DEVELOPMENT OF BANANA (Musa acuminata) PEEL TOOTH PASTE

__________________________________________

A Thesis

Presented to

the Faculty of the College of Education

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Echague, Isabela

___________________________

In Partial Fulfilment of the Degree

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION

(Home Economics)

_______________________________________________

By:

Arcangel, Elaica Mae F.

Arcangel, Lailanie D.

Bilog, Jose M.

January 2022
ABSTRACT

Tooth paste is used to promote oral hygiene. However, there are some brand name

toothpaste that contain a number of ingredients that are not healthy, so this study was

conceived to develop an organic toothpaste made of rice flour, honey a sweetener and

peppermint oil. These ingredients used to formulate an organic toothpaste.

Three treatments were utilized as follows: Treatment 1 (88 g banana peels, 37g rice

powder, 76 g honey, 12 g pepper mint oil). Treatment 2 (150 g banana peels, 60 g rice

powder, 114 g honey, 18 g pepper mint oil) Treatment 3 (180 g banana peels, 77 g rice

powder, 152 g honey, 24 g pepper mint oil). The study was conducted on December 14,

2021 at Purok 3, Raniag Ramon Isabela. Sensory Evaluation was performed to determine

the acceptability of tooth paste made from banana peels by using the 9-point Hedonic

Scale. The quality tested were taste, aroma, texture and general acceptability. Selected

respondents were composed of 30 teens of Purok 3, Raniag, Ramon, Isabela with the age

brackets from thirteen (13) and nineteen (19) years old.

The data on sensory evaluation were tabulated and analysed following the

Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The acceptability scores of the tooth paste in

terms of taste, aroma, texture, and in general were compared by conducting a one-way

between-groups analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed that Treatment 3 was

rated by the respondents “Like extremely” in terms of taste, aroma and general

acceptability. Texture was rated as “Like very much” by the respondents. For overall

Treatment 3 was rated “Like extremely”. Among the three treatments, Treatment 3 (180 g

banana peels, 77 g rice powder, 152 g honey, 24 g pepper mint oil) is the most acceptable

in terms of taste, aroma, texture and general acceptability.

 In terms of profit, the production of banana peel tooth pastes with 180 g banana peels,

77 g rice powder, 152 g honey, 24 g pepper mint oil is more profitable for business

venture with a Return on Investment of 50%.

INTRODUCTION

Banana is very much common in the Philippines. It is one of the oldest cultivated

plants and is grown in at least 107 countries, primarily for their fruit, and to a lesser

extent to make fiber, banana wine and as ornamental plant (FS dela Cruz Jr., LS Gueco et

al.,). Musa acuminate or musabalbisiana or commonly known as banana has an

impressive potassium content and is highly recommended by doctors for patients whose

potassium is low. Vitamin B6, soluble fiber, and moderate amounts of vitamin C and

manganese are also abundant in banana. Putting all of the nutritional figures together, it

clearly shows that banana is one of the healthiest fruits. There is a protective outer layer

of banana peels that helps remove dark stains acquire from drinking coffee, soda or

smoking cigarettes. We’ve decided to use the banana peel as our main ingredient in

making an organic and non-toxic tooth paste for all without buying an expensive tooth

which sometimes is not that effective. Through this research provides a very resourceful

kind of toothpaste.

Having a good smile with healthy teeth, become one of the things that people

wanted to achieve nowadays. Based on our research some tooth pastes aren’t affordable

at the same time it is not effective, now because of banana peel that contains some

effective thing to became our teeth healthy and stronger we have an idea that we can use

this. Our purpose is to make teeth stronger and to became our teeth healthy in affordable
way. Because banana peel has tons of potassium, magnesium, and manganese, three

minerals which can remove stains and create a brighter smile.

Not only can a banana peel whiten teeth, but with high levels of calcium and

vitamin D, it can also make them stronger. Calcium helps reinforce the jawbone and

enamel, while vitamin D assists the body in absorbing calcium. Put together, calcium and

vitamin D are a potent force in maintaining oral health.

Statement of the Problem

This study was conducted to determine the acceptability of banana (Musa
acuminata) peel tooth paste.
Specially, it sought to answer the following questions;
1. What is the process involved in developing a banana (Musa acuminata) peel tooth
paste?

2. What is the consumers’ level of acceptability of the developed banana (Musa

acuminata) peel tooth paste in terms of:
a. taste;
b. aroma;
c. texture; and,
d. general acceptability?

3. What is the most acceptable banana (Musa acuminata) peel tooth paste treatment
among the three products tested?
4. What is the return on investment of the developed tooth paste product based from
the conducted cost analysis?
Hypothesis of the Study

In this study, the following hypothesis will be tested:

There is no significant difference in the acceptability level of the three (3) toothpaste

products when it comes to its:

A. Taste;
 B Texture;

C. Aroma; and,

d. General acceptability

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study will be focused on the improvement of tooth paste made of banana peel.

The products will be subjected to sensory evaluation using the 9-Point Hedonic Scale

acceptability test in terms of taste, aroma, texture and general acceptability.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature

Banana Peel as Alternative Toothpaste

Howard Farran, DDS, MBA (2012) Stated that the peel is known for its

antifungal and antibiotic properties it is also loaded with a lot of Vitamins, minerals and

fiber. The antibiotic properties can fight unnecessary bacteria and the antifungal can be

used to relieve itching; this itching can irritate sensation over the body that provokes to

scratch. In addition to that, it is considered as a good source of antioxidant for food and

functional foods against cancer and disease. This contains various antioxidants compound

and protein, essential in amino acid and carotenoids that reliefs from pain, swelling,

itching, wrinkles, and sun burn. Moreover, Jennifer (2010) also state that it contains high

level of potassium, magnesium and manganese. The calcium and the vitamin D3 can

make our teeth stronger and healthier. That's why if we put all of these as one of the
contents of our toothpaste it will enable to help whiten the teeth and at the same time it

can also make it stronger.

Banana Peel as Whitener

Martha Sommeran, DDS, PH. D (2013) stated that a skin of a ripe banana

fruit is very effective in whitening the teeth because it has these vitamins that allows to

remove the stains of the teeth that can also repair the damage done due to aging this is

very natural way of whitening the teeth. Therefore, in making toothpaste out of the

banana peel it should be ripe and not black, because a ripe banana peel is more effective

to whiten the teeth because it contains more vitamins than the black or green banana peel.

Whereas Dr. Smith (2012) claimed that the banana peel helps you in teeth whitening like

any other ingredient it is also safe to use and one could feel the benefits of banana peel

for teeth whitening after using it regularly. This is considered effective because of the

wonderful source of minerals and vitamins the banana peel contains in it that makes it so

very essential in teeth whitening.

The Effectiveness of Banana peel

Gordon Christensen, DDS, MHD, PH. D (2012) presented the idea that to

whiten the teeth with banana peel is very safe and healthy for teeth as banana peels are a

wonderful source of minerals and vitamins. They do not have the abrasiveness that other

natural whiteners have and best of all they are inexpensive. Brush your teeth as usual

with natural toothpaste or you can use the banana peel first and then brush. Take a piece
of the inside of the banana peel and gently rub around on your teeth for about 2 minutes.

Rubbing banana peel for a minute, every day, for a week on your teeth, will have

naturally white teeth without having to visit the dentist. Moreover, Rick Worman, DMD

(2011) also stated that the potassium, magnesium and manganese in ripe banana peels are

what whitens teeth just rub it on your teeth for two minutes with the inside of the peel,

then brush with your regular toothpaste

Health Benefits of banana peel

Both bananas and banana peels may offer different health benefits depending

on their level of ripeness. Underripe, green bananas may be more effective in treating

digestive issues, while riper, blackened bananas have been shown to help white blood

cells fight off disease and infections.

In fact, banana peels are not only edible but also rich in several key nutrients, including

potassium, dietary fiber, polyunsaturated fats, and essential amino acids.

Fiber, in particular, has been shown to promote regularity, stabilize blood sugar levels,

and boost heart health.

Meanwhile, potassium can help regulate blood pressure levels, protect against bone loss,

and reduce your risk of kidney stones.

One test-tube study also found that banana peels are rich in antioxidants, with unripe

banana peels boasting the highest numbers.

Some research suggests that antioxidants can reduce inflammation and protect against

chronic conditions, such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.

Uses of Banana Peel

Natural wrapping paper with additive essential oils. Banana peel waste

contains finer fibers than those that are made of wood with high cellulose (6065%),

hemicellulose (6-8%) and lignin (5-10%). the cellulose in the banana peel is far higher

than that in softwood, conventional raw material of the paper. Moreover, banana peel

only contains lignin (5-10%) that makes the cellulose separation process easier. Thus,

the banana peel is potentially used to be the raw material of papermaking to reduce the

dependence of wood as the raw material of wrapping paper. The use of banana peel waste

also increases the optimization of the waste itself by increasing the economic value.

Antibacterial and phytochemical analysis of Banana peel. The invitro

antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extract of banana (Musa sapientum) peels

was investigated on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria using agar well

diffusion technique. Phytochemical result showed ethanol to be a better solvent for the

extraction of the bioactive agents in banana peels which include: glycosides, alkaloids,

saponins, tannins, flavonoids and volatile oil.

Utilization of Banana and Pomegranates Peel Flour in Fortification of Bread.

The banana peel reported to activities. The peel powder (60 mesh size) from banana and

pomegranate were prepared from their dried peel. Due to their pharmaceutical use an

attempt is made to prepare the bread by incorporating the peel powder of each from 5%,

10% and 15 %. The bread was prepared by replacing 10%, 15%, 20%, and 30% of wheat

flour by incorporating wheat flour with Banana Peel Flour and pomegranate Peel flour in

ratio of 5:5; 10:10; 15:15 and 5:10.

 Nutrient and Heavy Metal Composition of Banana (Musa paradisiaca) Peels.

The higher amounts of K than Na in the peel samples investigated are considered of

comparative advantage. This is because intake of diets with higher Na to K ratio has been

related to the incidence of hypertension. Phosphorus is involved in several biological

processes such as: bone mineralization, energy production, cell signalling and regulation

of acid-base homeostasis.

The effects of banana peel preparations on the properties of banana peel

dietary fibre concentrate. Four different preparation methods of banana peel, dry milling,

wet milling, wet milling and tap water washing, and wet milling and hot water washing

were investigated on their effects on the chemical composition and properties of the

banana peel dietary fibre concentrate (BDFC). The dry milling process gave the BDFC a

significant higher fat, protein, and starch content than the wet milling process, resulting in

a lower water holding capacity (WHC) and oil holding capacity (OHC).

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Materials and Methods

A. Materials

1. Ingredients

Table 1 shows the ingredients and its proportion in the preparation of

development of banana (Musa acuminata) peel toothpaste was used as the

experimental factor in this study.

Table 1. Proportion of ingredients in the preparation of toothpaste made from banana

(Musa acuminata) peel.
 Ingredients T1 T2 T3
Banana Peels 88 g 118 g 148 g
Rice powder 37 g 67 g 97g
Pepper mint oil 12 g 18 g 24 g
Honey 76 g 112 g 148 g

2. Equipment Tools and Utensils

In preparing the banana peel toothpaste, the following equipment, tools and

utensils used were knife, spoon, bowl, measuring cups, Plate, blender and

digital weighing scale.

B. Procedure

1. Collection and preparation of the materials

Banana was bought from public market, Bugallon Proper Ramon Isabela. Banana

was washed with tap of water to remove any dirt. Separate the banana and the banana

peel using a knife. After that get the inner part (white) of the banana peels using

spoon. Using blender put inner part (white) of the banana peels. Add rice powder,

sweetener, pepper mint oil into a blender. Continuously blend it for 5 minutes until it

becomes paste like substance and pour it on a container afterwards.

Figure 1. Flow Chart in making banana (Musa acuminata) peel toothpaste.

Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3

(88 g banana peels, 37 (118 g banana peels, 67 (148 g banana peels,
g rice powder, 12 g g rice powder, 18 g 97 g rice powder, 24 g
pepper mint oil, 76 g pepper mint oil, 112 g pepper mint oil, 148 g
honey honey) honey)
Separate the banana and the banana peels using a knife. After that get the inner part
(white) of the banana peels using a spoon.
Put the inner part (white) of the banana peels into a blender

Add rice powder, pepper mint oil and honey into a blender.

Continuously blend it for 5 minutes until it becomes paste like substance and pour it on
a container afterwards.

Packing/labelling

Fig 1. Schematic diagram for the preparation of Banana (Musa acuminata) peel
toothpaste.
C. Sensory Evaluation
A sensory evaluation was being done to determine the general acceptability

of banana peel tooth paste in terms of taste, texture, aroma. It was done by

consumers composed of 30 respondents. Selected respondents were teens of Purok 3,

Raniag Ramon, Isabela and focused on age brackets from 13 years old to 19 years

old.

D. Research Design of the Study

Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was utilized in this study. Three

treatments were used as follows: which composed of Treatment 1 (88 g banana peels,

37 g rice powder, 12 g pepper mint oil and 76 g honey), Treatment 2 (118 g banana
 peels, 67 g rice powder, 18 g pepper mint oil and 112 g honey) and Treatment 3 (148

g banana peels, 97 g rice powder, 24 g pepper mint oil and 148 g honey).

E. Cost and Return Analysis

The cost and return analysis were computed to determine the economic feasibility of

commercializing the products if it will be sold in the market. This was done by listing all

the cost incurred in producing the product and computing the unit cost and the return on

investment (ROI) per treatment.

F. Statistical Data Analysis

The profile of the respondents in terms of age and sex was gauged using

frequency and percent. The acceptability scores of the banana peel tooth pastes in terms

of taste, aroma, texture, and in general, were assessed using mean (M) and standard

deviations (SD). The mean scores were described based on the following guidelines

derived from the used 9-point hedonic scales:

Point Mean Description

9 8.50 to Like extremely

9.00

8 7.50 to Like very much

8.49

7 6.50 to Like moderately

7.49

6 5.50 to Like slightly

6.49
 5 4.50 to Neither like nor dislike

5.49

4 3.50 to Dislike slightly

4.49

3 2.50 to Dislike moderately

3.49

2 1.50 to Dislike very much

2.49

1 1.00 to Dislike extremely

1.49

The acceptability scores of the tooth pastes in terms of taste, aroma, texture, and

in general were compared by conducting a one-way between-groups analysis of

variance (ANOVA). Partial eta squared (dividing the sum of squares between-

groups by the sum of squares total) was calculated to determine the effect sizes

which were interpreted based on the guidelines proposed by Cohen (1988) i. e. .01

is small, .06 is medium, while .14 is large. A post hoc analysis using Tukey HSD

was conducted for significant results in order to determine which pair of tooth

paste treatments significantly differed.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 2. Shows the acceptability of the banana tooth pastes in terms of taste, aroma,
texture, and in general.

Table 2. Acceptability of the banana tooth pastes in terms of taste, aroma, texture,
and in general.
 Banana peel Toothpaste Preparations Grand
Characteristics ____T1 T2 T3_______ Mean Desc.
Mean Desc. Mean Desc. Mean Desc.

Taste 8.00 V 8.40 V 9.00 E 8.46 V

Aroma 8.50 E 9.00 E 9.00 E 8.83 E
Texture 7.03 M 7.50 V 8.00 V 7.51 V
General
acceptability 7.03 M 7.63 V 8.96 E 7.87 V

Grand mean 7.64 V 8.13 V 8.74 E 8.17 V

E= Like Extremely; V= Like very much; M= Like moderately
Treatment 1 (88 g banana peels, 37 g rice powder, 12 g pepper mint oil, 76 g

honey). As shown in the Table, the aroma of treatment one was rated ‘’Like extremely’’

by the respondents. On the other hand, the respective mean rating of 8.00 revealed that its

taste was ‘’Like very much’’. Only texture and general acceptability were rated with

7.03, indicating that it was ‘’Like moderately’’ by the respondents. The grand mean was

7.64 which revealed that this treatment was ‘’Like very much’’ by the respondents.

Treatment 2 (118 g banana peels, 67 g rice powder, 18 g pepper mint oil, 112 g

honey). The mean rating of 9.00 also revealed that this treatment was ‘’Like extremely’’.

The rest of its characteristics were ‘’Like very much’’, mainly it’s taste, texture and

general acceptability with mean rating of 8.40, 7.50 and 7.63, respectively the grand

mean was 8.13, which revealed further that this treatment was ‘’Like very much’’ in

general.

Treatment 3 (148 g banana peels, 97 g rice powder, 24 g pepper mint oil, 148 g

honey). This treatment was rated ‘’Like extremely’’ in terms of its taste, aroma and
general acceptability as indicated by the mean ratings of 9.00, 9.00 and 8.96,

respectively. The texture was ‘’Like very much’’ as revealed by the perspective mean

rating of 8.00. Lastly, the grand mean of 8.74 further indicated that this treatment was

‘’Like extremely’’ in general.

To summing up, table 2 revealed that taste, texture and general acceptability of

the three treatments were “Like very much” by the respondents. Given the grand mean of

8.46, 7.51 and 7.87, respectively. On the other hand, the aroma was “Like extremely”

with a grand mean of 8.83. The overall grand mean of 8.17 revealed that all preparations

were generally acceptable and were “Like very much” by the respondents.

Table 3. Shows the Comparison between the acceptability scores of the three
treatments of tooth pastes in terms of taste, aroma, texture, and in general.

Table 3. Comparison between the acceptability scores of the three treatments of

tooth pastes in terms of taste, aroma, texture, and in general.

Criteria Treatment M SD F p 2
η
Taste T1 8.00c .00 50.091 .000 .5352
T2 8.40b .67
T3 9.00a .00
Aroma T1 8.50b .50 29.000 .000 .40
T2 9.00a .00
T3 9.00a .00
Texture T1 7.03c .18 48.928 .000 .5293
T2 7.50b .50
T3 8.00a .37
General T1 7.03c .18 287.176 .000 .8684
acceptability T2 7.63b .49
T3 8.96a .18

As gleaned from the table, in terms of taste, the F value of 50.09 with 0.00

significance level revealed a highly significant variations in their acceptability. While all

were like extremely, the highest mean of 9.00 was observed from Treatment 3.
 Comparing this with other treatments, it was significantly higher than the mean

rating of 8.00 from Treatment 1 but not in Treatment 2 with the mean rating of 8.40.

Likewise, Treatment 2 was significantly higher than treatment 1 and significantly lower

than Treatment 3. Treatment 2 was also found to be significantly higher than Treatment

1. This result further revealed that the three preparations were not comparable in their

taste acceptability.

In terms of aroma, the F-value of 29.00 with a significance level of 0.00 implied

that the three treatment highly and significantly different. Among treatments, the highest

and the most acceptable was Treatment 2 and 3 with a mean of 9.00 or ‘’Like extremely’’

which was significantly higher than mean of 8.50 or ‘’Like very much’’ from treatment 1.

Furthermore, Treatment 2 and 3 was significantly higher than Treatment 1. The result

further pointed out among the aroma of Treatment 2 and 3 as compared to Treatment 1 is

far more acceptable.

In terms of texture of the three treatments, the F-value of 48.92 with significance

level of 0.00 also revealed a highly significant variation among treatments. The most

acceptable in texture was seen from Treatment 3 with a mean of 8.00 or ‘’Like very

much’’ which was significantly higher than Treatment 2 with a mean of 7.50 with the

same description of ‘’Like very much’’ and 7.03 from Treatment 1 or ‘’Like

moderately’’. Moreover, it was found out that Treatment 2 was significantly higher than

Treatment 1 while Treatment 2 was also significant higher than Treatment 1. This result

further implied that the three preparations of banana peel as alternative ingredients in

making tooth paste differed significantly in terms of texture.

 The difference on the general acceptability of the three preparations of banana

peel as alternative ingredients in making tooth paste was highly significant as indicated

by the F value of 287.18 with significance level of 0.00. The most acceptable was seen

from Treatment 3 with a mean of 8.96 or ‘’Like extremely’’ which was significantly

higher than Treatment 2 with a mean of 7.63 or ‘’Like very much’’ and 7.03 from

Treatment 1 or ‘’Like moderately’’. Likewise, it was found out that Treatment 2 was

significantly higher than Treatment 1. Hence, it could be inferred that as to general

acceptability of the three preparations of banana peel as alternative ingredients in making

tooth paste, they were not comparable with each other

There were significant differences between the acceptability scores of the tooth

pastes (T1, T2, and T3) in terms of taste (F = 50.09; p < .01), aroma (F = 29.00; p < .01),

texture (F = 48.92; p < .01), and in general (F = 287.18; p < .01). The magnitude of the

differences, measured in terms of partial eta squared, was large which ranges from 40%

to 86.84%.

Based on the results of the post hoc analysis using Tukey HSD, T3 consistently

got a significantly higher rating across all the criteria while T1 got the lowest rating;

although there was no significant difference between the acceptability scores of T1 and

T2 in terms of aroma.

Table 4. Summary of Cost and Analysis of banana peel tooth paste.

Treatments
Ingredients __________________________________________________
T1 T2 T3
Banana 21.00 26.00 48.00
Honey 22.00 26.00 36.00
Pepper mint oil 9.00 13.00 23.00
Rice powder 5.00 10.00 15.00
Packaging 25.00 25.00 25.00
Total Cost (Php) 82.00 100.00 147.00

The Return on Investment per production of banana peel tooth paste was

computed and summarized and shown in Table 5. The Table shows that Treatment 1 had

a Return-on-Investment of 49.7% while Treatment 2 had 49.9%. Treatment 3 had 50%.

The cost and return analysis revealed that T3 is the most profitable treatment in making

banana peel toothpaste.

Table 5. Summary and Computation of Return Investment

Treatments
Ingredients __________________________________________
T1 T2 T3

Total Production Cost (Php) 82.00 100.00 147.00

Unit cost = Total Production 82.00 100.00 147.00
No. of Packs
6.30 5.88 7
Selling price = (Unit Cost x 50% + Unit Cost) 9.45 8.82 10.5
Total Sale = (Selling Price x No. of Packs) 122.8 149.9 220.5
Income = (Total Sale - Total Production) 40.8 49.9 73.5
ROI = (Income x 100) 49.7% 49.9% 50%
Total Product Cost

Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are made

1.Among the three treatments, Treatment 3 (148 g banana peel, 97 g rice powder, 24 g

pepper mint oil, 148 g honey) is the most acceptable in terms of taste, aroma, texture and

general acceptability.

2. Based from the ROI, Treatment 3 was most profitable because it has the highest

percentage of return followed by Treatment 2 and then, Treatment 1.

3. In terms of taste, aroma, texture and general acceptability, there was a highly

significant difference among the treatments.

Recommendations

1. A study on the shelf-life of the product is advised to determine its storage life.

2. Vitamins and Minerals content of the product are highly recommended to be

analyzed to determine the nutrition facts of the product.

3. Microbial Analysis is encouraged to be conducted to determine the microbial

content of the finished products.

Treatment 3 is recommended to be introduced to the interested would-be

entrepreneur and other interested individuals to uplift their economic status since

Treatment 3 is the most profitable among the three treatments.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Magazines/Journals

Agustina ESW, Susanti VHE. Natural wrapping paper from banana (Musa paradisiaca
Linn) peel waste with additive essential oils. Journal of Physics. 2018; 1022.
doi :10.1088/1742-6596/1022/1/012032.
Andrea. (2011 July 10). Teeth Whitening Naturally. Mouth Care. Retrieved January 12,

2012,

Bandal S, Talib M, Parate V. Utilization of Banana and Pomogranate Peel Flour in

Fortification of Bread. IJERT. 2014; 3(7):1100-1107.
Ehiowemwenguan G, Emoghene AO, Inetianbor JE. Antibacterial and phytochemical
analysis of Banana fruit peel. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy. 2014; 4(8): 18-25.
Emaga, T. H., Robert, C., Ronkart, S., Wathelet, B. and Paquot, M. (2008b).

Characterization of pectin extracted from banana peels (Musa AAA) under different

conditions using an experimental design. Food Chemistry, 108:463-471.

Emaga, T. H., Robert, C., Ronkart, S. N., Wathelet, B. and Paquot, M. (2008a). Dietary

fiber components and pectin chemical features of peels during ripening in banana and

plantain varieties. Bioresource Technology, 99:4346-4354.

FAO, (2008). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2008).

FAOSTAT statistics database http://faostat.fao org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?

PageID=567 (last updated 11 May 2008).

Gordon Christensen, DDS, MHD, PH. D (2012), The effectiveness of banana peel

Goswami, N. & Virk, J. (2011, March 13). Banana Peels eliminates toxic metals in water.

Howard Farran, DDS, MBA (2012), Banana Peel as an alternative toothpaste

How to whiten teeth with banana peel. Ehow Health. Retrieved January 15,2012

Madhav, A. and Pushpalatha, P. B. (2002). Quality upgradation of jellies prepared using

pectin extracted from fruit wastes. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 40:31-34.

Mohapatra, D.; Sabyasachi, M. and Namrata, S. (2010). Banana and it by– product

utilization: an overview. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research,69:323-329.

Nagarajaiah, S. P. and Jamuna, P.(2011). Chemical composition and antioxidant potential

of peels from three varieties of banana. As. J. Food Ag-Ind. 4(01):31-46.

Okorie DO, Eleazu CO, Nwosu P (2015) Nutrient and Heavy Metal Composition of
Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) and Banana (Musa paradisiaca) Peels. J Nutr Food Sci 5:
370. doi:10.4172/2155-9600.1000370
Prashanthi D*, Chaitanya M Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy, Tumkur, India.
Qiu, L. P., Zhao, G. L., Jiang, H., Xiaou-feng, L. and Liu, J. J. (2010). Investigation of
combined effects of independent variables on extraction of pectin from banana peel using
response surface methodology. Carbohydrate Polymers, 80:326-331
Singanusong, R. Tochampa, W. Kongbangkerd, T and Sodchit, C. (2014). Exteration and

properties of cellulose from banana peels. Suranaree J. Sci. Technol., 21(3):201-213.

Singanusong, R., Worasit, T., Teeraporn, K. and Chiraporn, S. (2013). Extraction and

properties of cellulose from banana peels, J. Sci. Technol., 21(3):201-213.

Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H. and Vigil, S. (1993). Integrated solid waste management:

Engineering principles and management issues. MCGraw-Hill, NewYork, pp. 3 –22.

Wachirasiri P, Julakarangka S, Wanlapa S. The effects of banana peel preparations on the

properties of banana peel dietary fibre concentrate. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 31
(6), 605-611, 2009606
Zhang, P., Whistler, R. L., BeMiller, J. N. and Hamaker, B. R. (2005). Banana Starch:
production, physicochemical properties, and digestibility. Carbohydrate Polymer, 59:443-
458
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum.
A. Electronic Sources

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?

hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=uses+of+babana+peel&btnG=

https://community.plu.edu/~bananas/brief-history/home.html

https://www.bananalink.org.uk/all-about-bananas/

https://www.glamour.com/story/health-controversy-can-a-banan

https://drterryshapiro.com/forget-teeth-whitening-banana-peel/

https://www.purewow.com/beauty/banana-peel-teeth-whitening

https://www.quora.com/Do-banana-peels-whiten-teeth-1

https://www.southeastfamilydental.com/blog/can-you-really-use-banana-peels-to-

whiten-your-teeth/

http://studymoose.com%2Fwhite-teeth-investigatory-project-essay

%3Fdownloadessay%3Df3818f5e60345f53942c4edba8cd519b-

988ce67ad8c1f1fd4facb51a89229e09%26fbclid

%3DIwAR3DHOCOAwxE0qo2HkXP9fTJRRj3PY-jO3CS8NK99_XMWU_-

yMGKBTYGNTQ&h=AT3H6kNTkiKVd9obEpucF8FdsPxDZeoKH1gMqtb3uGtA

oXe2apRWu63JZf9g6fXbjVWB0rRWmILtPiECuAJvq4Vqyh9LRCV1hlRUJqCJ_

45NnpOXyzewTHgh2XwddtjHlgDPVzpuQHEBQx5mg77wWQ