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1.5 Physical Layer - Performance Notes

The document discusses various metrics used to measure physical layer performance in computer networks: 1. Bandwidth is defined as the range of frequencies a channel can pass and is measured in hertz, or alternatively as the number of bits per second a channel can transmit. 2. Throughput measures how fast data can actually be sent and is typically lower than bandwidth since it accounts for other network conditions. 3. Latency refers to the total delay for a message to reach its destination, and has components including propagation time, transmission time, queuing time, and processing delay. 4. Jitter occurs when packets encounter uneven delays, impacting time-sensitive applications.

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MAGESH K SEC 2020
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595 views5 pages

1.5 Physical Layer - Performance Notes

The document discusses various metrics used to measure physical layer performance in computer networks: 1. Bandwidth is defined as the range of frequencies a channel can pass and is measured in hertz, or alternatively as the number of bits per second a channel can transmit. 2. Throughput measures how fast data can actually be sent and is typically lower than bandwidth since it accounts for other network conditions. 3. Latency refers to the total delay for a message to reach its destination, and has components including propagation time, transmission time, queuing time, and processing delay. 4. Jitter occurs when packets encounter uneven delays, impacting time-sensitive applications.

Uploaded by

MAGESH K SEC 2020
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

III V

CS 8591
COMPUTER NETWORKS
(Common to CSE & IT)

UNIT NO. 1 -INTRODUCTION TOPHYSICAL LAYER

1.5 PHYSICAL LAYER PERFORMANCE

Version: 1.0
CS8591

COMPUTER NETWORKS (Common to CSE


& IT)

PHYSICAL LAYER : PERFORMANCE

Bandwidth

One characteristic that measures network performance is bandwidth. However, the term

can be used in two different contexts with two different measuring values: bandwidth in

hertz and bandwidth in bits per second

Bandwidth in Hertz Bandwidth in hertz is the range of frequencies contained in a

composite signal or the range of frequencies a channel can pass.

Bandwidth in Bits per Seconds The term bandwidth can also refer to the number of bits

per second that a channel, alink, or even a network can transmit.

Throughput

The throughput is a measure of how fast we can actually send data through a

network.Although, at first glance, bandwidth in bits per second and throughput seem the

same, they are different .

Latency (Delay)

● The latency or delay defines how long it takes for an entire message to completely arrive

at the destination from the time the first bit is sent out from the source.

● Latency is made of four components: propagation time, transmission

time,queuing time and processing delay.


Propagation Time
CS8591

COMPUTER NETWORKS (Common to CSE


& IT)

Propagation time measures the time required for a bit to travel from the source to

the destination. The propagation time is calculated by dividing the distance by the

propagation speed.

Propagation time =Distance / (Propagation Speed)

Transmission Time The transmission time of a message depends on the size of the message and
the bandwidth of the channel.

Queuing Time

The third component in latency is the queuing time, the time needed for each

intermediate or end device to hold the message before it can be processed. The queuing

time is not a fixed factor .

Jitter

Jitter occurs if packets of data encounter different delays and the application using the data at
the receiver site is time-sensitive

PROBLEMS

1.A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only an average of 12,000 frames per minute with
each frame carrying an average of 10,000 bits. What is the throughput of this network?
CS8591

COMPUTER NETWORKS (Common to CSE


& IT)

Solution

We can calculate the throughput as

Throughput =(12,000 * 10,000) / 60 = 2 Mbps

The throughput is almost one-fifth of the bandwidth in this case.

2.What is the propagation time if the distance between the two points is 12,000 km? Assume the

propagation speed to be 2.4 × 10^8 m/s in cable.

Solution

We can calculate the propagation time as Propagation


time =Distance / (Propagation Speed)

Propagation time =(12,000 * 10,000) / (2.4 * 10^8) = 50 ms

The example shows that a bit can go over the Atlantic Ocean in only 50 ms if there is a direct

cable between the source and the destination.

3.What are the propagation time and the transmission time for a 2.5-KB (kilobyte) message (an

email) if the bandwidth of the network is 1 Gbps? Assume that the distance between the sender and

the receiver is 12,000 km and that light travels at 2.4 × 108 m/s.

Solution

We can calculate the propagation and transmission time as

Propagation time =Distance / (Propagation Speed)


transmission time =message size/bandwidth

Propagation time =(12,000 * 1000) / (2.4 * 10^8) = 50 ms

Transmission time = (2500 * 8) / 10^9 = 0.020 ms


CS8591

COMPUTER NETWORKS (Common to CSE


& IT)

4.What are the propagation time and the transmission time for a 5-MB (megabyte) message (an

image) if the bandwidth of the network is 1 Mbps? Assume that the distance between the sender and

the receiver is 12,000 km and that light travels at 2.4 × 10^8 m/s.

Solution

We can calculate the propagation and transmission


times as

Propagation time =(12,000 * 1000) / (2.4 * 10^8) = 50 ms

Transmission time =(5,000,000 * 8) /10^6 =40 s

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