Polytechnic University of the Philippines

College of Engineering

Fluid Machinery Final Examination

Name: John David C. Anunciacion Instructor: Engr. Armingol Morales

Student No.: 2018-16172-MN-1 Section: BSME 5-1

1. Define/Explain.
a) Hydraulic Grade Lines
The surface or profile of water flowing in an open channel or a pipe flowing
partially full. If a pipe is under pressure, the hydraulic grade line is that level
water would rise to in a small, vertical tube connected to the pipe.

b) Energy Line
A line that represents the elevation of energy head (in feet or meters) of water
flowing in a pipe, conduit, or channel. The line is drawn above the hydraulic
grade line (gradient) a distance equal to the velocity head (V2/2g) of the water
flowing at each section or point along the pipe or channel.

c) Diverging Suction
The fluid leaving the impeller first flows through a vaneless space before entering
the diffuser vanes. The divergence angle of the diffuser passage is of the order of
8-10 ° which ensures no boundary layer separation. The optimum number of
vanes are fixed by a compromise between the diffusion and the frictional loss.

d) Water Hammer
Water hammer is a phenomenon that can occur in any piping system where
valves are used to control the flow of liquids or steam.

e) Pump Hydraulic Troubles

A failure or trouble experience in the system with regards to pump hydraulic
system such as high temperatures, low pressure readings and slow or erratic
operation are glaring problems.

f) Pump Mechanical Troubles

The failure or problem experienced in the system regarding with mechanical
components such as damaged parts due to cavitation, corrosion, or overloading.

g) Feedwater Pump
A feed pump is a specific type of pump primarily used to pump feedwater into
industrial boilers for steam generation. The steam can be used to rotate a turbine
or other machine rotors. Feed pumps raise the pressure so feedwater can enter
the boiler.
 h) Condensate Pump
Condensate pumps are a type of centrifugal pump that is used to collect and
disperse the hot water and liquid produced by condensation from heating
systems, such as gas and oil condensing boilers, from the production of
refrigerated air, such as air conditioning and refrigeration systems, air
dehumidifiers and evaporators, and the steam produced by heat exchangers and
radiators.

i) Impulse Turbine
Impulse turbines are defined as turbines in which high-velocity jets of water or
steam collide with the blades of the turbine to rotates the turbine and produce
electricity using this winding.

j) Pelton Wheel
The Pelton wheel extracts energy from the impulse of moving water, as opposed
to water's dead weight like the traditional overshot water wheel.

2. A boiler feed pump receives 45 liters per second of water at 190oC and enthalpy of 839.33
kJ/kg. It operates against a head of 952m. with efficiency of 70%. Estimate the water leaving
temperature assuming that the temperature rise is due to the inefficiency of the input energy.
Given: Required:
T1 = 190C h1 = 839.3 kJ/kg. h2
H = 952m

Solution:
Waterpower = 𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻 = 1000 𝑥 9.81 𝑥 45 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 952
= 420.26 𝑥 103 𝑊 = 420.26 𝑘𝑊

𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Enthalpy at exit of pump = h1 + ṁ
420.26
= 839.33 + 45 𝑥 10−3
0.00142

h2 = 869.96 kJ/kg (Ans)

3. Calculate the drive horsepower for pumping 1703 L/min cold water to a tank suction at
127mm. Hg vacuum, delivery at 5.3 kh/cm2 ga., both measured close to pump eff., e = 0.65.
Given: Required:
Q = 1703 L/min ds = 127mm Horsepower of drive (Pdrive)

Solution:
Let
Hd = Total head at discharge
Hs = Total head at suction
H = Hd - Hs = The total head
 𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑚
(5.3+0.172) (100) 2
𝑐𝑚2 𝑚
H= 𝑘𝑔 = 54.72𝑚
1000 3
𝑚
Pump power:
P = 𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻
1703
P = 1000 𝑥 9.81 𝑥 1000 𝑥 60
𝑥 54.72
P = 15236.254 W = 15.236 kW
P = 15.236 x 1.341 = 20.43 hp
The drive of the pump:
20.43
Pdrive = 0.65
Pdrive = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟒𝟑 𝒉𝒑 (Ans)

4. A pelton type turbine was installed 30m below the head gate of the penstock. The head loss
due to friction is 15% of the given elevation. The length of the penstock is 80m. and the
coefficient of friction 0.00093. Determine the power output in kW.
Given: Required:
Hloss = 0.15 x 30 = 4.5m L = 80m Power output (P)
𝜇 = 0.00093

Solution:
Head available = 0.85 x 30 = 25.5 m
4𝜇𝐿𝑣 2
∆ℎ =
2𝑔𝐷
𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ = √2𝑥9.81𝑥25.5

𝑣 = 22.3676 𝑚/𝑠
4 𝑥 0.00093 𝑥 80 𝑥 (22.3676)2
4.5 = 2 𝑥 9.81 𝑥 𝐷

𝐷 = 1.6864 𝑚
Solving for power output P
P = 𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻
𝜋
P = 1000 ( 𝑥 𝐷 2 𝑥 𝑣) 9.81 𝑥 25.5
4
P = 12497.975x103 W
P = 12497.975 kW (Ans)

5. Give and discuss the characteristics of Hydraulic Grade Line and Energy Lines respectively.
Characteristic of Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)

• A hydraulic grade line (HGL) can be drawn to show the variation of the piezometric head
• The distance from the centerline of the pipe to the HGL is the pressure head
• An HGL above a pipe corresponds to positive pressure
• while an HGL below the centerline means that the pressure is negative.
Characteristic of Energy Grade Line (EGL)

• An energy grade line (EGL) shows the variation of the total head
• A line that represents the elevation of energy head (in feet or meters) of water flowing in
a pipe, conduit, or channel
• Since the difference between the total head and the piezometric head is the velocity
head, the distance between the EGL and the HGL is also the velocity head

Illustration of HGL and EGL