Prepared by: Arzu Islam
MSc Aeronautical Engg.
PTL and Physics Teacher iSTEM
Visiting Lecturer SIMT
(Aeronautical)
O&A-level Physics Teacher (BACHA
English Medium School)
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
MAGNETS
A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field
and can attract other ferromagnetic materials.This magnetic field
is invisible but is responsible for the most notable property of a
magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials, such
as iron, and attracts or repels other magnets.
Magnets have two poles north and south pole.
A magnet arracks magnetic materials such as iron, cobalt
nickel and steel.
Like poles of the magnets repel each other.
Unlike poles of the magnets attract each other.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
Around the magnet there are magnetic field lines starting
from north pole and ends at south pole.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
PLOTTING MAGNETIC FIELD LINES
You will need
• a bar magnet
• a plotting compass
• plain paper, a pencil
What to do
Place the magnet in the center of the sheet of paper and
draw round it.
Place the compass near one of the poles of the magnet. Mark dots 1 and
2 on the paper to indicate the two ends of the compass needle
Move the compass away from the magnet and position it so that one end
of its needle is marked by dot 2. Mark dot 3 at the other end.
Continue this process, until you have moved round to the other pole of
the magnet.
Remove the compass. The sequence of dots shows one of the field lines
of the magnet’s field. Draw a smooth line through the dots.
Repeat the process, starting at a slightly different position, to obtain
another field line.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
INDUCED MAGNETISM
A permanent magnet can attract or repel another permanent
magnet. It can also attract other unmagnetised magnetic
materials. When an unmagnetised magnetic materials bring
near to a permanent magnet the unmagnetised material get
magnetized and behaves like a permanent magnet, this is
known as induced magnetism.
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
Materials that attract the magnets and can be
magnetised.
Eg: iron, steel, cobalt, nickel etc..
NON-MAGNETIC MATERIALS
Materials that do not attract the magnets.
Eg: brass, copper, zinc, tin, aluminum and as
well as non metals.
MAGNETISED MATERIALS
Materials which acts as magnets and having
all magnetic properties.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
MAGNETIC EFFECT OF A CURRENT
Magnetic field due to current in straight wires
When an electric current is passed through a wire, as shown below,
a weak magnetic field is produced around the wire.
If the current through the wire increases the strength of magnetic
field also increases.
If the direction of current flowing through the wire changes the
direction of magnetic field around the wire also change.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
So the direction of magnetic field produce by a current is
given by the right-hand grip rule as shown below. Imagine
gripping the wire with your right hand so that your thumb
points in the conventional direction. Your fingers then point in
the same direction as the field lines.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
MAGNETIC FIELDS BETWEEN PARRALEL CURRENT CARRYING
CONDUCTORS
When two parallel wires carrying current at same direction, both
the wires move towards each other and magnetic field pattern is
shown below.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
When two parallel wires carrying current in an opposite
direction, both the wires move away from each other and
magnetic field pattern is shown below.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
Magnetic field due to current in solenoid
A current produces a stronger magnetic field if the wire it flows
through is wound into a coil. The diagram below shows the
magnetic field patterns produced by current carrying coil. A long
coil is called solenoid.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
If the current through the solenoid increases, the strength of
magnetic field also increases.
If we increases the number of terns in the solenoid, the
strength of magnetic field also increases.
If the direction of current flowing through the solenoid
changes, the field around the solenoid and the poles of
solenoid also changes.
So to work out which way round the poles are, we can use
another right-hand grip rule, as shown below. Imagine the
gripping the coil with your right hand so that your fingers
point in the conventional current direction. Your thumb then
points towards the North pole of the coil.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
METHODS OF MAGNATISATION
Magnetising by electrical method
A steel bar is placed inside a solenoid through which a direct
current passed for a while.
A strong magnetic field is produced and the steel bar is
magnetised.
When viewed at one end of the bar, the current flows in clockwise
direction that end becomes a South pole. If current flows anti-
clockwise direction, it becomes a North pole.
And we can easily find the poles by using right hand grip rule.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
Magnetising by stroking method
A piece of the material may be stroked with a permanent magnet. By
stroking it consistently from one end to another (never going in the
reverse direction), it becomes magnetised.
Demagnetising by heating
If we heat a magnet strongly by means of bunsen flame, the magnet
will lose its magnetisation.
Demagnetising by hammering
As in the case of heating, hammering also cause a magnet to lose
its magnetism. If the magnet is hammered vigorously while lying in
an east west direction, its magnetism become weaker and weaker
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
Demagnetising by an Alternating current
A magnet to be demagnetized is places inside a solenoid.
The solenoid is connected to an a.c. supply.
The magnet is withdrawn far away through the solenoid in the east-
west direction while the a.c. current still flowing.
As the process is repeated, the magnet will be demagnetized.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
Temporary magnets Permanent magnets
(eg. Iron) (eg. Steel)
Soft magnetic material Hard magnetic material
Easy to magnetise and Harder to magnetise and
demagnetise ( lose its demagnetise (can retain its
magnetism easily) magnetism)
Used to make electromagnets Used to make permanent
magnets
Uses: transformers, audio/video Uses: D.C motors, A.C
tape, electric bells, magnetic generators, galvanometers, loud
relays, reed relays speakers and magnetic door
catches.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
APPLICATION OF THE MAGNETIC EFFECT OF A CURRENT
Magnetic relay:
A magnetic relay is a switch operated by an electromagnet. With a
relay a small switch with thin wires can be used to turn on the
current in a much more powerful circuit – for example, one with
large electric motor in it.
When the switch S in the input circuit is closed, a current flows
through electromagnet and it will magnetised. This pulls the iron
armature towards it, which closes the contact C. As a result current
flows through the output circuit and motor turn on.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
Circuit breaker
A circuit breaker is a automatic switch which cuts off the
current in a circuit if this rises above a specific value.
In the type shown below, the current flows through two
contacts and also through an electromagnet.
If the current gets too high, the pull of electromagnet
becomes strong enough to release the iron armature, so the
contact open and stop the current.
Pressing the reset button closes the contact again.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
Loud speaker
Most loudspeakers are of the moving-coil type shown below. The
cylindrical magnet produces a strong radial (‘spoke-like’) magnetic
field at right angles to the wire in the coil. The coil is free to move
backwards and forwards and is attached to a stiff paper or plastic
cone. If a current is passed through the coil, a backward and forward
force acts on it; this follows from Flemings left hand rule.
The loud speaker is connected to an amplifier which gives out
alternating current. This flows backwards, forwards, backwards…
and so on, causing a force on the coil which is also backwards,
forwards, backwards…. As a result, the cone vibrates and gives out
sound waves. The nature of sound produced depends on the
frequency and amplitude of the alternating current flowing through
the coil.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
Magnetic screening or magnetic shielding
Magnetic screening is protecting delicate instruments from
stray magnetic fields by placing delicate instrument inside the
soft iron box.
Since the soft iron is a magnetic material, so stray magnetic
field lines can go through the soft iron as shown below. But the
field lines cannot reach into delicate instrument it will protect
the layer of soft iron around it.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
Electric Bell:
An electric bell contains an electromagnet, consisting of coils of
insulated wire wound round iron rods.
When an electric current flows through the coils, the rods become
magnetic and attract a piece of iron attached to a clapper. The
clapper hits the bell and makes it ring.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR
The current carrying wire has magnetic field around it. If we place
the current carrying wire into the magnetic field, the two magnetic
fields may interact, and produce a force on the wire. This can be
shown by the experiment set up below.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
When a current is passed through the wire, the wire moves
upward.
A force is acting on the wire segment inside the magnetic field.
When the direction of current reversed, the wire move downward.
When there is changing of direction of the magnetic field, the force
acting on a wire also change.
When the current and magnetic field strength are increase, the
wire experience a large force.
The force acting on the wire is therefore proportional to current
and magnetic field strength
The direction of force can be determine by Fleming’s Left Hand
Rule.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
Place the forefinger, second finger and thumb of the left hand
mutually at right angles. Then , if the forefinger points in the
direction of the field and second finger in the direction of current,
the thumb will point in the direction of the force or motion.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
FORCE ON A BEAM OF CHARGE PARTICLE
When a beam of moving charged particles enters a magnetic field,
there is a force acting on the charged particles. They are deflected
inside the magnetic field.
Fleming’s Left Hand Rule can be applied to determine the direction of
deflection of the beam of charged particles.
A beam of positive charged particles
Direction of current is same as direction of movement of the charged
particles
If beam of positive charged particles enters magnetic field into the
paper, the charged particles move towards top of the paper as shown
below.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
When the direction of magnetic field changes the force acting on a
charge particle also changes.
If the positive charge particle enters magnetic field out of the page
the charge particles move towards bottom of the page. So by using
Fleming’s Left Hand rule we can find the direction of force acts on a
charged particle
A beam of negative charge particles (electrons)
Current is in an opposite
direction to that of the flow
of negative charges.
If beam of negative
charged particles enters
magnetic field into the
paper, the charged
particles move towards
bottom of the paper as
shown below.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
When the direction of magnetic field changes the force acting on a
charge particle also changes.
If the negative charge particle enters magnetic field out of the
page the charge particles move towards top of the page. So by
using Fleming’s Left Hand rule we can find the direction of force
acts on a charged particle.
D.C MOTOR
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
A simple direct current electric motor consists of a coil (ABCD)
connected to two split-ring commutators (X and Y), two permanent
magnets and two carbon brushes (P and Q) connected to an external
battery.
The commutators rotate with the coil. Two carbon brushes are made
to press lightly against the commutators so that current can pass
through when they are in contact.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
When current flows from A to D through the coil, the side CD
experiences an upward force and the side AB experiences a
downward force.
These forces produce a turning effect and cause the coil to rotate
in a clockwise direction.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
When the coil rotates 90° and reaches the vertical position, the
contact between the carbon brushes (P and Q) and the
commutators (X and Y) are broken.
No current flows through the coil. Because of its inertia, the coil
keeps rotating until the commutators are in contact with the
carbon brushes again.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
The current along the sides AB and CD is reversed. The side AB
experiences an upward force and the side CD experiences a
downward force.
These two forces produce a clockwise moment. Hence the coil
continues to rotate in a clockwise direction.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
The purpose of the split-ring commutators is to reverse the
direction of current in the coil whenever the commutators
change contact from one carbon brush to another.
This ensures that the coil will rotate in a fixed direction.
Four ways to increase the rotating speed of a motor:
(i) increasing the current,
(ii) increasing the number of turns of the coil,
(iii) increasing the strength of the magnetic field,
(iv) increasing the area of the coil
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
Electromagnetic induction is the production of an e.m.f (voltage)
in a conductor when there is a change in magnetic flux linked with
the conductor.
When a wire is moved across a magnetic field, as shown below, a
small e.m.f. (voltage) is generated in the wire. If the wire forms
part of a complete circuit, the e.m.f. makes a current flow.
This can be detect by using a sensitive meter called galvanometer.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
When the direction of movement of
wire changes the direction of
induced current also changes.
If the wire moves downward, the
direction of current carried is
shown below and the deflection
of galvanometer need is also
same direction that is right side.
If the wire moves upward, the
direction of current carried is
shown below and the deflection
of galvanometer need is also
same direction.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
The direction of induced current in the straight wire can be
determined by using Flemings Right Hand Rule.
If the magnetic field direction changes the current direction also
changes.
If the wire is in rest in the magnetic field, no e.m.f is induced.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
The factors effecting magnitude of induced e.m.f
The induced e.m.f. (and current) can be increased by:
moving the wire faster
using a stronger magnet
increasing the length of wire in magnet in the magnetic field – for
example, by looping the wire through the field several times as shown
below.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
LENZ’S LAW
The direction of induced current can be determined by Lenz’s
law.An induced current always flows in a direction such away that
its magnetic field opposes the change which produce it.
Example: 1
The N-pole of magnet is moving towards the solenoid as shown in
the diagram below.
The change that induces current is the N-pole moving towards the
solenoid. According to Lenz’s Law, the direction of induced current
opposes the change producing it. To oppose the N-pole moving to the coil,
the induced current must produced a N-pole at the end X. Hence the
direction of induced current is as shown.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
Example 2
The N-pole of magnet is moving away from the solenoid as shown in
the diagram below.
The change that induces current is the N-pole moving out the
solenoid. According to Lenz’s Law, the direction of induced current
opposes the change producing it. To oppose the N-pole moving out
of the coil, the induced current must produced a
S-pole at the end X. Hence the direction of induced current is as
shown above.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
A simple a.c. generator consists of a coil rotating about an axis
between the poles of a permanent magnet as shown below.
When the coil rotates, it cuts magnetic field lines, so an e.m.f. is
induced. This makes a current flow through the coil.
As the coil rotates, each side travels, upwards, down wards,
upwards and downwards… and so on, trough the magnetic field.
So the current flows backwards, forwards and an a.c. current is
produced.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
The direction of induced current changes every half rotation of the
coil and this can be determined by using Fleming’s Right Hand Rule.
The end of coil are connected to a pair of slip rings. The slip rigs
rotate with the coil and are in close contact with two carbon brushes
which rub against the slip rings and keep the coil connected to the out
side part of the circuit.
The induced current is maximum when the plane of the coil is parallel
to the magnetic field. There is no induced current when the plane of
the coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field.
The induced current can be increased;
• using the coil with more turns
• using stronger magnet
• rotating the coil faster
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
Graph of voltage output against time for a simple a.c. generator
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
Transformer is a device used to increase or decrease the voltage
of a.c. supply.
The transformers only worked with alternative current (a.c.).
The diagram below shows how transformer works.
It make use of electromagnetic induction.
When the primary coil has alternative current flowing through it. It
is thus an electromagnet, and produces an alternating magnetic
field.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
The core transports this alternating field around the secondary coil.
Now secondary coil is a conductor in a changing magnetic field. A
current is induced in the coil.
There are two types of transformers:
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
The ratio of number of turns tells us the factors by which the voltage
will be changed.
Hence we can write an equation, known as transformer equation,
relating two voltages Vp and Vs, to the number of turns on each
coil, Np and Ns.
Vp/Vs =Np/Ns
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
Advantages of high voltage transmission
From the power houses the electricity is transmitting by high
voltage, using step up transformer as shown below.
This is because using higher voltage for power transmission
reduces power loss in the transmission cables.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
Environmental and cost implications of underground power
transmission compared to overhead lines.
To prevent sparking, the only effective way of insulating the cable
is to keep huge air spaces around them. That’s why we have to be
suspended from pylons.
Underground cables are more difficult insulate and must be used
at lower voltages, to transmit same power they have to carry
higher current.
This means that we have to use thicker cables and it will be very
expensive to lay. Despite the extra cost.
Underground cables are used in areas of outstanding natural
beauty so the destruction of ground.
Md Arzu Islam , Head of Physics and PTL iSTEM Bangladesh, 01921957566/01778056572
