Introduction to
Well Testing
Network of Excellence in Training
Well Testing and Interpretation
• Introduction
• Well Testing Procedures and Hardware
• Examples of Typical Flow regimes
• Conclusions
Network of Excellence in Training
Description of a Well Test
pi
Pressure, p
t Dd
p BU
p Dd
p(t=0) t BU
Rate, q
drawdown build-up
Time, t
Drawdown : p pi p(t )
Build-up : p p(t ) p( t 0)
Network of Excellence in Training
Well Test Objectives
• EXPLORATION WELL
• APPRAISAL WELL
• DEVELOPMENT WELL
Network of Excellence in Training
Well Test Objectives
• EXPLORATION
– Nature and rate of produced fluid
– Initial pressure
– Reservoir properties
Network of Excellence in Training
Well Test Objectives
• APPRAISAL
• Reservoir properties
• permeability
• heterogeneity
• reservoir boundaries
• Well productivity
• Fluid properties (sampling)
Network of Excellence in Training
Well Test Objectives
• DEVELOPMENT
• Reservoir properties
• drainage mechanism (permanent gauges)
• communication between wells
• Well productivity
• Average pressure
Network of Excellence in Training
Information obtained from Well Testing
• RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION
• Reservoir responses
• Reservoir in dynamic condition (flow lines are established)
• Large volume investigated (averaging)
– Results
• Permeability (horizontal k and vertical kv)
• Reservoir heterogeneities
– natural fractures,
– layering,
– change of characteristics.
• Pressure (initial pi and average p )
• Boundaries (distance and shape)
Network of Excellence in Training
Information obtained from Well Testing
• WELL DESCRIPTION
• Results
• Production potential
• productivity index PI,
• skin factor S
• Well geometry
Network of Excellence in Training
Interpretation Methodology
I S O
input system output
Inverse problem : O / I = S
Direct problem : I *S = O
Network of Excellence in Training
Input Data required for Well Test Analysis
• TEST DATA
• Flow rate (sequence of event)
• Bottom hole pressure
• WELL DATA
• Wellbore radius rw and geometry
• Depths (formation, gauges)
Network of Excellence in Training
Input Data required for Well Test Analysis
• RESERVOIR AND FLUID PARAMETER
– Formation thickness h (net)
– Porosity
– Formation volume factor B
– Oil viscosity
– Compressibility of oil co, water cw and formation
cf, water saturation Sw
ct co 1 S w cw S w c f
Network of Excellence in Training
Types of Well Tests
• PROCEDURE
• Drawdown test
• Build-up test
• Injection test / fall-off test
• Interference test and pulse test
• Gas well test
• Flow after flow test,
• Isochronal test,
• Modified isochronal test
Network of Excellence in Training
Types of Well Tests
• COMPLETION
– Production test
– Drill stem test (DST)
Network of Excellence in Training
Test Sequence (oil well)
Pressure, p
Initial Build-up
shut-in
Rate, q Clean Variable Stabilized
up rate rate
Time, t
• Clean-up period (drilling and completion fluids, no measurement)
• Initial shut-in (pressure gauge at depth, initial pressure pi)
• Variable rate (start of rate measurement)
• Stabilized rate (main flow)
• Shut-in: build-up period
Network of Excellence in Training
Drill Stem Test
• ONSHORE
TESTING Flowhead
BOP Stack
Casing
Tubing
Test tool
Packer
Network of Excellence in Training
Drill Stem Test
• OFFSHORE TESTING
Fixed point at
Packer
Fixed Rig (100 m maximum)
Network of Excellence in Training
Drill Stem Test
DST STRINGS
• Open hole
– Open hole
packer
– Barefoot
– Zonal Isolation
• Cased hole
Network of Excellence in Training
Surface Equipment
• FLOW HEAD: flowing, killing, wireline
• CHOKE MANIFOLD: positive & adjustable
• HEATER: hydrates, high viscosity
• SEPARATOR: metering of three phases
• TANK: oil rate
• BURNER
Network of Excellence in Training
Surface Equipment
SURFACE SETUP
Flowhead
Burner
Choke
maniflod
Heater
Rig HP Gas
Gas
pump
manifold
Separator
Water Oil
Water Air
pump compressor Oil
Surge manifold
tank
Burner
Transfer pump
Network of Excellence in Training
Test Separator Gas
Effluent
Water Oil
• THREE PHASES: oil, water and gas
• RATE MEASUREMENT
• Oil and water: positive displacement
• Gas: orifice meter
Network of Excellence in Training
Down Hole Equipment
• PRESSURE GAUGES: memory or surface read out
• DOWN HOLE VALVE: DST, sampling
• BOTTOM HOLE SAMPLER: PVT analysis
• RFT, MDT: initial pressure, gradient & contacts,
permeability
Network of Excellence in Training
Safety
• EQUIPMENT: pressure, temperature, sour gas
• PROCEDURE: pressure test, emergency shut-down,
day / night, safe area
• ENVIRONMENT: burning, oil drop out
Network of Excellence in Training
Wellbore Storage
rw
r
pi
pw
Network of Excellence in Training
Wellbore Storage
Pressure, p tDd
pDd pBU
tBU
q Surface
Rate, q
q Sand Face
Time, t
Network of Excellence in Training
Wellbore Storage
C : wellbore storage coefficient
V
C coVw (Bbl/psi)
p
with
co : fluid compressibility
Vw : wellbore volume
Vu
non-eruptive well: C
g
Network of Excellence in Training
Wellbore Storage
• Straight line on linear scale (at the beginning of
the response)
Pressure change, p
BS
W
m p
qB
t
24C
Elapsed time, t
Network of Excellence in Training
Radial Flow Regime (infinite
homogeneous behavior)
p ri
rw r
pi
S=0
pwf
Network of Excellence in Training
Radial Flow Regime
(infinite homogeneous behavior)
p ri
rw r
pi
pwf(S=0) S>0
p skin
pwf(S>0)
pi
Pwf(S<0)
S<0
p skin
Pwf(S=0)
Network of Excellence in Training
Radial Flow Regime
(infinite homogeneous behavior)
kh
• SKIN: S pSkin
141.2qB
• DAMAGED WELL (S > 0): poor contact between the
well and the reservoir (mud-cake, insufficient perforation
density, partial penetration) or invaded zone
• STIMULATED WELL (S < 0): surface of contact
between the well and the reservoir increased (fracture,
horizontal well) or stimulated zone
Network of Excellence in Training
Radial Flow Regime
(infinite homogeneous behavior)
Radial steady state flow:
k
rs
ks rw
141.2qB r 141.2qB r
pw , S pw , S 0 ln S ln S
kS h rw kh rw
S
kh
pw,S pw,S 0 k 1 ln rS
141.2qB kS rw
Equivalent wellbore radius: rwe rw e S
Network of Excellence in Training
Radial Flow Regime
(infinite homogeneous behavior)
qB k
p 162.6 log t log 3.23 0.87 S
kh ct rw
2
Pressure change, p
m
• Semi-log
straight p(1hr)
line
Log t
Network of Excellence in Training
Radial Flow Regime
(infinite homogeneous behavior)
• RESULTS:
1. the semi-log straight line slope m : the permeability k
qB
kh 162.6
m
2. the straight line intercept: the skin factor S
p1 hr k
S 1.151 log 3.23
m ct rw
2
Network of Excellence in Training
Radial Flow Regime
(infinite homogeneous behavior)
6000
no skin
pressure, psi
- Low 4000
moderate skin
permeability 2000
0
0 10 20 30 40
time, hours
6000
- High high skin
pressure, psi
4000
permeability very high skin
2000
0
0 10 20 30 40
time, hours
Network of Excellence in Training
Radial Flow Regime
(infinite homogeneous behavior)
3000
pressure change, psi
moderate skin
- Low 2000
p skin
permeability 1000 no skin
0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
time, hours
3000
pressure change, psi
- High 2000 p skin
very high skin
permeability 1000
high skin
0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
time, hours
Network of Excellence in Training
Fractured Well: Linear Flow Regime
• INFINITE CONDUCTIVITY FRACTURE
xf
Network of Excellence in Training
Fractured Well: Linear Flow Regime
qB
p 4.06 t
hx f ct k
Pressure change, p
• Straight line
with the m LF
pressure versus
the square root
of time
t
Network of Excellence in Training
Example
• SEMI-LOG ANALYSIS
3000
Flow rate : 1000 BOPD
Fluid Volume-Factor : 1.2000 vol/vol
2500
Fluid Viscosity :0.500E+00 CP
porosity : 25.0000 %
pressure change, psi
2000 net thickness : 30.000 FEET
well-bore radius :0.300E+00 FEET
Total Compres:0.185E-04 1/psi
1500
Straight line slope : m= psi/cycle
Straight line pressure at 1 hour : Dp(1hr)= psi
1000
Permeability thickness : kh = [Link]
Skin factor S=
500
0
1.00E-03 1.00E-02 1.00E-01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+02
time, hours
Network of Excellence in Training
Example
• SEMI-LOG ANALYSIS
1996/01/01-1000 : OIL
5500.
slope of the line = -256.673 PSI/cycle
R(inv) at 1.188 hr = 81.7 FEET
5000.
R(inv) at 22.63 hr = 356. FEET
prod. time=0. hr at rate=1000.000 STB/D
skin = 5.69
permeability = 12.7 MD
Perm-Thickness = 380. MD-FEET
4500.
P PSI
4000.
SLOPE
3500.
3000.
10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1
Delta-T (hr)
Network of Excellence in Training
Closed Reservoir: Pseudo Steady
State Regime
re
rw r
pi
pw
Network of Excellence in Training
Closed Reservoir: Pseudo Steady State Regime
re
pi rw r
pw
Network of Excellence in Training
Closed Reservoir: Pseudo Steady
State Regime
re
pi rw r
pw
Network of Excellence in Training
Closed Reservoir: Pseudo Steady
State Regime
• Straight line on linear scale
pi
Pressure, p
p-
Time, t
Network of Excellence in Training
Closed Reservoir: Pseudo Steady State Regime
– At late time,
qB qB A
p 0.234 t 162.6 log 2
ct hA kh rw
log C A 0.351 0.87 S
– Result: the reservoir pore volume
qB
hA 0.234
ct m *
Network of Excellence in Training
Well Responses
• FLOW REGIMES
– Geometry of the flow lines :
radial, linear, spherical, etc.
– Pressure : (t) = log t , t , 1 t
etc.
– Straight line on a specialized pressure versus time plot.
Network of Excellence in Training
Well Responses
• WELL RESPONSES
– Fractured well:
1. Linear
2. Radial
– Well in a channel:
1. Radial
2. Linear
Network of Excellence in Training
Build-up analysis
• Semi-log scale: Horner plot
4000
Pressure, psia
3750
3500
3250
3000
1 101 102 103 104
(tp + t) / t
Network of Excellence in Training
Type Curve analysis
• Log-log Scale
102
D , p
S ta rt o f s e m i-lo g ra d ia l flo w
C D e 2S
D im e n s io n le s s P re s s u re
10
1 0 -1
1 0 -1 1 10 102 103 104
D im e n s io n le s s tim e ,t D C D
Network of Excellence in Training
Derivative Analysis
• Well with wellbore storage & skin in a
homogeneous reservoir
1.0E+03
pressure
p and p', psi
1.0E+02
derivative
1.0E+01
1.0E+00
1.0E-03 1.0E-02 1.0E-01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02
t, hours
Network of Excellence in Training
Derivative Analysis
• Well with wellbore storage & skin in a
homogeneous reservoir
102 1060
1050
1040
1030
Dimensionless pressure, pD
60
10 1020
50
10 1015
40
10 DAMAGED 1010
1030 108
106 104
10 60
10
1020
103 102
50 1015
10 NORMAL 10
Approximate 40 10
10
3 1
10 10 8 0.3
end of 30
10 10 6
ACIDIZED
wellbore 20
10 10 4
CD e 2S
storage 1015
3
10
2
10 10
1 8
10
10
10 3
6
10 1
4
0.3
10
3
10 CD e 2S
10-1
10-1 1 10 102 103 104 105
Dimensionless time, tD/CD
Network of Excellence in Training
Thanks
Network of Excellence in Training
