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2K views45 pagesBS 8110 Concrete Building Scheme Design Manual
Concrete Design Manual
Uploaded by
SebastianCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Available Formats
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- Design Calculations Overview
- Durability and Fire Resistance
- Design Moment Assessment
- Reinforcement and Detailing
- Special Reinforcement Techniques
- Precast Flooring Systems
- Stress Analysis Techniques
- Appendix B: Selected Tables from BS 8110
- References
UR uters Asoc eo
Concrete Buildings
Sela sia atom BYosic10 ela] 1c
eee ERAS Cee Sead
handbook for the IStructE chartered membership examination
¢ iC Extracts for BS 8110
Foreword
‘This material is intended for use with the latest edition of Concrete buildings scheme design
‘manual (CCIP-051, published in 2008) and has been made available for those readers who are still
in the process of transition from BS 8110 to Eurocode 2
It extracts Sections 3.1 to 3.17 and Appendix B (Selected tables from BS 8110) from the original
version that was published as CCIP-018 in 2006. Itincludes some amendments, notably corrections
to Table 3.2 and clarifications to Section 3.16, Post-tensioning.
Published by The Concrete Centre, part of the Mineral Products Association
Riverside House 4 Meadows Business Fak, Station Approach, Blackwater Camberley Surrey GUT7 SAB
Tel: +44 (0}1276 606800 Fax: +44 (0)1276 608801 www.concretecentre.com
ccw-o18
First published December 2006
‘These extracts published November 2009
ISBN 1-904818-44-7
© MPA-The Concrete Centre
‘CCIP publications are produced on behalf ofthe Cement and Concrete Incustry Publications Forum —
an industry initiative to publish technical guidance in support of concrete design and construction,
CIP publications are available from the Concrete Bookshop at www.coneretebeokshep.com,
Tel: +44 (0}7004-607777
advice oifomation from MPA=TheConrete Cntr itended ony for we inthe UK y the wha al xleate
‘he sgnfence ie imation of corters and at respaniy fort ce 3d spption Nady fling
‘hat for nepigec) fr nyo resting Fam such ace ornfonmation accepted by WPA Conte Centre
‘bconvactrs spies o Gros exes shold note tat HOA~The Concrete Cre pulse se sect to revion
ftom time tte an shoud tee ensue that they aren pssessin othe test vein, alculat
3 Design calculations (section 2c)
3.1 Expectations of the examiners
Candidates are asked to Prepare sufficient design calculations to establish the for and size
of all the principal elements including the foundations’ There are some key points to note
{rom the question. Firstly it asks for sufficient calculations ie, enough to prove the design
is feasible, but not so many thatthe cancicate falls to complete the examination, Secondly,
the principal elements must be designed i. not all of the elements, The initial sizing of
the elements should have been carried out in section Ja of the examination. Ths section
is asking for more detail for the elements that are out of the ordinary (eg. transfer beams)
‘or crucial ta the design of the building. Finally principal elerents that are often specifically
Cited are the foundations, o candidates should ensure they ae includes,
The candidate has around 85 minutes to answer this part of the examination. Its expected
that calculations will be undertaken for between five and seven elements, giving 12 to 17
‘minutes for each element, There isa total af 20 marks, so each element will gain between
three and four marks, no matter how detailed the calculations for that element,
‘The calculations are intended to be preliminary calculations, which focus on the key issues,
sufficient to justiy the structural sizes. Candidates should use their experience to determine
citical aspects of the design of the element
Candidates should be aware that there are varying opinions among examiners as to what
working should be shown in the calculations, Some like to see design equations included
and full workings (they wil give marks even where the final answer is wrong); others are
Content to see results from programmable calculators or look-up tables, because this is more
representative of current everyday practice. This is your opportunity to demonstrate your
knowledge of structural engineering and perhaps it is best to work in the way that sults you,
making sure you take opportunities to demonstrate your abilities,
3.1.1 Principal elements
‘The following isa lst of structural members that could be considered to be principal elements,
I may not be a ful list and for some buildings these elements might not apply:
1 Stability system (including assessment of the loads)
1m Foundations (including assessment ofthe combined effects of gravitational and lateral \oads,
‘gr ound-bearing capacity and specification of materials in aggressive ground)
1m Design to resist upitof structure cue to high ground water level
m Pies
1m Basement walls
Retaining walis
1 Basement slabs ~ particulary in the area resisting uplift or heave
1 Transfer beams
1 Columns
Slabs
Im Mezzanine floors
Cladding supports
mi Curved beams
1m Deep beams
1m Roof structures, particularly where they support heavy loads or sensitive equipment
(eg. swimming pools or specialist plant)
39. It is @ good idea for candidates to list the key elements they intend to design before they
undertake any of the calculations
‘The preliminary design of many of these elements is covered inthis section, Where they are not
discussed suitable references are given in Further reading
3.2 Durability and fire resistance
The cover to concrete should meet the following requirements
Im The requcerents fr fre resistance given in table 3.4 and figure 3.2 of BS 8110 (reproduced
here as able 3.1 and Figure 3.1),
1m The requirements for curablty gven in BS 8500 (see Table 3.2).
1 Cover to all bas to be greater than aggregate size plus S mm.
1 Cover to main bar tobe greater than bar diameter
‘Where concrete is used for foundations in aggressive ground conditions Table 3.3 should be
referenced to determine the ACEC-class (aggressive chemical environmental for concrete class)
and hence the DC-class (design chemical class) from the final two columns ofthe table. Where
designated concrete sto be specified ths can be selected using Table 34. For designed concrete
the DC-class is normaly given inthe concrete specification.
‘Table 3.1
[Nominal cover (mm) te all reinforcement (including links) to mest specif
(from table 3.4 of 85 8110)
— — aa
20° 20 2b 20 20" 20°
periods of fire resistance
05: 20°
10 20 20° 2 2 20»
as 20 20° 2 o 2
20 40 20 as 2 2
20 oS 2s SSS 2s
Notes
11 The nominal covers given relate special to the minimum member dimensions given in Figure 3.1. Guidance on
increased coves which is necessary if smaller members are used gen in section 4 of BS 8110-2:1985,
2 Cases that le in the shaded area require attention tothe ational measures necessary to reduc the risks of
spalling (ee section &of 85 8110-2: 1985),
Key
2 For the purposes of assesing a nominal cover for beams and columns, the cover to main bars which woul have
been obtained from tables 42 and 43 of 85 8110-2 has been reduced by aroticnal alowance for stinupsof 10mm
tocver the range 8 12 mm (ee also CL 323.6 of 85 8110-1)
bb These covers may be reduced to 18 mm provide thatthe nominal maximum sizeof aggregate doesnot exceed
15 mm (see CL 3.313 of BS 8110-1) alculat
oe oe
|b | a
a) Beams
=— -}-
Plane soffit ' “J “Need
») Poors fs
2+
», 6 50% exposee (ne face exposed
©) Columns
Fire Minimum ey 0) (com) ST
(hours) | width 6) 5] % [oa%ep |p>t
oy =
os 200 125 ca 12 100 150 700 1
10 200 125 95 200 160 120 150 120 5
1s 200 125 110 250 200 140 us 140 100
20 200 125 125 300 200 160 = 160 700
30 240 150 150 400 300 200 = 200 150
40 200 15 170 450 380 240 = 240 180
Notes
11 These minimum Ot» ro shear lirks required
Maximum saggitg moment = 0.051 x18.5 x72? = 489 km
or b= 1000, d= 27, f=
Actual spanidepth = 7200/217 = 332.
2x80 x 543 uw
= = 280 Nite, = 1.08
BxGaG be
Allowable spanidepth =1.39x 26 = 86.2 > 232 OK
Use [H25 @TTB] (Acyy.y = 646 mr?)
Table 314, BS B10,
‘Table 316, BS 8110
Table 3.6, BS B10
Table 37, BS 8110
Table C7
56 ign calculations
3.12 Flat slabs
3.12.1 Governing criteria
Bending strength, punching shear anc deflection can be the governing criteria for flat slabs. The
‘end span condition should be checked because the maments are large” inthis span unless there
isa cantilever or the span is shorter than the interior spans.
3.12.2 Analysis
‘Wherever possible use the coefficients presented in Table 3.14. These are appropriate provided
the following concitions are met (hote that 20% redistribution is included in the coefficients}
I The area ofthe slab exceeds 30 m (ie. § mx 6m)
1 The ratio of characteristic imposed load to characteristic dead load does not exceed 1.25,
1m The characteristic imposed load does not exceed 5 kN/m excluding partitions
1m The spans are approximately equal (generally assumed to be 15% of the longest span, but
not specie in the Code)
1m Redistnbution of 20% is included in the figures {therefore K” = 0.148).
‘Table 3.14
Design ultimate bending moments and shear forces for slabs
ae —
=] idle [At outer | Near middle
a Pe ees
Moment 0 008s O04 © C07SF © -0086F! 0053-0063
Shear 0.40F = ome sor oF
Notes
1 Tis the elective saris the total design ultimate lad (1464+ 169).
2 No reditbstion ofthe moments caeuated fom this table shoul be mace
‘Where these criteria are not met the moments in the slab will have to be assessed using the
tables and charts from Appendix C, (Refer to Section 3,3 for further information)
‘When the moments have been determined, the floor plate should to be divided into notianal
column strips and midale strips (see Figure 3.2) and the total moment across the panel width
should be apportioned to the column and riddle strips in accordance with Table 3.15. Two-thirds
‘of the reinforcement in the middle strip should be placed in half the colurnn width centred over
the columa
‘The critical areas to checkin a flat sab are bending strength (usualy in hogging over the support),
‘defection and punching shear. The cesign should demonstrate that the fat slab is suitable for
moments and deflection in two orthogonal cirections.
‘Table 3.15
Distribution of design moments in panels of flat slabs
Design moment expressed as percentages of the | Apportionment between column and middle strip
See aes
‘Column stp, % Midd stip. %
Negative 6 2
Positive 55 45
Note
For the case where the with of he clr stip taken as equal to that of the crop, and the miles is thereby
‘ncreased in wth, te design moments to be essed the mile sip should be inceased proportion to ts nerease
\wcth The design moments to be resisted by the column sr may be deceased by an amount such thatthe total 2ostve
and the foal negate des gn moments rested bythe column stp and mile sp together ae unchanged
37 ¢ a
= 3
A
2) Sta without ops spuctoon
ree
8|
ix
gs
28]
83
ror crop oes
piesa , [oe
by sab wh rons
Fauna
Division of panels in lat slabs
3.12.3 Punching shear reinforcement
‘The maximum design shear stress at che face ofthe column (v,,} can be calculated as follows
Yen
“oe a
where
/ = design effective shear force, which for initial design can be calculated from Figure 3:3
length of the perimeter of the column
58 ‘The design shear stress at a particular perimeter (1) can be calculated as follows:
Yes
ud
where
Yes
design effective shear force as calculated from Figure 3:3
ngth ofthe perimeter
‘The length of the perimeter can be determined from Figure 3.4, The Code provides guidance on
designing shear reinforcement where the shear stress (v) i less than 2v,. Therefore, for intial
design it advised that v < 2v, (and ideally v < 1.64, to avoid excessive reinforcement). v, can be
{determined fram table 38 of BS 8170. Appendix € contains same look-up tables for the values
‘of v; for concrete with characteristic compressive strengths of 30, 35 and 40 N/mm?
Figure 33
Determining effective
shear force
3.12.4 Transfer moments
The maximum design moment M,
15d, hy
mae Which can be transferred to a column, is given by:
breadth of efective moment transfer strip (see Figure 3.5)
effective depth forthe top reinforcement in the columa strip
Me mag Should be not less than half the design moment obtained from an equivalent frame
analysis or 70% of the design moment if a giillage or finite element analys's has been used
TEM, oq calculated to be less than this, the structural arangements should be changed
3.12.5 Deflection
Defection should be checked using tables 39 and 3.10 of BS 8110 (see Appendix 8), which are
appropriate for slabs spanning up to 10 m, For fiat slabs a factor of 09 should be applied to the
allowable span-to-effective-depth ratio,
3.12.6 Detailing
General rules for spacing are given in Section 3.8.
The maximum spacing is given in CL. 3.12.11.2,7. However, for intial sizing, table 3.28 of BS 8110
(see Appendix 8) can be used conservatively
59. '
'
I
L
t
i
I
I
Figure 34
Definition of a shear perimeter for typical cases
bem ety
Zcolumn strip
defined in Figure 3.2
ul Cy
Note
YVis the distance from the face of the slab to the innermost face of the colurnn
Figure 3.5
Definition of breadth of effective moment transfer strip b, for various typical eases aed by
os cor-o1
Worked example 4 dy jee
we Fst
Theconerete conte] Flat slab = =
tec Dec 06
: q : Imposed load = 5 Nin?
| i i i superimposed dead load
q } : f 215 Nin?
i t H Concrete class C261
8 i ' i Cover = 25 mm
i ! i Supported by 350 mm
9000_{_ 2000} 9000! 9000 square colurms
ital ezing Using Economic concrete frame elements: 300 mm
0F 8000/26 = 807 mi, say 300 mn Section 21
ULS = 14 (15 4 03 x24) +16 x5 = 202 kine
CCheck long span end bay condition
M=-0.086F) =-0.086%202%7x9% = 285 km
Design moment = 0.78 x 98%
Then K= 0.088, A, = 7280 mm?
Centre column strip = 4853 mm? (2773 mm2/m)
Use FEOBTOOE| A, = 540 min)
= 217 mm? (1889 entra)
Outer column str
Use [20 @ 200 65] Ac y=
20.2 7.0 x90 = 1278 kN
570 mmm)
yichina shear ,
Vag MB Vy, = Bx 1278 = 1464 EN
Assume 350 99 columns
1ce without links: 100A, . 100 x 3140
mows bd” 1000x250
Shear resi
= 0.85 Nimmn®
= 1464 «102
#133 < 20,17)
4400 x 250 ® “
Can be designed for punching shear
Maximum saggirg moment = 0.075 Fi
= 0.075 x202.%7x9
= 659 kNm
sv perimeter: Length = (850 4 2 (15x250)) x4 = 4400
Table 212, 88 BO
‘Table 310, 65 8110
Eqn 27, BS 810
Table 38, BS B10
13.775, 65 8110
61 Comments
Design moment = 0.55 x 859 = 472 iNre
196
witode) = 472x108
z
0x26
For b= 3500, d= 262 and £,, = 25
K 20.056, A,
44388 mm Or A, = 1268 mentirn
Span/depth = 90001262 = 34.4
Min ME=_344 =147
26x08 Table 3.10, BS B10
max f= 160 Nimam?
2 Avr
S Avprae
24 Arran 2500x1262 _
A ggeoy = = PS = 2628 mim
re Be 3x10
Use [H25 17S cirg] (A, = 2810 mmé/m)
1. Reirforcement area increased significantly for deflection, but che
compression reinforcement has not been included,
2. The design in the orthogonal direction has not been included,
3. For the design of the strips across two panels only, coefficients from
Table 3.14 are not appropriate,
62
3.13 Ribbed slabs
3.13.1 Governing criteria
Bending strength and deflection are usually the governing criteria. The end span condition should
be checked because the moments are larger in this span unless there isa cantilever or the span
is shorter than the interior spans.
3.13.2 Geometry
BS 8170 gives geometrical limits for ribbed slabs (see Figure 3.6). The width of the rib is
determined by caver, bar spacing and fire requirements, The absolute minimum is 125 mm (see
Figure 3.1) Typically spacings for nibs are 600 mn, 750 mn, 900 mm and 1200 mm, with a id
‘width of 150 mm. Average sel-weight of the ribbed slab can be determined fram Figure 37, or
an assumed selt-weight can be obtained from Table 2c.
ln 50mm or
O.txmin
1
Axmax
>. 1Smmax
Figure 3.6
‘Geometrical limitations for ribbed slabs 3.13.3
3.13.4
3.13.5,
28 [c(Lwez)+r) +H (a+b)] ke!
selt-weight
Figure 37
Calculation of ribbed slab slf- weight
Analysis
‘A ribbed slab should be designed as a one-way slab with the rib and topping acting as a T-beam,
‘Wherever possible use the Coetficients presented in Table 3.14, which are appropriate provided
the following concitions are met (hote that 20% redistribution is included in the coefficients)
1. The aea of the siab exceeds 30 m? (5.mx6 m)
2 The rato of characteristic imposed load to characteristic dead load does not exceed 1.25
3 The characteristic imposed load does nat exceed 5 kN/m? excuding partitions
4 The spans are approximately equal (generally assumed to be 15% ofthe longest span, but
not specified in the Code).
‘The requirements of conditions 7 and 2 wil usually be met by most building designs
Bending reinforcement
‘The quantity of bending reinforcement required is calculated in the way described for beams
(see Section 3.4)
A flanged beam may be treated as a rectangular beam, of full width, B, when the neutral axis i
within the flange. In this case the moment of resistance in compression of the section is
(My = 0.45f,,bh,(d-—hy/2) where bys the thickness of the topping slab
‘When the applied moment is greater than the moment of resistance of the flange (M;) the
neutral axis lies in the flange, and the beam cannot be designed as a rectangular beam and
reference should be made to 85 8110,
‘The mid-span section is designed as aT-beam with flange width equal to the distance between
nbs. The section at the support may need to be checked in two locations; firstly asa solid section
‘at the location of the peak moment, secondly at the junction of the rib and the solid section as
a rectangular beam of width equal to the rib.
Reinforcement in the topping
[fabric mesh reinforcement should be provied in the centre of the topping The cross-sectional
area of the reinforcement shoul be greater than 0.12% of the area of the topping (eg. an A1AZ
imesh is required fr 100 mm thick topping). The wire spacing should not exceed hal the spacing
‘ofthe ribs Ifthe ribs are widely spaced (eg. greater than 900 mm for@ 100 mm thick toaping or
{greater than 700 rem fora 75 mm thick topping) the topping should be designed for moment
and shear asa one-way slab berween ribs
63 6 cor-018
8 Worked example 5 rey eam
TheConerete cenve'| Ribbed slab = = > =
— Ter - Dec 06
Imposed load = 2.5 kNim?
Superimposed oad
Seams
conerete dase: 20/25
cowr=20 mm
Topig tikes = 100 mm
Iitllsina Usa Eaonome concrete tame elanents:250 mm
7200129 = 248 mms 250mm
Assume self-welghta 40 «Nin? Table 2.96
Loasing ULS =14 (4.0 + 15) +16 (25) = 1.7 iNln?
Bending Check sagging moment in end bay
4= 250 -20-6~10= 214 mm
Effective length = 62 + 0.214? = 641m
M=O.075FI= 0.075 x17 x 641? «0.75
Check My < Mg
270 < OBE, byhe(d~hyl2)
< 045% 0 x 100 (212. ~ 10012) x
194 kNm
27.0 kNim per rib
“NA. in lange —design as rectargular section
eflection Span/depth = 7200/24 = 33.6
Min MF = 328 162
208
Milba2) = 27.0 x 10°1(750 x 2122) = 0.80
Max, = 256
Aeproy =f Berey
3h
_2x560x306
3x26
= 595 rn?
Use [ZHI per] (Ay
€13.4.12, BS B10
Table 3:12, BS 8110
‘able 310 3.13.6 Detailing
Maximum and minimum areas of reinforcement
‘The maximum area of ether the tension or compression reinforcement is 436 ofthe gross cross
sectional area ofthe concrete. The minimum percentages ae given in table 3.25 of 85 8110 (see
Appendix 3)
Maximum and minimum spacing of bars
‘The minimum spacing of the bars is maximum sizeof the coarse aggregate plus S mm or the bar
size, whichever isthe greater.
‘The maximum spacing is given in. 3.12.11.2.7. However, fr initial sizing table 328 of 85 8110
{see Appendix B} can be used conservatively,
3.14 Waffle slabs
3.14.1 Governing criteria
be checked because the moments are larger in this span unless there is a cantilever or the span
Bending strength and deflection are usualy the governing criteria, The end span condition should
is shorter than the interior spans. mm
3.14.2 Geometry
‘Average sel-weight of the waffle slab can be determined fram Figure 3.8, or can be assumed
from Table 2 9c. Standard moulds are 225, 325 and 425 mm deep and are used with toppings
between 50 and 150 :mm thick. The ribs are 125 mm wide on @ 800 mm grid
Figure 3.8
Calculation of waffle slab self-weight
3.14.3 Analysis
‘A waffle slab shoulé normally be designed as a flat slab with the nb and topping acting as a
‘T-beam: It may be designed a5 2 two-way slab, but it should be noted that the torsional stifiness
cof a waffle slab is smaller than that of a solid two-way slab and the bending coefficients from
Table 3.14 may not be appropriate
65 3.14.4
3.14.5
3.14.6
3.14.7
3.14.8
Bending reinforcement
‘The quantity of bending reinforcement required is calculated in the same way as for beams (see
Section 3.4)
‘A flanged beam may be treated as a rectangular beam, of full width, 8, when the neutral axis is
within the flange. In this case the moment of resistance in compression of the section is
My =0.45 f,bh(d-hy/2)
‘When the applied moment is greater than the moment of resistance of the flange (Ms) the
neutral axis ies in the web, anc the beam cannot be designed asa cectangular beam as discussed
above. Wnere this does not apply, reference should be made to 8S 8110.
‘The mie-span section is designed as aT-beam with flange width equal to the distance between
ribs. The section at the support may need to be checked in tivo locations, firstly as 2 solid section
at the location of the peak moment, secondly at the junction of the rib and the solid as a
rectangular beam of width equal to the eb,
Shear reinforcement
Shear stress can be calculated as folows:
aa
ba
and should be less than v, (which can be obtained from table 3.8 of 8S 8110, see Appendix 8)
fora practical and economic sla.
Reinforcement in the topping
A fabric mesh reinforcement should be provided in the centre of the topping wth the crss-
sectional area greater than 0.12% of the area ofthe topping The wice spacing shoud not exceed
half the spacing ofthe ribs. If te ribs are widely spaced (eg, greater than 800 mmm for 2 100
mim thick topping or greater than 700 mn fora 75 mm thick topping) the topping should be
desiges for moment and shear asa two-uay slab between rs
Deflection
Defiection should be checked using tables 39 and 3 10 of BS 8110 (see Appendix 8), which are
appropriate for siabs spanning up 10 10 m,
Detailing
General les for pacing ae gen in Section 3.8
The maximum spacing is given in CL 3.12.11.2.7. However, for intial sizing, table 3.28 of BS 8110
(see Appendix 8) can be used conservatively <=
os cer -o18
8 Worked example 6 ree =
‘The Concrete Centre" Waffie slab ie - bate “
“ene Tee Des 06
Imposed load = 2.5 kN?
upepose oad
SkNim®
conte dase C2685
Cover = 20 mm
walang Using Econo conerte tame elements: 425 mn thek
(oes mods 100 pp
or 2000120 = 450, ony 425 hick ection 28
Assume self-weight = 7.3 kNim? Table 2.96
Ultimate load n= 14 (7.5 +15) +16 (25) = 16.3 KN/ m?
There a substantial eam long the clin steph an cherfore
resis: arson atthe comers Design asa woray panning sah
a
Ieper for a comer pa
opsig rents P= C088, Sangirg noments P= O49 taiesa 50t0)
nding at suppor My, =P, 02 = - 0066x163 x722 =-55.8kNimwidth
rors 8 800 crs
WW 2850409 =502 Kime
for d= 425 -20-6-10=808 nm, 6= 800, =25
Then Asyey = 310 mi?
BU Aggy ~ O1BIEx 900 x 425 = 497 mm?
Deflection M, (0.049 x 16.3 x 7.2? x 0.9 = 37.3 kNmirib
4=425 ~20- 6-10 = 369 mm
check Mag < Maange < OB fy, Beeld Pyl2)
<0.45 x35 x 200 x 100 (389 - 50) x 10° < 481 kN
NA tn flange -. rectangular section
25
Thet Aggy =232 mn2 (K = 0.008)
Spanidepth = 72001889 = 105
= 185
28
Maximum f, =807 +. no ietease for defection.
use [Zani6 peri]
Me =089
‘7 3.15
3.16
3.16.1
3.16.2
Precast flooring systems
‘The design of precast concrete floor systems is usually undertaken by the manufacture,
and charts are provided by them for use ay the building designer. In the examination all the
candidate can realistically use to demonstrate the suitability of one of these systems is to refer
to manufacturer's literature. Refer to Section 2,10. for suitable charts that have been compiled
from the manufacturers data
There will be an interface between the precast flooring units and supporting structure, The
following issues shoul be addressed in the design in addition to the strength of the flooring
units:
1m The minimum bearing should be 75 mm (although this can be reduced with special details)
1m The units may need to be tied into the structure to meet robustness requirements (see
Append),
1m Ifthe floor is part of the stability system then either a structural screed will be required or
the floor should be specifically designed to resist the horizontal loads. Further advice can be
found in Cl. $.3,7 of 85 8110,
Post-tensioning
The design of post-tensioned elements is a highly iterative process that in practice is carried out
Using specialist computer software. To enable a design tobe carried out in the examination (taking.
at most 15 minutes) significant simplifying assumptions will be required. The design methods
presented below are strictly for preliminary design only and assume some understanding of
ppost-tensioning design and construction. For detailed design reference should be made to TR43
Post-tensioned concrete floors |! or similar references. Properties of strand generally available
are given in Table 3.16.
Table 3.16
Specification of commonly used strand in the UK
‘Characteristic Maximum
ee
force kN)
129'Sipe’ 186012910086 23 160
157'Sipe! 10157585 302 2a
sre 186057 a8 20
152: 182015216500 3 28
Restraint
All concrete elements shrink cue to drying and early thermal effects but, in addition, prestressing
causes elastic shortening and ongoing shrinkage due to creep. Stiff vertical members such as
stability walls restrain the floor slab from shrinking, which prevents the prestess from developing.
and thus reducing the strength of the floor. I necessary the building shoul be divided with
‘movement joints and additional stablity walls provided, Alcematively infil strips or temporary
releases should be allowed for atthe early tages of a projec.
Load balancing
The traditional design method is toad balancing’ where the prestress on the concrete element
is cesigned such that it imposes an upwards loa¢ on the element which counteracts the gravity
loacs on the element (see Figure 3.8) Usually only a part of the imposed loads are designed
to_be balanced by the prestess, say the deac loads ony. The balancing forces on the element
depend on the profile of the tendon, and are therefore chosen to match the shape ofthe bending 3.16.3
3.16.4
alculat
moment diagram, By folowing the profile of the bending moment diagram the tendon will be
located at the tension face for both the maximum hogging and sagging moments. The balancing,
forces can be calculated as follows:
UDL due to parabolic profile: w= BaP, (5?
where
drape of tendon measured at centre of profile between points of inflection
‘average prestressin force in tendon
45°" = distance between points of inflection
b) Unstressed
slab
Figure 3.9
Load balancing method
Stresses
‘The stres in the element can be calculated as follows:
My
Stress. a the top of the section, 0, = 24 2
py My
Stress at the bottom of the section, a, = © 4 Me
RT
area of the concrete
balanced moment (ie. including post-tensioning effects)
section modulus - top
section modulus - bottom
prestress force
Cover
Cover should be determined in the normal way i, for durability and fire resistance, but in
addition the cover to the duct should be atleast half the duct width, Cover is measured to the
‘outside of a bonded duct. (Remember that the centre of tendon will be offset from the centre of
69. 70
the duct) At supports itis usual te place the uppermost tendon in the T2 layer, with the tendon
in the other drection below this (13), see Figure 310, TR43 recommencs a minimum cover of
35mm
Cover
f Longitudinal dct 70x19 mm duct 4
a) Transverse direction
cover
Transverse duct 70x 19 mm duct
Figure 3.10
») Longitudinal direction Positioning of tendons
and reinforcing steel
3.16.5 Stress limits
The permissible stress limits are given in Table 3.17,
‘Table 3.17,
Design flexural stresses for posttensioned members (N/mm?) (Based on tables 41 to43 of BS 8110,
and TR43 Post-tensional concrete floors design handbook!)
Se
Ie span andtcantver sports ss a2, 165.
“At support (except cantilevers and flat slabs) 120 16.0 200
suppor ft sd equine ame method) 7.2 100 as
[Tense stresses
chs 00 ao a0
Class 2° ca 23 26
Class 3° Crack width (mm) Member depth (mm)
a2 200 ane 550 538
400 20 5.00 80
0 aa 450 sz
00 306 400 464
000 266 350 406
a 20 asa 451 sz
00 220 a0 40
0 788 369 43
00 256 an ae
000 228 2ar 226
Flat slab (equivalent frame method) 246 285 318
Key
a Class 1 serviceability condition doesnot alow fleur tensile stresses
b Cass 2 serviceability condition allows feaual tense stresses butno visible cracking
{Cass 3 serviceability concton allows fevural tense stresses with maximum erack width of ©1 mm for
‘exposure classes X52, X53, XD2, XD3, XF3 and XP4, otherwise a crack width of 02 mm may be used 3.16.6
3.17
3.17.1
alculat
Initial design
The serviceability condition is usually the critical design criterion. At the inital stages itis
reasonable to check the stresses at SLS and assume that the ULS requirements can oe met in
