Lie Detection Technique

LESSON 1

Significance of Polygraphy in Law enforcement

and Criminal Investigation

Leaning Objectives:

At the end of this lesson YOU will be able to;

 Differentiate polygraphy and polygraph

 Recognize the different personalities who contributed to the
development of Polygraphy
 Define the different Operational term use in Polygraphy

Lie Detector is the popular but misleading name of the polygraph. A POLYGRAPH
is an instrument or a tool that is use for detection of deception examination.
Polygraph is also known as TRUTH VERIFIER since statistics show that the vast
majority of the instances the instrument verifies an innocent persons' truthfulness.

What are the objectives of a polygraph examination?

Polygraph Examination is conducted in order to;

 Obtain additional investigation leads to the facts of the case/offenses

 Ascertain if a person is telling the truth
 Locate the fruits or tools of crime and whereabouts of wanted person.
 Identify other persons involved (accomplices of crime)
 Obtain valuable information from reluctant witnesses
 Eliminate the innocent’s suspect.

Personalities in The History of Polygraph and Their Contribution

 Angelo Mosso – pursued in his studies of emotion and fear and its influence on the
heart and respiration with an instrument of measuring blood pressure and pulse
change called a plethysmograph.
He was the first scientist to report on experiments in which he observed that a
person’s breathing pattern changed under certain stimuli; and that this change, in
turn, caused variations in their blood pressure and pulse rate.
 Cesare Lombroso – employed the first scientific instrument to detect deception. He
modified an existing instrument called a hydrosphygmograph and this modified
device in his experiments to measure the physiological changes that occurred in a
crime suspect’s blood pressure and pulse rate during police interrogation.
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 George Sticker – first person to suggest the use of galvanograph for detecting
deception. He theorized that the galvanic skin phenomenon was influenced by
exciting mental impression,
 Sir James Mackenzie – an English heart specialist who constructed the clinical
polygraph an instrument to be used for medical examination, records undulated line
tracings of the vascular pulses, (radial, venous, and arterial), by way of a stylus onto
revolving drum of smoked paper.
Refined his clinical polygraph in his article entitled, “The Ink Polygraph”.
 Otto Veraguth – was the first to use the term “PSYCHOGALVANIC REFLEX”, an
idea that the electrical phenomenon was due to the activity of sweat glands.
 Hugo Munsterburg – proposed and advocated that lie test based on lie detector
should be admissible as evidence in court.
 Vittorio Benussi – successfully detected deception with a pneumograph, an
instrument that graphically measures an examinee’s inhalation and exhalation and
demonstrated that changes in breathing patterns accompany.
 William M. Marston – devised the systolic blood pressure deception test.

 John A. Larson – developed the Larson Polygraph, an instrument capable of

continuously recording blood pressure, pulse, and respiration.

 Leornade Keeler – who had gained firsthand experience in polygraph interrogation.

He patented what is now understood as the prototype of the modern polygraph.
He founded the world’s first polygraph school – Keeler Polygraph Institute in
Chicago, Illonoise.

WHO USES POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION?

The three segments of society use the polygraph as a means of detecting deception
namely;
LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY
a. Philippine National Police (PNP)
b. National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)
LEGAL COMMUNITY
a. Public Attorney’s Office (PAO)
b. District Attorney’s Office (DAO)
c. Parole and Probation Office (PPO)
PRIVATE SECTORS
a. private companies or individuals not involving the legal CJS.

OPERATIONAL TERMS IN POLYGRAPHY

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 Polygraphy – from the Greek words: “POLY” which means many or more; and
“GRAPHOS” which means writings. Is defined as the scientific deception method of
detecting deception with the use of a polygraph.

 Polygraph -(or Deceptograph, or Lie-Detector, or the Pneumo-Galvo-Sphygmo-

Cardio-Graph") is an instrument or device capable of recording bodily changes
occurring in the blood-pressure/pulse rates, respiration, and the electrical properties
of the skin (or the galvanic-skin-reflexor GSR), which are indicative of emotional
excitement, especially of lying, when questioned.

 Deception - is an act of deceiving or misleading which is usually accomplished by

lying.

 Lying - as commonly used in our study, is the uttering or conveying falsehood or

creating a false or misleading impression with the intention of wrongfully affecting
the acts, opinion or affection of another. It can be accomplished either by:
 verbal terms spoken by the mouth;
 acts, feigns, ruses or other means by which man may be able to get the desired
results through marks and symbols.

 Detection - is the act of discovering the existence or presence of something hidden or

obscured.

 Emotion- is the complex state of feelings, involving Conscious experience, internal

and external physical responses, and power to motivate the organism to action.

 Fear is an. emotional response to specific danger that appears to beyond a person's
defensive power.

 Stimulus is the force or motion reaching the organism from the environment and
excites the receptors.

 Reaction - is any activity aroused in an organism by a stimulus, which is of mental

processes.

 Response is any reaction, usually of muscular usually or glandular processes, that

depends on stimulation.

 Specific Response - is one that is exhibited by the Subject to a particular question,

which is a deviation from his norm.

 Subject - as often used in our discussion, refers to any person undergoing polygraph
examination. He maybe a suspect, the complainant, the witness, the victim or the
relative of the victim or suspect (in case of criminal investigation or interrogation),
or he may be an aspiring job applicant (in case of employment in the government or
private institution) undergoing screening through loyalty check or integrity test.
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 Polygraph Examiner/ Polygraphist/ or merely Examiner/ - is the one conducting the
Polygraph Test or Examination.

 Polygraph Test, or Polygraph Examination is the whole process of questioning or the

taking of one chart from a series of questions or all of the charts and question sheets
used in the test.

 Polygraph Chart/ Polygram, or simply Chart/ Graph - refers to the recorded tracings
of all the emotional patterns permanently on the Charts or Graphs from series of
questions. series of

 Disturbance it refers to the conflict between what is true and the attempted deception
that creates an internal battle in the mind.

 Normal Response - it is a tracing exhibited by the subject when irrelevant question is

being asked or no question at all.

LESSON 2

Psychology of Lying
Leaning Objectives:

At the end of this lesson YOU will be able to;

 Define deception and lying

 Classify the different types of Lies and liar.
 Understand the importance of detecting deception in conducting
investigation

Deception - is an act of deceiving or misleading which is usually accomplished by lying.

Lying - as commonly used in our study, is the uttering or conveying falsehood or creating a
false or misleading impression with the intention of wrongfully affecting the acts, opinion or
affection of another. It can be accomplished either by:
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• verbal terms spoken by the mouth;
• acts, feigns, ruses or other means by which man may be able to get the desired
results through marks and symbols.

5 General Kinds of Lie

a. White Lie or Benign Lie – these are the kind of lies used to protect or maintain the
harmony of friendship or any relationship.
b. Pathological Lie – this is a lie made by a person who cannot distinguish right from
wrong.
c. Red lie – this involves political interests and motives because this is a part of
communist propaganda.
d. Black Lie – a lie which accompanies pretensions and hypocrisies, intriguing to cause
dishonor or discredits one’s good image.
e. Malicious Lie or Judicial Lie – this is very pure and unjustifiable kind of lie that is
intended purely to mislead or obstruct justice.

Types of lies
a. Direct denial – this is the direct denial of the act in question that creates an emotional
sense of disturbance. This disturbance refers to the conflict between what is true and the
attempted deception that creates an internal battle in mind.

b. Lying by omission – this is a type of lie that people usually used because it is simple to
tell. Individuals who will make use of his type of lie will tell the truth while omitting details
that could create possible troubles.

c. Lie of Fabrication – this is the most difficult type of lie that a subject could use in an
interview.
d. Lie of Minimization – in this type of lie individual will accept something has occurred but
downplays the implication. It could be use if the subject wanted to stay close to the truth;
however, he covers the truth for his or her own benefit.
e. Lie of Exaggeration – this is a lie often used to exaggerate things for the hope of
obtaining some advantage. The exaggerated claims can be verified by looking for
inconsistencies of the subject’s story.

Other kinds of Lie

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1. Fabrication - a lie told when someone submits a statement of truth, without
knowing a statement as truth, without knowing for certain whether or not it actually
is true. Although the statement may be possible, it is not based on the facts.

2. Bold – faced lie – as one which is told when it is obvious to all concerned that is a
lie. For example, a child who has chocolate all around his mouth and denies that he
has eaten any chocolate is a bold face liar.

3. Lying by omission – one lies by omission by omitting an important fact.

Deliberately leaving another person with a misconception.

4. Lie to children – often a platitude which may use euphemism, which is told to make
an adult subject acceptable to children.

5. Noble lie – one which normally cause discord if it were uncovered, but which offers
some benefit to the liar and assists in an orderly society, therefore potentially
beneficial to others.

6. Emergency Lie – is a strategic lie when the truth may not be told because it may
harm a third party. Example a neighbor might lie to an enraged husband about the
whereabouts of his wife.

7. Perjury Lie – the act of lying or making verifiably false statement on a material
matter under oath or affirmation in a court of law, or any various sworn statements
in writing.

8. Bluffing – pretending to have a capability or intention which one does not actually
possess.

9. Jocose Lies – are those which are meant in jest, and are usually understood as such
by all present parties. Teasing and sarcasm are example.

10. Contextual Lies – One can state part of the truth of context, knowing that without a
complete information, it gives a false impression.

11. Promotion Lies – advertisement often contain statements which are incredible.

KINDS OF LIAR

Panic liar – a person who lies in order to avoid the consequences of confession. He or she is afraid
when it of embarrassment to loved ones and is a serious blow to his or her ego.

Occupational Liar – is someone who has lied for years. This person is a practical liar and lies when
it has a higher payoff telling the truth.

Tournament Liar – a person who loves to lie and is excited by the challenge of being detected. He
views an interview as another contest and wants to win. He like to lies because it is the only weapon
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remaining with which to fight. This person realizes that he or she will probably be convicted but will
not give anyone the satisfaction of hearing him or her confess.

Ethnological Liar – a person who was trained not to be a squealer this person loves to be
interrogated and has taken creed either personal or with others, that he or she will never reveal the
truth., the creed of underworld gangs.

Psychopathic Liar – this type of liar has no conscience. He shows no regret for dishonest actions
and no manifestations of guilt. This is the most difficult type of liar because he is a good actor he can
fool most investigators.

Black Liar – a person who always pretends and hypocrite.

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Methods of Detecting Deception

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this lesson YOU will be able to;

 Trace the history of detecting deception and lying.

 Identify the different methods of detecting deception.
 Assess the Psychological and Physiological aspect of lying.

Historical Perspective of Deception and lying

a. History of lying

The Idea that lying produces physical side effects has long been claimed. In Western Africa
a persons suspected of a crime were made to pass a bird’s egg to one another. If the person broke the
egg, then he or she was considered guilty, based on the idea that their nervousness was to blame. In
ancient China the suspect held handful of rice in his or her mouth during a prosecutor’s speech.
Since salvation was believed to ceases at times of emotional anxiety, the person has considered
guilty by the end of that speech that the rice was dry.

Lying has an unquestionable value in human culture, for the ability to deceive one’s peers
has evolved into one of the most advanced and powerful of our central functions.

b. Early Methods of Detecting Deception

Ordeal - an ancient test of guilt or innocence by subjection of the accused to severe pain, survival of
which was taken as divine proof of innocence. Some are the ancient methods of detecting deception.

i. Trial by Combat
ii. Trial by Ordeal
iii. Trial by Hot Iron Ordeal
iv. Ordeal by Balance
v. Ordeal of Rice by Chewing
vi. Donkey’s Tall Ordeal

c. Consequences of lying
1. Discovered – discovery of lie tends to discredit other statements by the same speaker and
can lead to social and legal sanctions against the speaker.
2. Remain Undiscovered – undiscovered lie is a latent danger to liar who is probably
aware that it may be discovered.
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d. Augustine’s Taxonomy of Lie

1. Lies in religious teaching

2. Lies that harm others and help no one.
3. Lies that harm others and help someone.
4. Lies told for the pleasure of lying.
5. Lies told to “please others in smooth discourse”
6. Lies that harm no one and that help someone.
7. Lies that harm no one and that saves someone’s life.
8. Lies that harm no one and that saves someone’s purity.

Forerunners of scientific methods of detecting deception

[Link]

• This method was introduced by an Austrian Physician Franz(Friedrich) Anton

Mesmer. He believed in animal magnetism, by which in his own personal electro –
magnetism, therapeutic influenced other persons.

• These effects produced were attributed to the state of mind of a subject whereby he
is set up, and thereby instructed to sit quietly and gazed at flashing light or shiny
object tangled in front of his eyes and to cooperate with whatever the hypnotist
would like him to do.

2. Word association test

• Introduce by Sir Francis Galton in 1879

• This method is done by giving a subject a long list of carefully selected stimulus
words or objects with the other pictures combined with the other irrelevant
words, objects or pictures with the instruction to respond with the very first
word that may come to a subjects mind.

3. The truth serum method

• Introduce by Dr. Edward Mandel House.

• The objective the test is to extract from the subconscious mind of the subject the
stored contents of the mind called Memory.

• A drug called Byosine Hydrobromide was repeatedly administered to the subject’s

body.

4. Narco – analysis or narco synthesis

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• This method of detecting deception was practically the same as that of administration
of truth serum.

• The drug called Sodium Amytal or Sodium Penthotal is administered to the subject.

5. Intoxication

• This was practiced by means of drinking alcoholic beverages as stimuli to obtain

truth on the part of the subject.

6. Psychological stress evaluator (PSE)

• The psychological stress evaluator (PSE) detects, measures and graphically displays
the voice modulations that we cannot hear.

7. A Polygraph test

Is an instrument that measures and records several physiological responses such as:

a. blood pressure

b. pulse

c. respiration

d. skin conductivity – while the subject is asked and answers a series of questions, on the
basis that false answers will produce distinctive measurements. The polygraph measures
the physiological changes caused by the sympathetic nervous system during questioning.

Psychological and Physiological aspects of lying

1. Sweating – sweating accompanied with the flushed face indicate anger, embarrassment or
extreme nervousness. Sweating with a pale face may indicate shock of fear. Sweating hands
indicate tension.

2. Color change – if the face is flushed, it may indicate anger, embarrassment or shame. A
pale face is a more common sign of guilt.

3. Dryness of the mouth – nervous tension causes reflex inhibition of salivary secretion and
consequently dryness of the mouth. This causes continuous swallowing and licking of the
lips.
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4. Excessive activity of Adam’s apple – on account of the dryness of the throat aside from
the mouth the subject will swallow saliva from the mouth, this causes the frequent upward
and downward movement of the Adam’s apple.

5. Fidgeting - subject is constantly moving about the chair, pulling his ears, rubbing his face,
picking and tweaking the nose, crossing or uncrossing the legs, rubbing the hair, eyes,
eyebrows, biting or snapping of fingernails. These are indicators of nervous tension.

6. Peculiar Feeling inside – there is a sensation of lightness of the head and the subject is
confused. This is the result of his troubled conscience.

7. Swearing to the truthfulness of his assertion – usually a guilty subject frequently utters
such expression. “I swear to God I am telling the truth” or “ I hope my mother drops dead if
I am Lying”, “I swear to God”…etc. such expressions are make to make forceful and
convincing his assertion of innocence.

8. Spotless record – “Religious Man” – the subject may assert that it is not possible for him
to do” “anything like that” in as much as he is a religious man and that he has a spotless
record.

9. Inability to look at the investigator straight in the eye – the subject does not like to look at
the investigator for fear that his guilt may be seen in his eyes. He will rather look to the floor
or ceiling.

10. Not that I remember expression – the subject will resort to the use of “Not that I
remember” expression when answering to be evasive or to avoid committing something
prejudicial to him.

Non – verbal behavioral assessment?

The corresponding line of suspect assessment is the non – verbal. What is being evaluated is
the body of natural, unintentional, often instinctual physical responses to certain stimuli.
Sigmund Freud confirmed the significance of non – verbal behavior in assessing the
overall psychological state and subconscious effect concealment.

CATEGORIES OF NON – VERBAL BEHAVIORS

1. EMBLEMS
These are non – verbal behavior that expresses the entire communication. No spoken words
are necessary. Emblems are accurate clues of person’s true feelings and statements.
Example;
Rising of a person’s hand standing alongside the road to hitch a ride, even though the he
never said a word.
Thumb rising when asked how he feels about being interviewed.

2. ILLUSTRATOR
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Are non – verbal behaviors which assist the listener better understand the verbal
communication. They indicate consistency between – non –verbal and verbal messages.
Example:
speaker who uses his hand to demonstrate the beat of his words.
A distaste facial expression of a person as he tells you that he is eating is not very good.
Banging on the table by a person with his fist as he speaks angrily.

3. ADAPTER
Are non – verbal behaviors that serve as no purpose in helping the verbal communication,
and often detract from it. They are indicators of deception. As with the illustrators, adapters
often occur as hand gestures and body position and include any type of rubbing, stroking,
picking, massaging or touching of the body or face.

Areas to note when assessing non – verbal behaviors.

1. General Posture
2. Head and Face
3. Eyes
4. Arms and Hands
5. Sense Arousal Gesture
6. Feet and Legs.

LESSON 4

The Polygraph and its Components

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this lesson YOU will be able to;

 Classify the different components of a polygraph instrument and its

functions.
 Distinguish analog polygraph and computerized polygraph
instrument.

History of the Polygraph

The polygraph instrument usually measures four to six physiological reactions recorded by
three different medical instruments that are combined in one machine. Older polygraph
machines were equipped with the long strips of paper that moved slowly beneath pens that
recorded the various physiological responses. Newer equipment uses transducers to convert
the information to digital signals that can be stored on computers and analyzed using
sophisticated mathematical algorithms.

Basic uses of the polygraph

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 Specific case
 Paired testing
 Periodic Clearance
 Pre – employment

Polygraph is a machine& commonly used in attempts to detect lies& that measures several
o# the physiological responses accompanying emotion. Some of the responses include
perspiration& cardiovascular and breathing changes.

Physiology - A science that deals with the ways that living things function.

The physiological changes within the examinee’s body are monitored by the following
polygraph attachments;

 Respiratory rate
 Blood pressure/Heart Rate
 Galvanic Skin Resistance

[Link] Rate

Two rubber tubes filled with air, called pneumographs, are place around the
examinee’s chest and abdomen. When the chest or abdominal muscles expand, the air inside
the tubes is displaced. The digital or computerized polygraph employs transducers to convert
the energy of the displaced air into electronic signals

[Link] Pressure/ Heart Rate

A blood pressure cuff is placed around the examinee’s upper arm. Tubing runs from
the cuff to the polygraph. Again, in digital or computerized polygraphs, these signals are
converted into electrical signal by transducers.

[Link] Skin Resistance

This is also called electro – dermal activity and is basically a measure of sweat on
the subject finger tips. The fingertips are one of the most porous areas in the body and
therefore a good place to look for sweat. The theory is we sweat more when we are place
when we are placed under stress. Electrodes are attached at the subject fingers; it will
measure the skin’s ability to conduct electricity.

The Analog Polygraph

Instrument
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[Link]

An analog polygraph is a kind of polygraph machine that can measure at least three different
physiological responses.

Computerized Polygraph Instrument

https://

[Link]/[Link]

Since 1993 the computerized polygraph machine has replaced the analog machine just like
the analog polygraph& the computerized polygraph measures a person’s heart rate& leg
movements & sweating and other physiological responses. It is quite comprehensive and
tells if a person is not telling the truth.

The main difference between the analog and computerized polygraph is that the

computerized makes its recording on computers hard disk, which can be viewed on a  screen
or printed out.

Components of The Polygraph Instrument

 Pneumograph component

This component occupies the two/ upper pens of the instrument which records the thoracic
and abdominal breathing patterns of respiration. This is accomplished through the use of a
pneumograph consisting of two hollow corrugated tubes. This breathing or pneumo unit is a
low pressure unit, the inhalation/exhalation of the subject causes the tubes to expand and
contract, thereby reflecting the change through billows to the pen into chart.

 The Cardiograph Component

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This is the fourth and the bottom pen of the instrument. This cardio unit is a
mechanically operated unit. This system records changes in mean blood pressure,
rate and strength of pulse beat by means of a medical blood pressure cuff containing
a rubber bladder that is wrapped around the upper arm.

 Galvanograph Component

This is the longest and the third pen of the instrument. The electrodes are
attached to the finger and the ring finger of the left hand. The electrodes used for
obtaining the recording of the GSR or electro –dermal responses, are fastened to the
hand finger by means of the passage of an imperceptible amount of electrical current
through the hand finger bearing the attached electrodes.

[Link]

1. Pneumo 1 – at the Abdomen

2. Pneumo 2 – chest/ thorsic
3. Galvano – Index and ring fingers on the Left
4. Cardiosphygmograph – BP cuff on the right.

 Kymograph – is a motor that pulls or drive the chart paper under the recording pen
simultaneously at the rate of six to twelve inches per minute. Chart roll are about 100
feet long, 6 inches wide ½ inch margin apart.

THE POLYGRAPH EXAMINER

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Learning Objectives:

At the end of this lesson YOU will be able to;

• Determine the role of the Forensic Psycho – physiologist in

Polygraph Examination.
• Understand the idea of Polygraph examination as an aid in Criminal
Investigation.
• Familiarize the Rights of the subject in undergoing Polygraph test.

Polygraph Examiner

• Is the one who is capable of being able to detect deception or verify

truth of statement through instrumentation or the use of mechanical
device called POLYGRAPH.
• Today polygraph examiners prefer to be called Forensic Psycho –
Physiologist(FPs).

The forensic psycho – physiologist has several tasks in performing a polygraph exam;

a. Setting up the polygraph and preparing the subject being tested

b. Asking questions
c. Profiling the test subject
d. Analyzing and evaluating the data

Take note;

1. Purpose of polygraph examination is to determine the truth or deception

based on the presence of emotional disturbance of the subject as appearing on the
recorded physiological responses to questions relative to the case under
investigation.

2. There are only two people in the room during a polygraph examination – a.
the person conducting the exam – b. the subject being tested.

Role of a polygraph examiner

1. Conduct of polygraph examination of persons involved in criminal case, pre

– employment and periodic screening referred to the division.
2. Interpret and evaluate the chart.
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3. Interviews, investigators, victims, suspects, witnesses and conducts pre – test
interview.
4. Renders reports on cases handled.
5. Appears as expert witness in civil and military courts
6. Conducts lectures and demonstration on the lie detection technique.
7. Conduct research on modern scientific methods in detecting deception.
8. Performs all other duties as chief division may direct.

Rights of the subject

1. Right to be examined by a qualified examiner.

2. Right to be determined fit for examination.
3. Right to be informed of the reason for the lie detection test.
4. Right to have an explanation of the lie detector instrument and what it does.
5. Right to consent the lie detector test.
6. He must not be compelled to undergo prolonged questioning.
7. Subject should not be expose to oral vilification or abuse.
8. Subject must not be expose in physical abuse
9. Right to refuse to submit to the lie – detector test.
10. Subject must not expose to mental and physical abuse.

Who Are Qualified to Undergo Polygraph Test?

• Polygraph examination may only be conducted to persons who comply the following
minimum requirements;
• With goodnight sleeps at-least five hours.
• Refrain from smoking at-least (2) two hours before the test.
• Must not be pregnant or not having her monthly period. (woman)
• Must not have been subjected for physical abuse.
• Must not suffering from any temporary illness, such as: headache, toothache, stomach
ache & etc…
• Must not be under the influence of liquor or drugs.
• No sexual indulgence prior to the test.

KINDS OF ERRORS IN POLYGRAPH TEST

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FALSE NEGATIVE
FALSE POSITIVE - occurs when a deceptive examinee
- occurs when a truthful examinee is is reported as truthful.
reported as being deceptive.

Causes of polygraph errors

1. Failure of examiner to properly prepare the examinee for the examination.

2. Misreading of the physiological data on the polygraph charts.
3. Defective Polygraph Machine.

Conclusions that a polygraph may reach;

1. Subject is telling the truth

2. Subject is not telling the truth
3. The result in inconclusive

Note:

 A polygraph test normally lasts between one and a half hours to two and half
hours.
 Polygraph test result in the Philippines is not admissible in evidence as of guilt of
an accused.
 Polygraph test is voluntary.
 The accuracy of polygraph test is about 90% provided the examiner is competent
and the polygraph machine is in good working conditions.  Polygraph is an
investigative tool.
 The principle behind a lie detection test is that when the subject hears a question
which he or she intends to lie, the brain interprets and triggers.