SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Pre-Calculus
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Conic Sections: Ellipse and
Hyperbola
Pre-Calculus – Grade 11
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Conic Sections: Ellipse and Hyperbola
First Edition, 2021

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Pre-Calculus
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Conic Sections: Ellipse and
Hyperbola
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our
dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at
home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and
discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each
lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide
you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson
prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on
lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on
completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or
your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson.
At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to
self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher
are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and
reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based
learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks
on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in
answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions
carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in
answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult
your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.

ii
 Let Us Learn!

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master how to formulate and solve accurately situational problems
involving conic sections. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are also arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can
be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

This module has three lessons.

 Lesson 1: The Ellipse
At the end of second lesson, you are expected to:
1. Define an ellipse; and (STEM_PC11AG-Ic-1)
2. Determine the standard form of equation of an ellipse.
(STEM_PC11AG-Ic-2)

 Lesson 2: The Hyperbola

At the end of second lesson, you are expected to:
1. Define a hyperbola; and (STEM_PC11AG-Id-1)
2. Determine the standard form of equation of a hyperbola.
(STEM_PC11AG-Id-2)

 Lesson 3: Equations of Conic Sections

At the end of second lesson, you are expected to:
1. recognize the equation and important characteristics of the
different types of conic sections; and (STEM_PC11AG-Ie-1)
2. solve situational problems involving conic sections.
(STEM_PC11AG-Ie-2)

1
 Lesson
1 The Ellipse

Let Us Try!
Directions: Read the following questions comprehensively. Choose
the letter of the correct answer.

2 2
( x +1) ( y −3 )
a. Ellipse c. major axis e. + =1
8 4
b. Foci d. vertices

__________1. This is the set of all points P, whose sum of its distances form
F1 and from F2 is a constant (2a).

__________2. It is a line segment that connects the vertices of an ellipse.

__________3. These are the coordinates of the ellipse that are terminal points
of the major axis.

__________4. What is the standard form of an ellipse defined by the equation

x 2=2 y 2+ 2 x−12 y +11=0 ?
__________5. What do you call the fixed points in the ellipse whose distance
of the two is constant?

Let Us Study

An Ellipse is a set of all points in a plane, the sum whose distances from two
fixed points (F1 and F2) is constant. The fixed points are called foci.

2
To derive the standard form of an ellipse centered at (0,0), let P9x,y) be a
point on the ellipse, F1 (-c,0) and F2 (c,0) be the foci and 2a be the sum of the
distances of the foci from point P. Thus, we have P F 1 + P F 2=2 a .
Solution:
P F 1 + P F 2=2 a
√ ( x+ c ) + y =2 a−√ ( x−c ) + y
2 2 2 2

x + 2 cx+ c + y =4 a −4 a √ ( x −c ) + y + x −2 cx +c + y
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

a √ ( x−c ) + y =a −cx
2 2 2

a ( x −2 cx +c + y )=a −2a cx + c x
2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2
a x −c x +a y =a −a c
( a 2−c 2 ) x2 +a 2 y 2=a2 (a2 −c 2)

We let b 2=a2−c 2 , where a>c. Hence, we have b 2 x 2+ a2 y 2=a2 b2. Divide both sides
2 2
x y
by a 2 b 2 .Therefore, the standard form is 2 + 2 =1.
a b
Properties of an Ellipse

1. Center: origin C(0,0)

2. Foci: F1 )-c,0) and F2 (c,0)
 Each focus is c units away from the center.
 The sum of the distances of any point P on the ellipse from the
foci is 2a.
3. Vertices: V1 (-a,0) and V2 (a,0)
 The vertices are opposite points on the ellipse, collinear with the
center and foci.
 If y=0, then x=±a. Each vertex is a unit away from the center.
 The segment whose endpoints are V 1 and V2 is called the major
axis. Its length is 2a. It divides the ellipse into two congruent
parts. Its half which is a known as semi-major axis.
4. Covertices: W1 (0, -b) and W2 (0, b)

3
  The segment through the center, perpendicular to the major
axis, is the minor axis whose endpoints are the covertices W 1
and W2. Its length is 2b units long. Since a > b, the major axis is
longer than the minor axis. Minor axis also divides the ellipse
into two congruent parts. Its half which is b is known as semi-
minor axis.
 If x=0, then y=±b. Each covertex is b units away from the center.

a. Horizontal Ellipse Centered at (0,0)

2 2
x y
2
+ 2 =1(where a> b)
a b

4
b. Vertical Ellipse Centered at (0,0)

5
c. Horizontal Ellipse Centered at (h,k)

d. Vertical Ellipse Centered at (h,k)

( y−k )2 ( x −h )2
2
+ 2
=1(where a>b)
a b

Example 1.
x2 y2
Given the ellipse + =1 , determine the points of the foci, vertices,
25 9
and covertices of the curve. Sketch the graph, and include these
points.
Solution:

6
 This is an example of horizontal ellipse whose center is at (0,0) since
the denominator of x 2 is greater than the denominator of y 2 . To solve
for the foci c= √ a2−b2 =√ 25−9=4 .
Since a 2=25∧b2=9 ,it follows that a=5 and b=3. Therefore,
Foci: (4, 0) and (-4, 0)
Vertices: (5, 0) and (-5, 0)
Covertices: (0, 3) and (0, -3)

Graph:

Example 2:
Give the coordinates of the center, foci, vertices, and covertices of the
ellipse with given equation. Sketch the graph, and include these
points.
( x+2 )2 ( y −3 )2
a. + =1
12 16

Solution:
a. This is an example of vertical ellipse whose center (h, k) is at (-2, 3) since
the denominator of ( y−3 )2 is greater than the denominator of ( x +3 )2. To
solve for the foci, c= √ a2−b2 =√ 16−12=2.
Since a 2=16∧b2=12 , then a=4 and b=2 √ 3 ≈ 3.5 . Therefore,
Foci: ( h , k + c ) =(−2 , 5) and ( h , k −c )=(−2 ,1)
Vertices: ( h , k + a )=(−2 , 7 ) and ( h , k −a ) =(−2 ,−1)
Covertices: ( h+ b , k )=(−2+2 √ 3 ,3 ) and ( h−b , k ) =(−2−2 √ 3 ,3 )
Graph

7
Example 3:
Give the coordinates of the center, foci, vertices, and covertices of the ellipse
with given equation. Sketch the graph, and include these points.
( x−7 )2 ( y +2 )2
b. + =1
64 36
Solution:
This is an example of horizontal ellipse whose center is at (7, -2) since the
denominator of ( x−7 )2 is greater than the denominator of ( y +2 )2. To solve for
the foci, c= √ a2−b2 = √ 64−36=√ 28=2 √ 7 ≈ 5.3 .

Since a 2=64 and b 2=36, then a=8 and b=6. Therefore,

Foci: ( h+ c , k ) =(12.3 ,−2) and ( h−c , k )=(1.7 ,−2)
Vertices: ( h+ a , k )=( 15 ,−2 ) and ( h−a , k ) =(−1 ,−2)
Covertices: ( h , k +b )=( 7 , 4 ) and ( h , k −b ) =( 7 ,−8 )
Graph:

Example 3:
The foci of an ellipse are (−4 −5) and (8, -5). For any point on the ellipse, the
sum of its distances from the foci is 20. Find the standard equation of the
ellipse.

8
 Solution:
Since the sum of any point on the ellipse from the foci is 20, then 2a =20.
Hence, a = 10. Determine the midpoint of the foci to get the center. So, the

midpoint is ( −42+8 , −5+(−5)

2 )=(2 ,−5)
The distance between the foci is solved by half the absolute value of the
difference between the x-coordinates of the foci since they are collinear
horizontally. That is,
1
c= ¿
2
Finally, solve for b. Note that b=√ a2−c2 . Since a=10 and c=6. Thus
b=√ 10 −6 =8
2 2

( x−2 )2 ( y +5 )2
Therefore, the standard equation of the ellipse is 2
+ 2
=1 or
10 8
( x−2 )2 ( y +5 )2
+ =1
100 64

Let Us Practice
Activity 1.1 Guided Practice
Direction: Convert the following general form to standard form of an ellipse.
The first one is done for you for your guidance.
1. 9 x 2+ 25 y 2−36 x+50 y −164=0
Solution:
2 2
9 x −36 x +25 y +50 y =164
2
9( x¿¿ 2−4 x )+ 25( y +2 y )=164 ¿
9( x¿¿ 2−4 x +4 )+ 25( y 2 +2 y+1)=164 +36+25 ¿
2
9 ( x−2 ) +25( y +1)=225
9 ( x−2 )2+ 25( y +1)=225
225
Standard form of equation: ___________________

2. 4 x2 +9 y 2 + 48 x +72 y+ 144=0
(4 x 2+ 48 x)+( 9 y2 +72 y)=−144
4 ( x ¿¿ 2+12 x )+ 9( y 2 +8 y )=−144 ¿
4 ( x ¿¿ 2+12 x +36)+9 ( y 2 +8 y +16 ) =−144+144 +144 ¿
[ 4 ( x +6 )2 + 9 ( y + 4 )2=144 ]
144
Standard form of equation: ___________________

3. x 2−4 y 2+10 x−8 y+13=0

9
 ( x 2 +10 x ) +(−4 y 2−8 y )+ 13=0
( x 2 +10 x +25 )−4 ( y 2 +2 y +1 ) =−13
2
( x 2 +5 ) −4 ( y +1 )2=−13+25−4
2
( x 2 +5 ) −4 ( y +1 )2=−13+25−4
Standard form of equation: ___________________

4. 4 x2 +25 y 2−24 x+100 y +36=0

( 4 x 2−24 x ) + ( 25 y 2 +100 y )=−36
4 ( x 2−6 x ) +25 ( y 2+ 4 y ) =−36
4 ( x −6 x+ 9 ) +25 ( y +4 y+ 4 )=−36 +36+100
2 2

[ 4 ( x−3 )2+ 25 ( y +2 )2=100 ]

100
Standard form of equation: ___________________

5. 4 x2 + y 2 +16 x−6 y −39=0

4 x2 +16 x + y 2−6 y =39
2
4 ( x +4 x )+( y ¿¿ 2−6 y)=39¿
4 ( x + 4 x +4 ) +( y¿ ¿2−6 y +9)=39+16+ 9 ¿
2

[ 4 ( x +2 )2 +( y−3 )2 =64 ]
64
Standard form of equation: ___________________

Let Us Practice More

Very good! You made it this far. Let us continue rolling!

Activity 2.1 Independent Practice

Graph the given equation and identify the center, vertices, co-vertices and
foci.
2 2
( x−2) ( y −1) x2 y 2
1. + =1 4. + =1
9 4 9 36
x2 y2
2. 7 x 2+ 5 y 2 =35 5. + =1
16 4
3. 25 x 2+ 4 y 2=100

Let Us Remember
Awesome! Now, let us gather what we have learned.

Fill-in the blank. Suffice the correct word in each item.

1. An 1__________ is a conic formed by the set of all points P(x, y) whose
sum of its distance from the foci is a constant 2a. The standard form

10
 of a horizontal ellipse is 2__________ while the vertical ellipse is
3
__________.
2. The points that lie on the major axis of an ellipse are called
4
__________.
3. The foci can be obtained by using the formula 5__________ where a is
the semi-major axis while b is the semi-minor axis.
4. The 6__________ of the major and minor axis is the center of an ellipse.
5. The endpoints of the major axis and minor axis are called 7__________
and 8_________, respectively.

Let Us Assess
It is amazing how you were able to study and answer the activities!
Now it is time to try the fruit of your journey by answering the assessment
below.

Direction: Directions: Read the following questions comprehensively. Choose

the letter of the correct answer.

1. Find the standard equation of an ellipse if the foci are (−7, 6) and (−1,
6), the sum of the distances of any point from the foci is 14.
( x−6)2 ( y−6)2 ( x +4 )2 ( y−6)2
a. + =1 c. + =1
40 49 49 40
2 2 2 2
( x +3) ( y −3) ( x +7) ( y +1)
b. + =1 d. + =1
49 40 40 49
2. Which equation represents an ellipse?
( x−2)2 ( y +2)2
a. ( x +2 )2+ ( y+1 )2 =10 c. − =1
20 24
2 2
3( x+ 4) ( y −1)
b. 36 y 2 +72 x−132 y−230=0 d. − =1
16 25

11
 3. Find the equation of the ellipse of the given graph below.

( x−7)2 ( x−1)2
a. +¿¿ c. +¿ ¿
64 36
2 2
( y−1) ( x +2)
b. + ¿¿ d. +¿ ¿
36 9

4. Which equation represents an ellipse?

( x−3 )2 ( y −6 )2 x2 25 y 2
a. − =1 c. + =1
9 4 9 144
( y+ 8 )2 ( x−3 )2
b. x 2+ y 2−6 x−8 y +16=0 d. − =1
16 9

( x−3 )2 ( y−2 )2
5. What are the foci of the ellipse + =1
64 100
a. (-3,5) & (3,-1) c. (-5,3) & (3,1)
b. (3,5) & (3,-1) d. (10, -8) & (4, 1)

Let Us Enhance
Direction: Using the information given on each item, write the
standard form equation of each ellipse.
1. Vertices: (12, -4), (-14, -4)
Foci: (11, -4), (-13, -4)
2. Vertices: (6,22), (6, -4)
Foci: (6, 14), (6,4)
3. Foci: (0,9), (-10,9)

12
 Co-vertices: (-5, -21), (-5, -3)
4. Foci: (5,-8), (5,-8)
Co-vertices: (0,4), (0, -20)
5. Center: (6, 2)
Vertex: (6, -4)
Co-vertex: (9,2)

Let Us Reflect

Unlike circle and parabola, an ellipse is one of the conic sections that
most students have not encountered formally before. Its shape is a bounded
curve which looks like a flattened circle. The orbits of the planets in our
solar system around the sun happen to be elliptical in shape. Also, just like
parabolas, ellipses have reflective properties that have been used in the
construction of certain structures.

13
 Lesson
2 The Hyperbola

Let Us Try!
Directions: Read the following questions comprehensively. Choose the
letter of the correct answer.

1. This is the set of points in a plane where the difference of whose

distances from two fixed points is constant.
a. Ellipse c. Circle
b. Parabola d. Hyperbola
2. If the x term is positive, the orientation of the parabola is horizontal
(the curves open left and right). What is the standard equation of this
parabola is its center is at (h,k)?
2 2
( y−k ) ( x −h) y2 x2
a. − =1 c. − =1
a
2
b
2
a2 b 2
2 2
( x−h) ( y −k ) x2 y 2
b. 2
− 2
=1 d. 2
− 2 =1
a b a b
3. If the x term is positive, the orientation of the parabola is horizontal
(the curves open left and right). What is the standard equation of this
parabola is its center is at the origin?
2 2 2 2
( y−k ) ( x −h) y x
a. 2
− 2
=1 c. 2
− 2
=1
a b a b
( x−h)2 ( y −k )2 x
2
y
2
b. 2
− 2
=1 d. 2
− 2
=1
a b a b
4. If the y term is positive, the orientation of the parabola is vertical (the
curves open up and down). What is the standard equation of this
parabola is its center is at (h,k)?
2 2
( y−k ) ( x −h) y2 x2
a. − =1 c. − =1
a
2
b
2
a2 b 2
2 2
( x−h) ( y −k ) x2 y 2
b. − =1 d. − =1
a2 b2 a2 b2
5. If the y term is positive, the orientation of the parabola is vertical (the
curves open up and down). What is the standard equation of this
parabola is its center is at the origin?
2 2 2 2
( y−k ) ( x −h) y x
a. 2
− 2
=1 c. 2
− 2
=1
a b a b
2 2
( x−h) ( y −k ) x2 y 2
b. − =1 d. 2 − 2 =1
a2 b2 a b

14
 Let Us Study

Hyperbola is the set of points in a plane, the difference of whose distances

from two fixed points, called foci is constant.

Standard Form of the Equation of Hyperbola, center at the origin. (Horizontal)

x2 y 2
2
− 2 =1
a b
Standard Form of the Equation of Hyperbola, center at the origin. (Vertical)

y2 x2
− =1
a2 b 2
Standard Form of the Equation of Hyperbola, center at the (h, k). (Horizontal)
2 2
( x−h) ( y −k )
2
− 2
=1
a b
Standard Form of the Equation of Hyperbola, center at the (h, k). (Vertical)

( y−k )2 ( x −h)2
2
− 2
=1
a b

If the x term is positive, the orientation of the parabola is horizontal (the curves
open left and right). If the y term is positive, the orientation of the parabola is
vertical (the curves open up and down).

15
Center – midpoint of the segment connecting the foci. Coordinates (0, 0) or (h, k)

Vertices – points of intersection of the hyperbola with a transverse axis.

Center (0,0) Center (h,k)

Horizontal (±a,0) (h ± a, k)
Vertical (0,±a) (h, k ± a)
Co-vertices –The endpoints of the conjugate axis.

Center (0,0) Center (h,k)

Horizontal (0,±b) (h, k ± b)
Vertical (±b,0) (h ± b, h)
Foci- two-fixed points.
Center (0,0) Center (h,k)
Horizontal (±c,0) (h ± c, k)
Vertical (0,±c) (h, k ± c)
Transverse axis – line going from one vertex passing through the center and
ending at the other vertex. The length of the transverse axis is 2a (Twice the
value of a).

Conjugate axis – line passing through the center perpendicular to the

transverse axis. The length of the conjugate axis is 2b (Twice the value of b).

Latus Rectum – a chord of the hyperbola through either focus

perpendicular to the transverse axis and terminated by the curve. The
2 b2
length of the latus rectum is LR=
a
Asymptotes – lines pass through the center of the hyperbola and intersect
the vertices of the rectangle and side length of 2a & 2b.
Center (0,0) Center (h,k)
Horizontal b b
y=± x ( y−k )=± ( x −h)
a a
Vertical a a
y=± x ( y−k )=± ( x −h)
b b
Eccentricity –it is how much a conic section (a circle, ellipse, parabola, or
c
hyperbola) varies from being circular. Eccentricity of hyperbola e=
a

Conic Section Eccentricity possible value

Circle e=0
Parabola e=1
Ellipse 0<e
Hyperbola e>1

Strategy in Sketching Hyperbola

16
1. Determine if it is horizontal or vertical.

2. Locate the vertices and co-vertices

3. Draw rectangle passes through the vertices and co-vertices

4. Draw extended diagonals dash lines through the opposite corners of the

rectangle to obtain the asymptotes.

5. Draw two branches of the hyperbola by starting at each vertex and passes

through the endpoints of the latus rectum approaching the asymptotes

2 2
x y
Example 1: Sketch the hyperbola − =1
4 9

x2 y 2
Solution: By inspection, the hyperbola is in the form of 2
− 2 =1. Thus, the
a b
center is located at the point of origin (0,0) with the horizontal orientation.

a. a 2=4 → a=√ 4 → a=± 2

17
 Thus, vertices ( ± a , 0 )=( ± 2,0 ) .Then ( 2,0 ) ∧(−2,0 ) .
b =9 →b=√ 9 → b=± 3
2
b.
Thus, co-vertices ( ± b , 0 )=( 0 ,± 3 ) .Then ( 0,3 ) ∧( 0 ,−3 ) .
c. c= √ a2+ b2 → c= √ 4+9 → c=± √ 13
Thus, foci ( ± c ,0 )=( ± √ 13 , 0 ) .Then ( √ 13 , 0 )∧(− √13 , 0 )
≈(3.6,0) & (-3.6, 0)
2 b2 2(9)
d. Length of Latus Rectum: LR= → LR= → LR=9
a 2

e. End-points of Latus Rectum: ± c ,± ( )(

LR
2 )
= ± √13 , ±
9
2

Thus, (√ 13 , 92 )∧(√13 ,− 92 )∧(−√ 13 , 92 )∧(−√ 13 ,− 92 )

b 3
f. Asymptotes: y=± x → y=± x
a 2
3 −3
Thus, y= x ∧ y= x
2 2
c
g. Eccentricity: e= → e=
√ 13
a 2
Graph:

18
Example 2: Find the vertices, co-vertices, foci, eccentricity, equations
of the asymptotes, length of the latus rectum, coordinates of the end
of the latus rectum of the equation 16 y 2−25 x 2=400 of the hyperbola.

Solution:
Transform the given equation of the hyperbola to standard form by
dividing each term by 400 and reduced into the lowest terms.
2 2 2 2
16 y 25 x y x
− =1 → − =1
400 400 25 16
2 2
y x
By inspection, the hyperbola is in the form of 2 − 2 =1. Thus, the
a b
center is located at the point of origin (0,0) with vertical orientation.

19
 a. a 2=25 → a=√ 25 → a=± 5
Thus, vertices ( 0 , ± a )=( 0 ,± 5 ) .Then ( 0,5 ) ∧( 0 ,−5 ) .
b. b 2=16 →b=√ 16 → b=±4
Thus, co-vertices ( ± b , 0 )=( ± 4,0 ) . Then ( 4,0 )∧(−4,0 ) .
c. c= √ a2+ b2 → c= √25+16 → c=± √ 41
Thus, foci ( 0 , ± c )=( 0 , ± √ 41 ) . Then ( 0 , √ 41 ) ∧( 0 ,− √41 )
≈(0,6.4) & (0,-6.4)
2
2b 2(16) 32
d. Length of Latus Rectum: LR= → LR= → LR=
a 2 5

( )
32
e. End-points of Latus Rectum:
( ±
LR
2),±c = ±
5
2 ( 16
,± √ 41 → ± ,± √ 41
5 )
Thus, ( 165 ,√ 41)∧( −165 , √ 41)∧( 165 ,− √ 41)∧( −165 ,−√ 41)
a 5
f. Asymptotes: y=± x → y=± x
b 4
5 −5
Thus, y= x∧ y = x
4 4
c
g. Eccentricity: e= → e=
√ 41
a 5
Graph

( x−2 )2 ( y−1 )2
Example 3: Sketch the hyperbola − =1
9 4

Solution:

20
 ( x−h )2 ( y−k )2
By inspection the hyperbola, is in the form or − =1. Thus, the
a2 b2
center is located at the point (h,k) with horizontal orientation.

a. Center (h,k) = (2,1)

b. a 2=9 → a=√ 9 → a=± 3
Thus, vertices ( h ± a , k )= (2 ± 3,1 ) . Then ( 5,1 )∧(−1,1 ) .
c. b 2=4 → b=√ 4 → b=±2
Thus, co-vertices ( h , k ± b )= (2 , 1 ±2 ) .Then ( 2,3 )∧ ( 2,−1 ) .
d. c= √ a2+ b2 → c= √9+ 4 → c=± √ 13
Thus, foci ( h ± c ,k )=( 2 ± √ 13 , 1 ) . Then ( 2+ √ 13 ,1 ) ∧( 2− √ 13 , 1 )
2 b2 2(4) 8
e. Length of Latus Rectum: LR= → LR= → LR=
a 3 3

f. End-points of Latus Rectum: h ± c , k ± ( LR

2 )
, =¿

Thus, ¿
b 2
g. Asymptotes: ( y−k )=± (x −h) → ( y−1 ¿=± ( x−2)
a 3
2 1 −2 7
Thus, y= x − ∧ y = x+
3 3 3 3
h. Eccentricity: e= → e=
c √ 13
a 3
Graph

( y+ 3 )2 x 2
Example 4: Discuss and sketch the graph of the hyperbola − =1
16 25

Solution:

21
 ( y−k )2 (x−h)2
By inspection the hyperbola is in the form of − =1. Thus, the
a2 b2
center is located at the point of (h,k) with vertical orientation.

( y+ 3 )2 (x)2
Rewriting the given equation − =1 to standard form
16 25
( y−k )2 ( x−h )2
2
− 2
=1 , to easily identify the center (h,k). Thus, ¿ ¿ ¿
a b

a. Center (h,k) = (0,3)

b. a 2=16 → a=√ 16 → a=± 4
Thus, vertices ( h ± a , k )= ( 0 ,−3 ± 4 ) . Then ( 0,1 )∧ ( 0 ,−7 ) .
c. b 2=25 →b=√ 25 → b=±5
Thus, co-vertices ( h , k ± b )= ( 0± 5 ,−3 ) . Then ( 5 ,−3 )∧(−5 ,−3 ) .
d. c= √ a2+ b2 → c= √ 16+ 25 → c=± √ 41
Thus, foci ( h , k ± c )=( 0 ,−3 ± √ 41 ) .Then ( 0 ,−3+ √ 41 ) ∧( 0 ,−3−√ 41 )
2b
2
2(25) 25
e. Length of Latus Rectum: LR= → LR = → LR=
a 4 2

f. End-points of Latus Rectum: h ± ( LR

2 )
, k ± c , =¿

Thus, ¿¿
a 4
g. Asymptotes: ( y−k )=± ( x −h) → ( y +3 ¿=± ( x−0)
b 5
4 −4
Thus, y= x−3∧ y= x −3
5 5
h. Eccentricity: e= → e=
c √ 41
a 4
Graph

22
Transforming general form of equation to standard form of equation

Example:

16 x 2−9 y 2−128 x−90 y−113=0

Solution:
2 2
16 x −9 y −128 x−90 y−113=0
2 2
16 x −128 x−9 y −90 y=113

16 ( x −8 x )−9 ( y +10 y ) =113

2 2

16 ( x −8 x +16 ) −9 ( y + 10 y+ 25 )=113+256−225
2 2

16 ( x −8 x +16 ) −9 ( y + 10 y+ 25 )=113
2 2

16 ( x −4 )2 9 ( y+ 5 )2 144
+ =
144 144 144

16 ( x −4 )2 9 ( y+ 5 )2 144
+ =
144 144 144

( x−4 )2 ( y +5 )2
2
+ 2
=1
3 4

Let Us Practice
Activity 1.1 Guided Practice
Direction: Rewrite each of the following equations of hyperbolas in standard
form. The first one is done for you.
1. 49 x 2−25 y 2 +98 x+ 200 y+ 874=0
Solution:
49 x 2−25 y 2 +98 x+ 200 y+ 874=0
49 x +98 x+ (−25 y + 200 y ) =−874
2 2

49 ( x +2 x+1 ) −25 ( y −8 y +16 ) =−874 +49−400

2 2

2 2
49 ( x +1 ) −25 ( y−4 ) =−1225
2 2
49 ( x+ 1 ) −25 ( y−4 ) =−1225
−1225
−( x+1 ) ( y −4 )2
2
+ =1
25 49
Standard form of equation: ____________________

2. 28 x 2−64 y 2−28 x−128 y−505=0

( 28 x 2−28 x ) +(−64 y 2−128 y)=505

23
 28 ( x 2−x )−64 ( y 2 +2 y)=505

( 1
)
28 x −x + −64 ( y +2 y +1 ) =505+7−64
2
4
2

[ ( ) ]
2
1 2
28 x− −64 ( y +1 ) =448
2
448
Standard form of equation: ____________________
3. x 2−4 y 2−8 x−40 y −88=0
(x 2−8 x)+(−4 y 2−40 y )=88
( x 2−8 x )−4 ( y 2+10 y )=88
( x 2−8 x +16 ) −4 ( y 2+10 y +25 ) =88+16−100
[ ( x−4 )2−4 ( y +5 )2=4 ]
4
Standard form of equation: ____________________

Let Us Practice More

Very good! You made it this far. Let us continue rolling!

Activity 2.1 Independent Practice

Direction: Sketch the graph. Find (a) center; (b) vertices; (c) co-vertices; (d)
foci; (e) length of transverse axis; (f) length of conjugate axis, (g) length of
latus rectum; (h) pair of end-points of latus rectum, (i) asymptotes; and
(j) eccentricity.
x2 y2 y2
1. − =1 2. −x 2=1 3. y 2−( x +3 )2=1
25 10 9

Let Us Remember
Awesome! Now, let us gather what we have learned.

Direction: Fill the table with the correct answers.

24
Let Us Assess

25
It is amazing how you were able to study and answer the activities! Now it is
time to try the fruit of your journey by answering the assessment below.

Direction: Directions: Read the following questions comprehensively. Choose

the letter of the correct answer.

1. This is the set of points in a plane where the difference of whose

distances from two fixed points is constant.
a. Ellipse c. Circle
b. Parabola d. Conic Sections
2. What is the standard form of the equation of the hyperbola with the
given characteristics: vertices (0, ±6) ; foci (0, ±7)
2 2 2 2
x y y x
a. − =1 c. − =1
36 49 36 49
2 2
y x x2 y2
b. − =1 d. − =1
36 13 36 13
3. Find the equation of the hyperbola of the given graph below.

( y +2)2 ( x−1)2
a. −¿ ¿ c. −¿ ¿
9 36
2 2
( y−1) ( x +2)
b. −¿ ¿ d. −¿ ¿
36 9

2 ( y +1 )2
4. What are the vertices of the hyperbola ( x−1 ) − =1?
9
a. (2,-2) & (1,-2) c. (1,-2) & (3,-2)
b. (3,-1) & (1,-1) d. (2, -1) & (0,-1)

26
 x2 y 2
5. Graph the equation − =1
4 25

Let Us Enhance
Direction: Provide the needed answers for the given question.

1. A duly-licensed engineer designs two houses that are shaped and positioned
like a part of the branches of the hyperbola whose equation is
2 2
625 y −400 x =250,000 , where x and y are in yards. How far apart are the
houses at their closest point?

27
2. In the Loran (Long Range Navigation) radio navigation system, two signal
stations at A and B transmit simultaneous signals to a ship located at point
P and locates the ship on one branch of hyperbola as shown in the figure.
Suppose that the signal station B is located 400 mi. due east signal station A
on a coastline. A ship received the signal from station B 1200 microseconds
(ms) before it received the signal from station A.

a. Assuming that the signal travels at a speed of 980 ft/ms, find the
equation of the hyperbola on which the ship lies.
b. If the ship is due north of station B, how far of the coastline is the ship?

28
 Let Us Reflect

A hyperbola is one of the conic sections that most students have not
encountered formally before. Hyperbola is similar to that of an ellipse by
definition. The difference is that for an ellipse the sum of the distances
between foci and a point on the ellipse is fixed, whereas for hyperbola the
difference of the distances between the foci and point on the hyperbola is
fixed. Its graph consists of two unbounded branches which extend in
opposite directions. It is a misconception that each branch is a parabola.
This is not true, as parabolas and hyperbolas have very different features.
Hyperbolas can be used in so-called “trilateration”, or positioning problems.
It is possible to locate the place from which a sound, such as gunfire,
emanates. Long Range Aid to Navigation (LORAN for short) system, of ship
or aircraft utilizes hyperbolas. Hyperbola can be used to model and solve
many types real-life problems for instance long-distance radio navigation for
aircraft and ships.

29
 Lesson Equations of Conic
3 Sections

Let Us Try!
Directions: Read the following questions comprehensively. Choose the
letter of the correct answer.

Match the term in column A to the equation in column B.

_________1. Circle a. A x 2+ B y 2 +Cx+ Dy+ E=0

( y−2 )2 ( x + 4 )2
_________2. Parabola b. − =1
49 16

x2 y2
_________3. Ellipse c. 2 + 2 =1
18 15

_________4. Hyperbola d. ( x +9 )2 + ( y−3 )2=16

_________5. General Form of a conic section e. ( y +7 )2=−16(x−5)

_________6. When AB<0 by inspection f. Circle

_________7. When AB>0 by inspection g. Parabola

_________8. When A=B by inspection h. Hyperbola

_________9. When AB=0 by inspection i. Ellipse

( x−7 )2 ( y +2 )2
_________10. A tunnel has the shape of a j. + =1
64 25

semi-ellipse that is 15 ft high at

the center, and 36 ft across at

the base. The passing truck

should be 14.14 ft high and

12 ft wide to fit through the tunnel.

What is the standard equation

for this problem?

30
Let Us Study

Equation of Conic Sections

Equations of Conic Sections can be written in general form or
standard
form.
The general form of a conic section is written in a form of
2 2
A x + B y +Cx+ Dy+ E=0
Where A, B, C, D and E are real numbers.

Circle
The general equation of a circle is written in the form
2 2
Ax + B y +Cx + Dy+ E=0,
where A and B must be the same values and must not be equal to 0.
(A= B≠ 0).
Most of the time, it is written in the form
x 2+ y 2+Cx + Dy+ E=0
where C, D and E are real numbers.

Parabola
The general equation of parabola may be written in two different
forms.
 It can be A x 2+Cx + Dy+ E=0, where D must not be equal to zero (𝐷
≠ 0). In this form, the parabola maybe opens upward or
downward.
Its standard form is written as ( x−h )2=4 p( y−k ), where the vertex
is at (h, k) and p is the opening of the graph.
 It can be B y 2+Cx + Dy+ E=0, where D must not be equal to zero (𝐷
≠ 0). In this form, the parabola maybe opens to the right or left.
Its standard form is written as ( y−k )2=4 p ( x−h), where the vertex
is at (h, k) and p is the opening of the graph.

Ellipse
The general equation of an ellipse is written in the form
2 2
A x + B y +Cx+ Dy+ E=0
where A and B must be the same sign (both positive or both negative)
but unequal values and must not be equal to 0 (𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ≠ 0).
The standard form is written in the form of
( x−h )2 ( y−k )2
+ =1
a2 b2
where the center is at (h, k)

31
Hyperbola
The general equation of an ellipse is written in the form
2 2
A x + B y +Cx+ Dy+ E=0
where A and B have different signs and must not be equal to zero
(𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ≠ 0).
The standard form is written in two different forms.
( x−h )2 ( y−k )2
2
− 2
=1
a b

( y−k )2 ( x−h )2
2
− 2
=1
b a

where the center is at (h, k).

We can also check by inspection of what kind of conic section is the

given equation using its general form.

General Equations of Conics

Classifying a Conic from its General Equation

The Graph of A x 2+ B y 2 +Cx+ Dy+ E=0 such as;

Circle A=B A≠0

Parabola AB=0 A=0 or B=0, but not both

Ellipse AB>0 A and C have like signs

Hyperbola AB<0 A and C have unlike signs

Example:

Classifying Conics from General Equations

Equation Solution
2 2
2 x +2 y −8 x +12 y +2=0 A=B=2. Circle
2
4 x −9 x+ y−5=0 AB=4(0)=0. Parabola
2 2
2 x + 4 y −4 x+ 12 y=0 AB=2(4)=8, 8>0. Ellipse
2 2
4 x − y + 8 x −6 y +4=0 AB=4(-1)=-4, -4<0/ Hyperbola

32
Rewriting from General to Standard Form

Example 1:

Circle: x 2+ y 2+ 4 x−6 y + 9=0

Solution:
2 2
x + y + 4 x−6 y + 9=0

( x 2 +4 x ) + ( y 2−6 y )=−9
( x 2 +4 x + 4 ) + ( y 2−6 y +9 ) =−9+ 4+ 9 by completing the square
( x +2 )2+ ( y−3 )2=4 Standard form of the eq.

Example 2:

Parabola: x 2−2 x+12 y +61=0

Solution:
2
x −2 x+12 y +61=0

( x 2−2 x )=−12 y−61

( x 2−2 x+ 1 )=−12 y−61+1 by completing the square

( x−1 )2=−12 y−60

( x−1 )2=−12( y+5) Standard form of the eq.

Example 3

Ellipse: 9 x 2+ 16 y 2−36 x−32 y−92=0

Solution:

9 x 2+ 16 y 2−36 x−32 y−92=0

(9 x ¿¿ 2−36 x )+(16 y 2−32 y)=92 ¿

2
9( x¿¿ 2−4 x )+ 16( y −2 y )=92 ¿

9( x¿¿ 2−4 x +4 )+ 16( y 2−2 y +1)=92+36+16 ¿

9 ( x−2 )2 +16 ( y−1 )2=144

9 ( x−2 )2+ 16 ( y−1 )2=144

144

33
 ( x−2 )2 ( y−1 )2
+ =1 Standard form of the eq.
16 9

Example 4:

Hyperbola: 9 x 2−4 y 2+ 18 x +16 y +29=0

Solution:
2 2
9 x −4 y + 18 x +16 y +29=0

( 9 x 2 +18 x ) +(−4 y 2+ 16 y)=29

9 ( x 2 +2 x ) −4 ( y 2−4 y)=29

9 ( x 2 +2 x +1 ) −4 ( y 2−4 y + 4 )=29+9+(−16)
2 2
9 ( x +1 ) −4 ( y−2 ) =−36
2 2
9 ( x+1 ) −4 ( y−2 ) =−36
−36
2 2
−( x+1 ) ( y −2 )
+ =1
4 9

( y−2 )2 ( x +1 )2
− =1 Standard form of the eq.
9 4

Let Us Practice
Activity 1.1 Guided Practice
Direction: Write the standard form of the following equations and classify
the given equations of Conics as circle, a parabola, an ellipse, or a
hyperbola. The first one is done as your guide.

1. 100 x 2+65 y 2 +300 x−256 y +81=0

Solution:

( )
9
100 x 2 +3 x+ +64 ( y 2−4 y+ 4 )=−81+ 225+256
4

100 ( x + ) +64 ( y −2 ) =400

2
3 2

2
Standard equation: ______________
Type of Conic Section: ______________

2. 4 x2 + 4 y 2−20 x +4 y −55=0

34
 [ 4 x 2 +4 y 2−20 x+ 4 y−55=0 ]
4
2 2 55
x + y −5 x+ y =
4
2 2 55
x −5 x+ y + y =
4

( 2
x −5 x +
25
4 )( 2
+ y + y+ = + +
4 )
1 55 25 1
4 4 4
Standard equation:______________
Type of Conic Section: ______________

3. 16 x 2−9 y 2 +32 x +54 y −209=0

16 x 2+ 32 x +(−9 y 2+54 y)=209
16 ( x 2+ 2 x ) −9( y 2−6 y)=209
16 ( x + 2 x +1 )−9 ( y −6 y +9 )=209+16−81
2 2

2 2
16 ( x+ 1 ) −9 ( y−3 ) =144
Standard equation:______________
Type of Conic Section: ______________

4. x 2+ 4 x−8 y +20=0
2
x + 4 x=8 y −20
(x ¿¿ 2+4 x + 4)=4(2 y−5)¿
Standard equation:______________
Type of Conic Section: ______________

Let Us Practice More

Very good! You made it this far. Let us continue rolling!

Activity 2.1 Independent Practice

Direction: Write the standard form of the following equations
Show your complete solution.
1. −49 x 2 +16 y−392 x−64 y −1504=0
2. 25 x 2+ 64 y 2−350 x+ 256 y−119=0
3. x 2+ y 2−6 x+ 4 y −13=0
4. y 2 +16 x+14 y−31=0

Direction: Write the general form of the following equations

Show your complete solution.
( y−2 )2 ( x + 4 )2
1. − =1
9 4

35
 ( x−4 )2 ( y +5 )2
2. + =1
16 9
3. ( x−7 )2 + ( y +9 )2=16
4. ( x +5 )2=32( y −4)

Let Us Remember
Awesome! Now, let us gather what we have learned.

Direction: Fill the table with the correct answers.

Conic Section General Form Standard Form By Inspection

Circle
Parabola

Ellipse
Hyperbola

Let Us Assess
It is amazing how you were able to study and answer the activities!
Now it is time to try the fruit of your journey by answering the assessment
below.

1. What type of conic section is the equation 4 x2 + 4 y 2−20 x +4 y −55=0?

a. Circle c. Parabola
b. Ellipse d. Hyperbola

2. Which of the following equation is a hyperbola?

a. 5 x 2+30 x +24 y−51=0
b. 16 x 2+16 y2 =96 x−40 y −315=0
c. 16 x 2−9 y 2−128 x−90 y−113=0
d. 8 x 2+ 7 y 2+ 96 x +14 y+39=0

36
3. Which of the following is the general form of ( y−3 )2=−4 ( x−8 ) ?
( x−1 )2 ( y +2 )2 ( y+ 1 )2 ( x−2 )2
a. − =1 c. − =1
5 4 5 4
( x−2 )2 ( y +1 )2 ( y−1 )2 ( x +2 )2
b. − =1 d. − =1
5 4 5 4

4. What type of conic section is the equation 4 x2 +9 y 2−16 x +18 y−11=0?

a. Circle c. Parabola
b. Ellipse d. Hyperbola

5. Which of the following best illustrates an Ellipse?

a. Cutting a sausage at an angle to its main axis
b. Shadows on a wall of a lampshade
c. Satellite Dishes
d. Ferris Wheel

Let Us Enhance
Direction: Provide the needed answers for the given question.

1. According to Kepler’s Laws, planets have elliptical orbits, with the sun
at one of the foci. The farthest Pluto gets from the sun is 7.4 billon
kilometers. The closest it gets to the sun is 4.4 billion kilometers. Find
the equation of Pluto’s orbit assuming a center at (0,0).
2. A doorway in the Tagum City Cathedral is shaped like a parabola.
Find an equation describing the door given that is 4 feet across and 8
feet high in the center. Determine the width of the doorway at a point
5 feet off the ground.
3. Cross section of an oil tank in Davao city is in the shape of a

( )( )
2 2
x y
hyperbola with equation − =1 . The tank is 150 m tall and
302 442
the distance from the top of the tank to the center of the hyperbola is
half the distance from the base of the tank to the center of the
hyperbola. Find the diameter of the top and base of the tank.
4. A sprinkler at Mr. Christian Joy’s lawn waters a circular area that has
a diameter of 20 feet. The sprinkler is located 25 feet north of the
house. If the house is located at the origin, what is the equation of the
circle of area that is watered?

Let Us Reflect

37
If a plane is made to cut a right circular cone, the section obtained is called
a conic section, or simply a conic. There are four conics in the conics
sections- Parabolas, Circles, Ellipses and Hyperbolas. We see them every
day, but we just don't notice them. They appear everywhere in the world and
can be man-made or natural. The applications of conics can be seen
everyday all around us. Conics are found in architecture, physics,
astronomy and navigation. If you get lost, you can use a GPS and it will tell
you where you are (a point) and it will lead you to your destination (another
point). Bridges, buildings and statues use conics as support systems. Conics
are also used to describe the orbits of planets, moons and satellites in our
universe.

38
 Answer key to Activities
Answer Key

LESSON 3
Let Us Practice More Let Us Try
1. 1.a
2.c
3.d
4.e
5.b

Let Us Practice

( x−2 )2 ( y +1 )2
2. 1. + =1
25 9
( x+6 )2
2. +¿ ¿
36
( x+5 )2
3. +¿ ¿
16
( x−3 )2 ( y ∓ 2 )2
4. + =1
25 4
( x+2 )2 ( y −3 )2
5. + =1
16 64

3.
Let Us Assess
1.c
2.c
3.a
4.c
5.b

39
Let Us Remember Let Us Assess

1.Ellipse 5. c= √ a2−b2 ( x+1 )2 ( y + 4 )2

1. + =1
169 25
( x−h )2 ( y−k )2
2. + =1 6.intersection
a
2
b
2 ( x−6 )2 ( y−9 )2
2. + =1 5.
144 169
( y−k )2 ( x −h )2 2
( x−6) ( y −2 )
2
3. 2
+ 2
=17.vertices + =1 2
b a 9 36
4.foci 8.covertices ( x+5 )2 ( y−9 )2
3. + =1
LESSON 4 169 144
Let Us Try Let Us Remember

1.D 4.A 1.Ellipse 5. c= √ a2−b2

2.B 5. C ( x−h )2 ( y−k )2
2. + =1 6.intersection
3.D a2 b2

( y−k )2 ( x −h )2
3. + =1 7.vertices
b2 a2

Let Us Practice Let Us Try

( y−4 )2 ( x +1 )2 y2 x2
1. − =1 1. − =1 6. (h±b,k)
49 25 a2 b 2
2 2
( y−k ) ( x −h) 2 b2
( )
2
1 2. − =1 7. LR=
x− a
2
b
2
a
2. 2 ( y+ 1 )2
− =1 3. (0, ±a) 10.
16 7
LR
4. (h±c,k) 9. (h ± , k ± c)
( x−4 )2
2
2
3. −( y+ 5 ) =1 b
4 5. (0, ±b) 10 ( y−k )=± ( x−h)
a

40
LESSON 5

Let Us Try Let Us Practice

1. d 6. h
( )
2
3 2
1. 25 x + +16 ( y−2 ) =100 ,ellipse
2.e 7. i 2

( ) ( ) ()
2
5 1 2 9 2 ˚
3. c 8. f 2. x− + y+ = ,¿
2 2 2
4.b 9.g ( x+1 )2 ( y−3 )2
3. − =1 , hyperbola
5. a 10. c 9 16
4. ( x +2 )2=4 ( 2 y −20 ) , Parabola

Let Us Practice More Let Us Assess

( y−2 )2 ( x + 4 )2 1.a
1. − =1
49 16 2.c
2 2
( x−7 ) ( y +2 ) 3.d
2. + =1
64 25
4.b
2 2
3. ( x−3 ) + ( y +2 ) =0
5.a
2
4. ( y +7 ) =−16( x−5)

Let Us Remember
Conic General Form Standard Form By
Section Inspection
2 2
Circle Ax + B y +Cx + Dy+ E=0 ( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2 AB>0
Parabola Ax2 +Cx+ Dy + E=0 ( x−h )2=4 p( y−k ) AB=0
2 2
B y +Cx + Dy+ E=0 ( y−k ) =4 p ( x−h)
2 2
Ellipse Ax + B y +Cx + Dy+ E=0 ( x−h )2 ( y−k )2 AB>0
+ =1
a2 b2
Hyperbola 2 2
Ax + B y +Cx + Dy+ E=0 ( y−k )2 ( x−h )2 AB<0
2
− 2
=1
b a

41
 References

Pre-Calculus, Learner’s Manual, Department of Education

Demetrio A. Quirino Jr., Jose M. Mijares, Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry. Royal
Publishing House, Inc. 102-149
Marv V. Agot and Alex M. Acedera, Pre-Calculus: Analytic Geometry, Department of
Education, 2020
“The Hyperbola”, boundless.com, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-
algebra/chapter/the-hyperbola/
Geric D. Del Rosario, Pre-Calculus: Hyperbola, Department of Education, 2020
Michael O. Dagohoy, Precalculus: Ellipse, Department of Education, 2020

42
Para sa mga katanungan o puna, sumulat o tumawag sa:

Department of Education – Region XI (DepEd- XI)

Office Address: F. Torres St., Davao City

Telefax: (082) 291-1665; (082) 221-6147

E-mail Address: [email protected] * lrms.regionxi.deped.gov.ph