Audioscripts HAMIETSS : www.iyuce.com product, for example. But i's absolutely crucial to recruit the right people as participants. As well as the criteria I've mentioned, they have to be comfortable talkin« iLthemselves and being Q38 watched as they go about their activities. Actually, most researchers say that people open up pretty easily, maybe because they're often in their own home or workplace. ‘So what makes this type of research special is that it's not just a matter of sending a questionnaire to the participants, instead the rescarch is usually based on first-hand 239 observation of what they are doing at the time. But that doesn't mean that the researcher over talks to the participants. However, unlike in traditional research, in this case it's the participant rather than the researchers who decides what direction the interview will follow. Thie meane that there's less likelihood of the researcher imposing his or her own ideas on the participant, But after they've said aoodbye to their participants and got back to their ottice, tne researchers’ work isn’t finished. Most researchers estimate that 70 to 80 per centof their Q40 time is spent not on the collecting of data but on its analysis ~ looking at photos, listenin: recordings and transcribing them, and so on. The researchers may end up with hundreds of pages of notes. And to determine what's significant, they don't focus on the sensational things or the unusual things, instead they try to identify a pattern af some sor in all this data, and lo discern the meaning behind it, This can result in some compelling insights that can in turn feed back to the whole design process. SECTION 1 Ros, Good morning. Stretton Festival box office. How can I help you wwe.awte: Oh, hello. My forily and | arc on holiday in the area, and wo've eoen come postore about the festival this week. Could you tell me about some of the events, please? ros: Of course. MELANE: First of all, are there stil tickets avallable for the jazz band on Saturday? ros: There are, but only £15. The £12 seats have all been sold, Example mevavie: OK. And the venue is the school, isn’t it? ros: Yes, that's right, the secondary school. Make sure you don't go to the primary school Q1 by mistake! And there's an additional performer who isn't mentioned on the posters ~ Carolyn Hart is going to play with the band. ‘evanie, Oh, I think I've heard her on the radio. Doesn't she play the oboe, or flute or something? nos: Yes, the flute. She usually plays with symphony orchestras, and apparently this is Q2 her first time with a jazz band. mcuwse: Well, I'd cortainly like to hear her. Thon the noxt thing | want to ask about is the duck races — | saw a poster beside a river. What are tney, exactly? roe: Well, you buy a yellow plastic duck — or as many as you like ~ they're a pound each, ‘And you write your name on each one, There'll be several raves, deperiding on the number of ducks taking part. And John Stevens, a champion swimmer who lives locally, is going to start the races. All the ducks will be launched into the river at the 3 back af the cinema, then they'll oat along the river for 500 metres, as far as the railway bridge. mevanie: And are there any prizes? ade «Edit by: IELTS Doan de va Giai de 118 FRARMiCtE : bbs.iyuce.com——————— FEES : www.iyuce.com Test 4 Ros: Yes, the fIfst duck in each race to arrive at the finishing line wins its owner tree a4 tickets for the concert on the last night of the festival. evan: You said you can buy a duck? I'm sure my children will both want one. ros: They’e on sale ata stall in the market. You can't miss it - it's got an enormous sign Q5 showing a couple of ducks. mctanc: OK, I'll go there thio afternoon. | remember walking past there yesterday. Now could you tell me something about the flower show, please? Ros: Well, admission is free, and the show is being held in Bythwaite Hall a6 MeLanie: Sorry, how do you spell that? ros; B-Y-T-H-W-A--T-E. Bythwaite. uri ante: Is it easy to find? I'm not very familiar with the town yet ros; Oh, you won't have any problem. I's right in the centre of Stretton. It's the only old building in the town, so it's easy to recognise. wevane: | know it.| presume it's open all day. ros: Yes, but if you'd like to see the prizes being awarded for the best flowers, you'll ‘need to be thore at 6 o'clock. The prizes are being given by a famous actor, Kevin. Q7 Shapless. He lives nearby and gets involved in a lot of community events eLante: Gosh, I've seen him on TV. I'l definitely go to the prize-giving. R08 Right. MELANIE: I've seen a list of plays that are being performed this week, and I'd like to know which are suitable for my children, and which ones my husband and | might go to ros; How old are your children? MELANE: Five and seven. What about ‘The Mystery of Muldoon’? ros That's aimed at five -year-o a8 mctawic: So if | take my children, | can oxpect thom to enjoy it more than | do? ros: I think so. If you'd like something for yourself a ag chi ith a babysitter, you might like to see ‘Fire and Flood’ - it's about events that really happened in Stretton two hundred years ago, and children might find it rather frightening. MeLanie: Oh, thanks for the warning. And finally, what about ‘Silly Sailor’? Ros: That's a comedy, and it's for young and old. In fact, it won an award in the Stretton Q10 Drama Festival a couple of months ago. mevanie. OK. Well, goodbye, and thanks for all the information. I'm looking forward lo the festival! Ros: Goodbye. SECTION 2 Good maming, and walcame te tha miisatim — ane with a ramarkahle range of exhibits, which I'm sure you'll enjoy. My name's Greg, and I'll tell you about the various collections as we go round. But before we go, let me just give you a taste of what we have here, Well, for one thing, we have a fine collection of twentieth and twenty-first century paintings, many by very well-known artists. 'm sure you'll recognise several of the paintings. This is the Q11 allery that attracts the | 13, 30 it's best to go in early in the day, before the crowds arrive. Then there are the ninoteenth contury paintings. The musoum was oponed in the middle of that century, and several of the artists each donated one work — to get the museum started, Q12 as it were. So they're of special interest to us — we feel closer to them than to other works. 119 FEAMiCtz : bbs.iyuce.comAudioscripts FRARIGNGD : www.iyuce.com The sculpture gallery has a number of fine exhibits, but I'm afraid it’s currently closed for refurbishment. You'll need to come back next year to see it properly, but a number of the ars Iptures have been moved to other parts of the museum, ‘Around the world’ is a temporary exhibition ~ you've probably seen something about iton TV. Q14 orin the newspapers. It's created a great deal of interest, because it presents objects from every continent and many countries, and provides information about their social context — why they were made, who for, and so on. Then there’s the collection of coins. This is what you might call a focused, specialist collection, because all the coins come from this country, and were produced between two thousand and a thousand years ago. And many of them were discovered by ordinary people 15 digging their gardens, and donated to the museum! ‘Allour porcelain and glass was left to the museum by its founder, when he died in 1878. And Q16 in the terms of his will, we're not allowed to add anything to that collection: he believed it was, perfect in itself, and we don’t see any reason to disagree! OK, that was something about the collections, and now here's some more practical information, in case you need it. Most of the museum facilities are downstairs, in the basement, so you go down the stairs here. When you reach the bottom of the stairs, you'll find yourself in a sitting area, with comfortable chairs and sofas where you can have a rest before continuing your exploration of the museum. We have a very good restaurant, which serves excollant food a day. in @ relaxing Qi Ifyou just want a snack, or if you'd like to eat somewhere with facilities for children, we also have a café. When you reach the bottom of the stairs, you'll need to go straight ahead. turn. Q18 tight into the corridor, and the café is immediately on th ‘And talking about children, there are baby-changing facilities downstairs: cross the sitting Q19 ‘fea, continue straight ahead along the corridor on the le 1nd your baby wil fin the facilities on the left-hand side. The cloakroom, re id le umbrellas and any lar¢ is the Q20 hand side of th ting area. It's through the Ik yr before you come to the corridor. There are toilets on every floor, but in the basement they're the first rooms on the left when you get down there. OK, now if you've got anything to leave in the cloakroom, please do that now, and then we'll start our tour. SECTION 3 supervisor: Hi, Joanna, good to meet you. Now, before we discuss your new research project, I'd like to hear something about the psychology study you did last year for your Master's degree. So how did you choose your subjects for that? soanna: Well, Ihad six subjects, all professional musicians, and all female. Three were violinists and there was also a cello player and a pianist and a flute player. They were all very highly regarded in the music world and they'd done quite extensive Q21 & 22 {ours in different continents, and quite a few had won prizes and competitions aoa as well FERMIOI. : bbs.iyuce,cOM ooan deve ciateSUPERVISOR: JOANNA: SUPERVISOR: JOANNA: ‘SUPERVISOR, JOANNA SUPERVISOR: JOANNA ‘SUPERVISOR, SUPERVISOR JOANNA SUPERVISOR: JOANNA: SUPERVISOR: JOANNA: SUPERVISOR JOANNA SUPERVISOR: JOANNA: ‘SUPERVISOR: JOANNA: RRMNBD : www.iyuce.com Test 4 And they were quite young, weren't they? Yes, between 25 and 29 - the mean was 27.8. Lwasn't specifically looking for. Q21 & 22 artists who'd produced recordings, but this is something that's just taken fo granted these days, and they all had. Right. Now you collected your data through telephone interviews, didn't you? Yes. [realised if was going to interview leading musi tdonly be possible Q23 & 24 ‘over the phone because they're so busy. | recorded them using a telephone recording adaptor. I'd been worried about the quality, but it worked out all right. | managed at least a 30-minute interview with each subject, sometimes longer. Did doing it on the phone make it more stressful? I'd thought it might ... it was all quite informal though and in fact they seemed very keen to talk. And I don't think using the phone meant Lgotless rich data, 23 & 24 rather the opposite in fact Interesting. And you were looking at how performers dress for concert performances? That's right. My research investigated the way players see their role as a musician and how this is linked to the type of clothing they decide to wear. But that focus dian't emerge immeaiately. When | started |was more interested in. 25 & 26 trying to investigate the impact of what was worn on those listening, and also whether someone like a violinist miaht adont a different stvle of clothing from. 025 & 26 meons r It's interesting that the choice of dress is up to the individual, isn't it? Yoo, you'd expect there to be rules about it in orchestras, but that's quite rare. You only had women performers in your study. Was that because of musicians are less worried about fashion? I think a lot of the men are very much influenced by fashion, but in soclalterms. Q27 the choices they have are more limited ... they'd really upset audiences if they ‘strayed away from quite narrow boundaries. Hmm. Now, popular music has quite different expectations. Did you read Mike Frost's article about the dress of women performers in popular music? No. Ho points out that a lot of female singers and musicians in popular music tend to dress down in performances, and wear less feminine clothes, like jeans instead of skirts, and he suggests this is because otherwise they'd just be discounted as. Q28 trivia. But you could argue they're just wearing what's practical ... ! mean, a pop-music concert is usually a pretty energetic affair. Yes, he doesn't make that point, but I think you're probably right. | was interested by the effect of the audience at a musical performance when it came to the choice of dress. The subjects | interviewed felt this was really important. I's all to do with what we understand by performance as a public event. They believed the audience Q29 had certain expectations and it them S ‘expectations, to show a kind of esteem they weren't afraid of looking as if they'd made an effort to look good. Mmm. | think in the past the audience would have had those expectations of, ‘one another too, hit that's not really the case now, not in the LIK anyway No. ‘And | also got interested in what sports scientists are doing too, with regard to clothing 121 RIRMitiz : bbs.iyuce.com pat* Audioscripts — aE aM SUPERVISOR: Musicians are quite vulnerable physically, aren't they, because the movements they carry out are very intensive and repetitive, so imagine some features. 30 of sports clothin. af he players from the potentially dangerous effects of this sort of thing. yonwna, Yes, but musicians don't really consider it. They avoid clothing that obviously restricts their movements, but that's as far as they go. surervisor: Anyway, coming back to your own research, do you have any idea where you're: going from here? yoanna: | was thinking of doing a study using an audience, including SECTION 4 As we saw in the last lecture, a major cause of climate change is the rapid rise in the level ‘of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over the last century. If we could reduce the amount of COz, perhaps the rate of climate change could also be slowed down. One potential method involves enhancing the role of the soil that plants grow in, with regard to absorbing CO. Rattan Lal, a soil scientist from Ohio State University, in the USA, claims that the world's agricultural soils could potentially absorb 13 per cent of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere — the equivalent of the amount released in the last 30 years. And research is going on into how this might be achieved. Lal frst came to the idea that soil might be valuable in this way not through an interest in climate change, but rather out of concern for the land itself and the people dependent on it Carbon-rich soil is dark, crumbly and fertile, and retains some water. But erosion can occur. 37 if soil is dry, which is a likely effect if it contains inadequate amounts of carbon. Erosion is of course bad for people trying to grow crops or breed animals on that terrain. In the 1970s ‘and '80s, Lal was studying soils in Africa so devoid of organic matter that the aroundhad = Q32 become extremely hard, like cement. There he met a pioneer in the study of global warming, who suggested that carbon from the soil had moved into the atmosphere. This is now looking increasingly likely. Let me explain. For millions of years, carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have been regulated, in part, by a natural partnership between plants and microbes — tiny organisms in the soil, Plan rb COr from the air and transform it ind other carbon. 933 ‘substances. While a proportion of these carbon products remain in the plant, some transfer. Q34 from the roots to fungi and soil microbes, which store the carbon in the soil. ‘The invention of agriculture some 10,000 years ago disrupted these ancient soil-building processes and led to the loss of carbon from the soil. When humans started draining the ‘natural topsoil, and ploughing it up for planting, they exposed the buried carbon to oxygen. This created carbon dioxide and released it into the air. And in some places, grazing by domesticated animals has removed all vegetation, releasing carbon into the air. Tons of carbon have been stripped from the world’s soils - where it's needed ~ and pumped into the atmosphere. ‘So what can be done? Researchers are now coming up with evidence that even modest changes to farming can significantly help to reduce the amount of carbon in the atmosphere ‘Some growers have already started using an approach known as regenerative agriculture. This aims to boost the fertility of soil and keep it moist through established practices. These Q35 include keeping fields planted all year round, and increasing the variety of plants being 236 grown. Strategies like these can significantly increase the amount of carbon stored in the soil, so agricultural researchers are now building a case for their use in combating climate change. toe ” HMMICiE : bbs.iyuce,com nn —RMS | www.iyuce.com Test 4 ‘One American investigation into the potential for storing CO; on agricultural lands is taking place in California. Soil scientist Whendee Silver of the University of California, Berkeley. is conducting a first-of-its-kind study on a large cattle farm in the state. She and her students Q37 are testing the effects on carbon storage of the compost that is created from waste — both agricultural, including manure and cornstalks, and waste produced in gardens, such as 38 leaves, branches, and lawn trimmings. In Australia, soil ecologist Christine Jones is testing another promising soil-enrichment strategy. Jones and 12 farmers are working to build up soil carbon by cultivating grasses 239 that stay green all year round. Like composting, the approach has already been proved experimentally; Jones now hopes to show that it can be applied on working farme and that le resulting carbon capture can be accurately measures. Its hoped in the tuture that protects such as these will demonstrate the role that farmers and other land managers can play in reducing the harmful effects of greenhouse gases. For example, in countries like the United States, where most farming operations use large applications of fertiliser, changing such long-standing habits will require a change of system, Ratlan Lal argues that farmers should receive payment not just for the corn or beef they 40 produce._but also for the carhon they can store in their soi Another study being carried out Edit by: IELTS Doan de va Giai de juce.com 1423 FRFRMICHE : bbs.