tiach. 446. mepippuros, Eur. Pheen. 209. dgdyros, Soph. CB, Rex, 885. dpavores, 996. dushi- mAysros, Philoct. 688. : Ul. VERB. Sorts of Verbs. §. 857. 1. The verb expresses the notion of an ENBRGY, ACTION, or stare, and this action is conecived of as one of these three motions or directions in space—zhither—whence—ahere. 2. The direction whither is expressed by those verbs, in which the action is represented as proceeding from the subject to the object of the verb; as, rénrw rév maida: or in which the object is represented as the effect produced by the action; as, ypdgo Thy émorohjy (verb transitive): The direction whence, by the verbs in which the action is represented as coming to the subject from something elso ; as, réarouai (d7é) twos: The notion of where, (a state) in the verbs which represent the action as neither proceeding from nor to the subject, but merely residing in it; as, 4086, I bloom—intransitive. 8 Bllendt. Les, Soph. ad V. ueurrds. Schief. Heo. Pors. 1217. DR. P. Heo. r117. Herm. (&. R, 192962.§, 857. Verbs Transitice—Intransitive. 9 8. There are various sorts of transitive actions: among them we may remark,—a. tho causative, which is conceived as placing its object in an intransitive state or action; as, éyelpo, I waken; that is, I cause this person to be awake: gaive, I show; I make this to be seen. But many other transi verbs aré used. in this sense, on the principle of qui facit per alium facit per se ; the person who caused the action to be done being conceived of as himself doing it. So Hat. III. 39 6 "Auwacis épepe xat jjye wdvras. (See also §. 362. 6.)—b. transmissive. When the effect of the action is to transfer an immediate object to a more remote one, both of which are in some degree affected by the action; as, dips raird con. 4, Intransitive verbs either express the state, as av6éw, I bloom; or the motion of the subject, as épxoua:, I am coming. 5. When the agent and patient of the verb is one and the same person, so that the action proceeds from and returns upon the subject,—as, rénrecat, to beat oneself: drwbeirGat, to repulse from yourself : xoudfeo8at, to acquire for yourself—this is called the reflexive, or middle sense, (middle verb.) Many verbs of the middle form, by a modification of their sense, whereby their reflexive notion, though implied, is lost, have assumed an intransitive force ; as, Bovdetouat, I deliberate: and some even a transitive; as, coplGouat ce, I deceive you; properly, I make myself wise: and in some, of which the active form is obsolete, all trace of the reflexive sense is lost; as, patvopas, I rage: jBouar, Iam pleased: (deponents.) 6. When the reflexive action is directed from two or more subjects to one another, it is called reciprocal; as, rénrovra, they beat one another: draxe\evovrar, they exhort one another. 7. Hence arises the following division of verbs : 1. Transitive Verbs. 2. Reflexive Transitive Verbs. 8. Reciprocal Transitive Verbs. 4. 5. . Intransitive Verbs. . Reflexive Intransitive Verbs. 6. Passive Verbs. 8. For the expression of these different notions, the Greek Jan- guage has, properly speaking, only two forms: the Active * he transitive proper, and for many intransitive notions.; “andthe Middle, for the reflexive, reciprocal, and the rest of the intran- sitives. The Passive action is conceived of as reflexive, (as the action ends in the subject,) and hence is expressed by the middle Gr Gr, Vo. 11. c10 Perbs Intransitive used as Transitive or Passive, $c. §. 858. form, except in the future and aorist, tenses which have peculiar passive forms. Remarks on the Active, Middle and Passive Verbs. A. ACTIVE. §. 358. 1. The primary power of the verb was probably intransitive; and the form in ja was probably the onginal form of the oldest verbs, expressing a state; but as a state may be conceived of as affecting others, the intransitive notion readily became transitive without any change in the word. 2. But the necessity of some distinction becoming evident as the Ianguage progressed, separate forms soon arose for the expression of each : the active (u:) for the transitive, the middle (nat) for the passive and reflexive notions. This difference of sense is clear in the undoubt- edly primary form in pu, as except eal, sum, and dus, €0, no verb in pe bas a purely intransitive force—(for dye, I blow, act. and neut. see Index to Vol. I.) The later active form in so little retained the pro- per transitive force of the older form in qs, that we find as many verbs in @ intransitive as transitive ; as, 44\\ew, dobeiv, xaipew Ke. : from transi tive verbs in o new reflexive notions were formed in the middle form pac. 3. From this indefiniteness the followmg usages arose m the active voice. Verbs Intransitive used as Transitive or Passive—or Transitive as Intransitive. §. 359. 1. For the acc. after verbs intransitive, as Saivew mé8a, see Accus. case. 2. The state in which a person is represented by an intransitive verb, as édeciy, to be in a state of pity, may be conceived of as directed towards ‘an object, a8 edeciv rwva, to pity some one, and thus have a partly transi tive force; and in the construction of a sentence, when an intransitive action is considered as transitive, an equivalent transitive notion is substi- tuted for the intransitive; as, étdvar (=Delrew) nhy yfy, to leave the land. 3. Intransitive verbs are used as passive, when they are combined with words, generally ind or npés with gen., which represent the state or motion of the subject as caused by some one else; as, dkrinrew ind rwos, expelli ab aliquo: Hat. Ill. 65 ofros av dvootg ppp rerededrnke dnd rar fodr0d olknierdray: Id, VI. g2 erekebroav tn? *Abqvalov, interfecti sunt: 106 modu Sovrooivy tepimetotcay mpds dvdpay BapBdpwr: VIL. 18 peytda meoévra (everse) apiypara ind jeodver. Very often get me tné twos, fugari ab aliquo, or in a legal sense, accusatum esse ab aliquo ; WL 0, 149 "Axauol $' “Exropos dnvbpoppvow Gevyorres:: Plat. Apol. p- 12.6 pias fy Sd Medjrov rocairas dieas $Gyoius! Ibid. p. 35D doeBelas Getyew tnd twos: Xen. Hell. IV. 1, 32 Saxcicdar ond roos: Plat. Apol. p. 30. E dav ydp pe droxreioyre, od fgdies adov rovoiroy tojvere a pooxeiner oy rh woe bd 10d Be0% (urbi prepositum a + gdeiv dad twos, to be condemned, Plat. Apol. p. 39. B.: Demosth. s ‘49, 33 & robrur xaracris ig’ tui Bodedoeran So, ndoyew ind twos, affci ab aliquo.§. 360. Verbs Transitive used as Intransitive. . I 4, Many transitive verbs, especially such as express motion, are used intransitively. This usage extends from Homer downwards, and is found in other languages. So German: zieken, brechen, schmelzen.—French : décliner, changer, sortir—Latin : vertere, mutare, declinare-—English : to move, tura, &c. ‘The common explanation of this has been to supply the personal pronoun, or some substantive; but this is both unfounded and unnecessary. §. 360. The following Verbs commonly transitive are sometimes used as intransitive ®, The Verbs marked + are of frequent occurrence. ——* occur only in Poetry. dpe, to move, Xen. Anab. IV. 2, 15, and compounds, avdyew, to move back, Id. Cyr. I. 4,24: to put out to sea, Hat, VIII. 76%. dudyerr, perstare. alpew, compounds of, dvraipew, Demosth. p. 23, 20. 66, 5, to oppose, araipew, Hat. VI. 99, to sail away. dvaxadinrew, to be uncovered, Eu- rip. Orest. 288. dvaxovrigew, to shoot forth, Od. «, 113. dvaapBivew, refici, Plat. Rep. 467. dvolyew, to stand out to sea, Xen. Hell. L. 1. as kaorou fvoryov. éraddérrew, to depart, Hdt. I. 16. agavifew, to disappear, Xen, Cyr. Exp. HL. 4, 9. *padew, IL, 722. Asch. Agam, 1172. and compounds, + dBadAew, to cross over, Hat. VI. 44% tdoBddrew and {Bara to invade. éxidQew, to spring forth. émBadray, to fall to the share of, Hat.1V. 11g. St. Luke xy. 12. + neraBaddew, to change. mepifadday, to sail round, to double, Hat. VI. 44. Thue. VILL 95. + mpooBadreuw, to fall on. + ovpSddrew, to engage. t bmepSddaw, to surpa: dprol, patet, Hat. IX. 68. BtarpiBew, versari, collogui, Plat. Demosth. 93. & Monk, Ale, 922. ck. » Schw loc, © Val Herm. CE. R. 153. 2 Ht. 114. 3+ Setdege (Belarus), Hat. TL. 134. IIL. 32, &e. &8évat, to yield, Eup. Pheen. 214, + éx6iBévu, to flow into, empty itself (of a river), Hat. IIL. 9. VI. 76. éxibidévex, proficere, Ht. I. 13. évranobibévat, respondere, Plat. Phad. 72. A.B. * éyelpew, to rouse yourself, Eurip. Iph. A. 624. + daiver, to go, Xen. Cyr. I. 4, 20. tapoedaivey, adequitare, Td, dedaivew, to pass through, Hdt. IIL. 86. éredaive, to advance against. * durdjrrew, to rush into, I. p, 72. éxelyewy, to hasten, Eurip. Heracl. 732. Orest. 799. téxav, to be, (that which a person has, often constituting his state, oxjua; so Lat. habitus) Hat. TIL. 82: with adverbs o, nah, axis, &c, Bene, male habere : and adjectives, Eurip. Med. 350: more rarely, to come to land, Hat. VI. 92: domi se tenere, Td. VI. 39. dvréxew, resistere, Hat. #gexew, to rise, (of the sun.) Exéxew, se sustinere, eapectare, Hat. VI. 102: in mente habere, Hat. VL. 96. xaréxew, se retinere ; also, to come to land. rapixew, a8 rh povornj, musice se dare, Plat. Rep. 411. A. apéxe por, licet miki, Hat, I1T.142. Bos. éavroi. a "Valek. ad loc. Diatib, p. 233. co12 poéyew, prestare, Hat. IIT. 142. Demosth, 10. mpocéxewv, attendere, appellere, Hat. TIL. 48—and perhaps also peré- xew, to cling to, Thue. IT. 15. Gapeivew, to be of good cheer, Soph. El. 917. lat, to leave off, Il. r, 402, &e. and compounds *, éfiévat, to empty themselves, (of rivers,) Hat VI. 20. dyévau, to remit. apudvaa loxvpG yéadort, indulgere, Plat. Rep. 388. BY, karop6oiv, to succeed, Demosth. 23. kebGew, to be covered, Soph, GB. R. 967- xdivew, to bend towards, and com- pounds, hke declinare, émudive, to bend towards, De- mosth. 30. drordve, to turn to, Id. 13. * gpbrray, to lie hid, Soph. El. 826. Enrip. Phen, 1117. * guedoiv, revolve, Soph. El. 1365. ‘Trach. 130. nloyew, peyrivas, compounds of, oupployew, commisceri. mpocpryrivar, to come to blows: but more often in the historians cappropinguare, Hat. VI. 95. delrew, compounds of, érodurdy, to be behind, Hat, VII. aor. Thue. III, ro, Plat. Pheed. 78. B. Dreier, officio suo deesse, Demosth. 27.30. Hat. II. ag, to fail. wxav, to prevail, Hdt. VI. 109, &e. gwreivan, to tend towards, Burip. Hee. 190. olkeiv, habitari, 4 médis olkei, Plat. Rep. 462. D. 543. A: to live (without any case,) Hat. IIL. 99. *naiew®, to dash against, Alsch. _ Verbs Transitive used as Intransitive. §. 860. Prom, Vinct. 855 : so gupmatew, Eur, Hee. 118: edowalew, Eur, Rhes. 560. Soph. (H.R. 1252. —énaoralew, Aristoph. Plut. 806. *middew, to shake, quake, Eur. El. 435. Soph. OB. R. 153. * nave, to cease, m Imper. Od. 8, 650. Bur. Helen. 1336. Ari- stoph. Ran. 530. So Plato. xararatcas, Bur. Hee. 917. darémave, Od. a, 340. roceiv, to make for, Thuc. II. 8. IV, 12. 4tnpdrrew, with adverbs «3, xaxés, or neuter adj. xaxd, &c. +araiew, to stumble, Demosth. 23. mpoowraiew, to be shipwrecked, Hat. VI. 95. * omépxew, to be excited, IL », 334. orpégew, and its compounds gene- rally. ourdrreuy, manus conserere. owvappétey, to suit ogaxeditew, carie corrodi, Hat. IIL, 66. *redeiv, to be completed, Asch. P. ‘V. 223. Soph. El 1419. tredevriy, to die, rhxew, to pine, Soph. Elect. 124. trpérew, ke vertere, + enixplmew, se permittere, Hat. III. 8t. Demosth. 92. imoximrew, succumbere, [Link]. 96, &e. t Galvew, splendere, Theoer. II. 11. $épewv4, compounds of, + Biagépew, differre. Smepdipew mrovre, Xen. Rep, Lac. XV. 3. Thue. I. 81. * baw, to grow, Theoer. IV. 24. txadaye, to yield, Eur. Hee. 403. So also we must explain dye, aye 84, mpdoaye, dépe 84, exe 84. Obs. 1. It is very important to remember the neuter usages of these verbs, especially of yo and its compounds, as the interpretation of a great many passages depends upon this sense. Obs. z. In poetry sometimes the same word is used, even in the same & Lobeck. Ay. 248. «Herm, CE, C. 1691. » Stallb. Protag. 336: A. © Pélugk, Hee. 118, © Pilugk. Hee. 403.§. 862. Remarks on the Tempora secunda, &c. « 13 passage, both transitively and intransitively; as, Hesiod. Opp. 5 Aée pév ikp Bpedes (causes to swell), fla 8 Bpidovra (swelling) yadérre: ‘Anecreont, XL. extr, ef 7b xérrpov movei rb rie wedlcons, méaoy Boxeis rovodaty, "Eps, doous od Béddets. Obs. 3. Sometimes a double verbal notion, which naturally would be expressed by two verbal forms, is expressed by a verb and a substantive; 80 ebipyes Adyois iué, instead of éEfpxes Aéyor éué, Soph. Elect. 556: Gepareipacey éudyber, Phoen. 1549—=epsxOet Gcpametov : qudaxiy xararxeiy, Aisch Ag. 236=quddoour raraoxe: réxets olpwyiy "Ayenépvora, Soph. El. 124 =rdeeis olpd fovea ®, : Obs. 4. Another form of expressing a verbal notion is by the verb elvat, and an adjective cognate to the verb by which the verbal notion would properly be expressed; as, Plato Charm. 117 ekdprp elva=dpveieéat + Plato Aleib. 83 dsijxooy elva=doyxouereiy. Remarks on the Tempora secunda. §. 361. The Greek language has two forms for some tenses, which are distinguished in grammar as pnmary and secondary tenses: the secondary tenses are the older forms, and in many verbs retain the original intransitive notion, while the stronger notion of the transitive was signified by an augmented form, and so in fact we find many verbs, of which the Aor. I, and the Pft. I. are transitive, the Aor. II. and Pft. II. intransi- tive. So there is a similar distinction between the Aor. I. and II. Midd., and Aor. I, and II. Passive, as we shall see below. B. MIDDLE YOICE. §. 862. The middle voice has a twofold function ; 1. it expresses the reflexive and reciprocal, 2. some parts of the passive, notion. a, As Reflesive. 1. The essential sense which runs throughout the middle reflexive verb, is Self—the action of the verb has immediate reference to self. This is the proper generic notion of all middle verbs; and the particular sense of each middle verb must be determined by discovering the relation in which this notion of self stands to the notion of the verb. 2. There are four relations in which this notion of self may stand to the verb:—1. Genitive —2. Dative —3. Accusative—4. Adjec- tival. 1. The “self” stands to the notion of the verb as Genitive: |As, éméoas, having pushed away : dracéuevos, having pushed from one- self, or repulsed : droméumopas, to send away from myself: droceoacbat, to chake off, depellere. So djiveo6at, (though this is rather for myself, than from myself, as in the active voice it prefers the dative to the geni- @ Herm, Elect. 122.14 : Middle Voice as Refewive. §. 962. tive) : mapéyeo@at, to furnish from one's own means—ot pi yap véas mrapelxovro, but rote 8 mpoceréraxro—vias mapéxew. So mapéyerar sduijv —tpya: +3 Gpeap rpipactas wapéxerat IBéas, from itself: éxdveoda, to take off from oneself: drodéada, to put away from oneself: érayyéAdeadar, to declare from oneself, to promise : écrovizéa vidy, to put away his son. 2. The “self” stands to the notion of the verb as the Dative :-— (Generally the Dat, Com. vel Incom,)—as, mapacxevdfeodai v1, sidi parare: alpciaéa 71, sibs sumere, to choose : dgaipeidas, to take away for oneself: atperbar, to take on, or for oneself: aipew, to take up, to lay on another: alrcio€as, sibi expetere: apdrreada xphuara, pecuniam sibi: xra- Ga, sibi comparare: peodode8ar, to hire for oneself, conduco: purdody, to hire out: dyeo@ar yuvaiea, ducere sibi uaorem, to marry : ovelo (01), I advise: BoveJouat, I advise myself, dehberate, So déveo8ar, to put on oneself : AecmecBar ponuoosva, to leave memorials for oneself: ovddéyer8at; rypapdy ran, to help a person : rapdcGa, to help myself. So dudvecbar; aircicda and rapareicbat, for myself : xpoorouirbas sibi subjiccre : avel- caoba and xpieacda, to borrow: GéeGa: and apaQécbar, weraméuyracdat ; SépeoBa 7a Bevrepaia, to carry off for oneself the second prize: xaraozpé- Geoba, sibi subvertere, to reduce, £0 xaraovdotcda ; riBepat, I take to my- self—adopt: riBéuevos Béow, Eur. Hec. So eypasacba. So écivae vduovs, to make laws for others: @é6a: vdu, to make laws by which oneself 1s ound. So also ypdgew and ypddeobar vdpovs; Xen. M.S. IV. 4, 19 Zxais dy ov einen, dru of doOpeoros adrods (rods dypdous vipous) ZB«vr0;— "Ryd par Geods ofpat rods vipous rovrous rois dvOpsmois Oeivac: Id, CEcon. IX. 14 & ais ebvopoupdvas médeow otk dpxetv Boxed trois wodiras, Hy vdpous kadods ypaporrat. Obs. 1. Hence there is a difference between the active and middle sense of some verbs: the latter sigmfymg that the action of the verb was done for one’s own benefit, (Dat. Comm.) and thence signifying the corresponding contrary to the active voice, as, Miva, to set free; di- caréa, to ransom: xpjra, to lend or give an oracle; -aedas, to borrow or consult an oracle : so davdivat, -ao8a: rica, to pay; ricara, to punish: the active signifymg the giver, the middle the receiver; this may arise from the receptive notion proper to the mddle verb. 8. The “self” stands to the verb as the Accusative. éririBévar, to place on ~eo8at, to place oneself on, to attack : ypdo,T give or apply ; xpdouas, I apply myself to: rpéro, I turn; rpéropat, I turn my- 1 Od. a, 422 of 8 els dpxnortv—rpepdpevor réprovro: Revo, wash 5 Aovowat, I wash myself = I bathe: éralpo, I raise; éralpopat, I raise myself: dréyo, I keep off; dréxouat, Ikeep myself off = I abstain, Hat. VI. 67 raduyrduevos fie & ro8 efrpov, covering himself : dméygat rwxd, to throttle, hang; dnéyfaréa, to throttle, hang oneself : rémrowat, xérro- pat, T beat myself: rixew, to melt, to melt away; rixeodac, to melt one- self away, contabescere = to pine: éyyvie@a, to pledge oneself: ém Reval ru, to lay oneself on something, to attack. So kelpec@at, orepayi erat, &c.: and dvayvicacdat, to remind oneself, recordari = to remember Aavéivew, to escape another person’s notice ; Navédveobar, to forget: udd- faabai, to guard oneself=to beware: oBeicbar, (foBeiv, terrere :) mavecbat, to cease, (natw rod twos, avocare ab:) ordreobat, proficiscl, (arddew, mittere:) mddgeobar, to wander, (addfew, to make to wander :) wepatovadac ® Valck. Amm. p. 136. Kuster. Verb. Med. 58.» Kuster. de Verb. Med. p. 61-