Review of Related Literature

This chapter is a discussion of the literatures and the result of other related researchers to which

the present study is related or has some bearing or similarity.

This chapter is divided into 5 parts, namely: (1) Climate change, (2) Climate change that affects

student learning (3) Simple actions to fight climate change, (4) Promoting climate action in

elementary level, (5) Synthesis.

The first topic, Climate change, is a discussion of related literature about the definition of climate

change. Likewise, it enumerates the factors that leads to climate change.

The second topic, Climate change that affects student learning discusses different impacts that

affects student’s learning about climate change

The third topic, Simple actions to fight climate change, discusses the related literature about

simple actions to fight climate change. Likewise, it enumerates the approaches the best simple

action suited for elementary learners.

The fourth topic, promoting climate action in elementary level, discusses approaches suited for

elementary student to promote climate action inside the classroom.

The fifth topic, Synthesis, summarizes the literature reviewed which serves as basis for present

study

Climate Change
Long-term changes in temperature and weather patterns are referred to as climate change. These

changes might be caused by natural processes, such oscillations in the solar cycle. But since the

1800s, human activities—primarily the combustion of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas—have

been the primary cause of climate change.

In some tropical regions, early exposure to extremes in temperature or precipitation is linked to

later childhood school attendance that is shorter. It's critical to comprehend how extreme weather

affects children's education throughout the world as climate change causes more frequent and

severe heat waves, floods, droughts, and storms. This will assist decision-makers in creating

strategies to keep kids in school in an era of growing climatic unpredictability.

The environment is already feeling the consequences of global climate change. The ranges of

plants and animals have changed, glaciers have reduced, ice on rivers and lakes is breaking up

earlier, and trees are blossoming earlier. Global warming is being caused by humans, the impacts

are already being seen, and they will only get worse in the next decades (IPCC 2007). We

discovered that having hotter-than-normal circumstances in Southeast Asia, an area that has

historically been hot and humid, is linked to less years of education. Greater rainfall has a

favorable correlation with education in Southeast Asia, West and Central Africa (the two hottest

regions).

To our astonishment, we found that children from the most educated families actually suffer the

most when exposed to severe temperatures, contrary to what we had anticipated would be the

case. Children from better educated families have higher prospective educational trajectories to

begin with, and as a result, they stand to lose the most from global warming. Children from

homes with the lowest levels of education, however, face a number of additional challenges that
may overshadow the impacts of the early environment, such as poverty, food insecurity, a lack of

close schools, and child labor.

Climate change that affects student learning

The COVID-19 epidemic, which has disrupted schooling and increased inequality, connects with

the climate catastrophe. To assist develop resilience, enabling girls and boys to receive a quality

education for 12 years, and help prepare them to tackle vulnerabilities that past generations have

never had to face, immediate action and fresh research are needed. Even if COP26 is successful

in outlining a course for keeping global warming to 1.5C, extreme weather events are predicted

to become more frequent and intense. We also know that younger generations and low-income

nations will be severely harmed.

In accordance with Republic Act No. 9729, also known as the Climate Change Act of 2009, the

Philippines had long heeded the demand for climate change education. The K-12 Act, also

known as the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013, improved the integration of important

climate change topics into the curriculum at all grade levels. From kindergarten through junior

high school, subjects including Health, Science, Araling Panlipunan, and Edukasyon sa

Pagpapakatao use DRRM and CCA ideas.

There are several distinct ways that climatic factors might affect educational outcomes. In the

most immediate sense, severe weather conditions like tropical cyclones might demolish or

damage school buildings, or individuals who have been forced from their homes could find

sanctuary in schools. Youngsters are temporarily unable to attend school as a result, and some
children might never be able to resume their education. Drought or heat wave-related losses to

agricultural households' income and food security may leave them unable to pay school tuition or

force them to keep their kids home to work additional jobs. The learning process may be

severely disrupted for a very long time as a direct result of infrastructure damage and potential

harm. Children's and teenagers' education can be disrupted most directly by climate-related

catastrophes by harming or even destroying schools and pertinent infrastructure, such as bridges

and roads that link communities to schools. Such devastation can prevent students from attending

class for days or even weeks, especially in nations with few other options for instruction.

This might result in missing lessons and poorer academic achievement as compared to other

schools in the nation during disasters. Events might also cause the loss of educational resources.

Disasters brought on by the climate can harm teachers, parents, and children, which can lead to

absence. In more extreme circumstances, fatalities could have disastrous effects for long-term

schooling. The wellbeing and safety of children and adolescents are significantly impacted by

indirect consequences, which also worsen absenteeism, dropout rates, and jeopardize learning.

The climate crisis also has an impact on the social and environmental factors that determine

health, including clean air, safe drinking water, enough nourishing food, and enough housing.

The added burden of sickness brought on by climate change is now anticipated to fall

disproportionately on children and adolescents, endangering their physical and physiological

development (for example, evidence links the detrimental effects of air pollution on health to

lower academic performance)

We have overcome enormous issues throughout history by repeatedly doing modest things, like

planting trees. The practice of planting trees and maintaining forests must be carried on from one

generation to the next. We aim to stop climate change from making forest hazards like fire and

drought worse. Our woods will continue to look out for us in the future if we take care of them

now.

Everyone, especially primary kids, has a role to play in the battle against climate change. Young

adults all throughout the nation are eager to participate but lack the knowledge to do so. Here are

some strategies for you to combat climate change.

Conserve energy in your everyday life. Making simple choices to save energy may help avoid

the serious consequences of global warming. For example: (1) Turn off the lights, (2) Close

doors immediately so heat does not escape. (3) Take short showers, (4) Walk or bike if you can

(instead of having your parents drive you), (5) Turn off your computer when not in use (don't

leave it on just to keep Facebook or Myspace active), (6) Ask your parents not to leave the car

running needlessly, for example, when waiting to pick you up at school, (7) Recycle (this saves

energy in manufacturing), (8) Start a conservation club at school to raise awareness. (9) Get your

fellow students and teachers on board to have the school reduce energy consumption, (10) Turn

off Patrol. Many people are unaware of how much energy various devices and appliance

chargers require, even when they are not in use. It's time to send the students in. If children are

old enough to handle electrical outlets and cords securely, that is. A fantastic, easy activity that

can reduce your home's energy expenditures and help our children make the link between energy

consumption and fossil fuel pollution is having our students walk around and disconnect gadget
chargers that are not in use. When kids are older and make their own judgments about appliances

and energy, they will remember this lesson (The climate reality projects, 2021).

Keep learning, while that's important, what's more important is finding and implementing

sources of energy that do not pollute the environment (Mathez, Edmond)

Promoting climate action in elementary level

All climate solutions must include education-related ones if we're going to reduce greenhouse

gas emissions (Kwauk & Winthrop, 2021). One of the major problems confronting the world

now is climate change. There are many things you can do to keep them informed, even though

some individuals are unaware of how much it affects the globe. We'll go through some simple

methods to bring up climate change in conversation before moving on to steps you can do to

spread the word in your neighborhood. As a future educator promoting student to prevent climate

change varied from teaching and such activities can impact student to do the same. Such

examples as follows: (1) Understand the difference between climate and weather, (2) Measure

temperatures to learn about the greenhouse effect, global warming is a key component of climate

change, and it’s caused in part by an enhanced greenhouse effect, climate change activities like

this one show kids just what that term means, (3) Place two thermometers side-by-side in a

sunny spot, put one inside a covered glass jar, and leave the other one outside. Observe the

temperatures after about 20 minutes to see which is higher, (4) Make edible greenhouse gas

models, Dive deeper into the chemistry of greenhouse gases by making edible models from

toothpicks and gumdrops, (5) Do a climate change word search, (6) Discover how melting sea

ice affects animals too, Humans aren’t the only ones affected by global warming and sea ice
melt, in this experiment, kids try to help model polar bears stay afloat as the ice around them

starts to melt.

Synthesis

It is crucial that strategies previously proven to be successful in strategic messaging in education

are used in climate change education, such as emphasizing the personally relevant and adopting

active and engaging teaching methods (Monroe et al., 2017) or using art-based approaches (Ojala

& Lakew, 2017). Further investigation is required to determine how young children interpret

common metaphors for climate change used in education (Dijkstra & Goedhart, 2012) and what

form of communication works best for kids and teenagers at various developmental stages and in

various geographical and sociocultural contexts.

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