1 1.
0 Title
2 1. Deflection of Beam for different sections (I-Section, Rectangular Section, and C Channel)
3 2. Comparison of Experimental, Analytical, and Numerical Results
4 1.1 Objective
5 To determine the maximum deflection and slope induced at the support for a simple support
6 beam.
7 1.2 Abstract
8 Beams are the common structural element that we use to carry the load and transfer load. Beams
9 work on bending moment and shear stress along their length. A simply supported beam is a simple
10 type of beam which has a roller and a fixed span. A few common examples of beams are bridges
11 girders and gateways. Actually when we applied the load on them then deflection occur. A beam that
12 has more defection means its chances of breaking or cracking are less. Deflection of the beam is very
13 important because if bridges have no deflection then it has more chance to crack. Many types of
14 beams are used unused days such as cantilever beam simple beam, overbearing beam, fixed beam,
15 etc. different formulae are used to use to calculate the deflection non the of being simple ample sup-
16 ported beam acts against bending and shear forces to the moment of inertia. This is a determinant
17 (also called critical) structure of containing load on its supports, which means that if any one of the
18 supports or load is removed from the loader any other material is inserted between the midspan, the
19 beam is not able to support the loads anymore on the beam and it becomes a mechanism (a structure
20 that moves freely under loading)[1].
21 Supports of a simply supported beam and deflected shape different types of materials are used for
22 different materials such as steel aluminum and many more. Stand commonly used use more than then
23 construction bridges. Now the question is which is beam useful in a can whi and which has more
24 bending and more slope? And what material are us beam so make beam for better and materials
25 beam sent material beam for construction?
26 1.3 Introduction:
27 Beams are structural elements designed as symmetrical shapes of three commonly, the length of
28 one side is more than the length of the other t of the beam[2].
29 Beams have different types which mainly depend upon the shape, size, material, and different fac-
30 tors. A few types of beams are:
31 1.3.1 based on surface geometry:
32 1.3.1.1 Straight beams
33 Beams that are straight and large in shape and size are called straight beams.
34 1.3.1.2 Tapered beam
35 Beams that are tapered in shape and have tapered sections are called tapered beams.
36 1.3.1.3 Curved beam
37 Beamcurved shaped curved shaped and curved prprofilesre called curved beams.
38 1.3.2 Based on equilibrium:
39 1.3.2.1 Statically determines beams
40 Beams whose reactions can be determined by using the equilibrium conditions are called stat-
41 ically determines beams.
42 1.3.2.2 Statically Undetermined beam
43 Beam whose reactions cannot be determined by using the equilibrium conditions is called
44 statically indeterminate beams.
45 1.3.3 Based on load:
46 1.3.3.1 Simply supported beam
47 Simply supported beams are those beams that are supported by the ends that are free to rotate
48 about and have no moment resistance on the supports[3].
49
50
51 1.3.3.2 Cantilever Beam
52 A projecting beam that is fixed only by one end and the end is free to move is called a can-
53 tilever beam.
54 1.3.3.3 Overhanging beam
55 Overhanging beams are those beams that is extending beyond and are supported by one end.
56 OR
57 An overhanging beam that has one end portion extending beyond its supports and may have
58 any number of supports on its end. If the beam is viewed from a different aspect to determine,
59 it appears that it has more features than simply a supported beam and cantilever beam.
60 1.3.3.4 Continues beam
61 A beam that has more than two supports and is distributed throughout its length. are called
62 continuous beams.
63 1.3.3.5 Fixed-beam
64 A beam having support fixed on both ends and does not move and is restrained from rotation
65 is called Fixed-beam
66 Beam deflection:
67 Deflection in the beam is the degree to which a particular beam can move from the point
68 with the help of applied load. Deflection of beams can also happen to load and happen thate angle or
69 distance from the fixed point. The distance of deflection of bebeamembers by the amount of beamed
70 load is directly related to the sloped or angle of deflection shape of the body of the beam under the
71 load[4]. The beam is la ong long and a large piece of boa dy is capable to hold the by resisting the
72 bending and deflection of the beam in particular to the fixed direction which is another was ass
73 bea,m deflection.
74 The beam has the ability to ent from the Orig al position to otheanothere the distance of the beathe m
75 at each point toward its member is showing its deflection.
76 For the deflection of beam four variables are very important
77 1) How much the loading is on the structural?
78 2) The length of the member
79 3) Young Modulus(P)
80 4) The moment of are or moment of inertia(I)
81 A large number of beam equations are there to calculate equations for deflection of the beam in dif-
82 ferent types of beam. We can calculate the deflection by different types of b by taking the double in-
83 tegral of the bending Moment of Inertia means M(x) divided by the whole product of young modulus
84 and moment of inertia.
85 The basic unit for the length or deflection is the length unit and normally we measure it in mm.
86 This number defines the distance of the beam and the whole deflection from its original position.
87 The Formula Beam Deflection (S beam):
88 How to calculate the maximum beam deflection?
89 We equipped our beam deflection calculator with the formulas that engineers and engineering
90 students use to quickly determine the maximum deflection a specific beam will experience due to the
91 load it carries. However, these formulas can only solve simple loads and a combination of these
92 loads. We have tabulated these formulas for you, as shown below:
93 Simply-supported beam deflection formulas
94 We equipped our beam deflection calculator with the formulas that engineers and engineering stu-
95 dents use to quickly determine the maximum deflection a specific beam will experience[5] due to the
96 load it carries. However, these formulas can only solve simple loads and a combination of these
97 loads. We have tabulated these formulas for you, as shown below:
98 Simply-supported beam deflection formulas
99
100 Fig. 1
101 Stiffness of the beam:
102 To Calculate the beam deflection, we requireknowg about this stistiffnessam. And the amount of
103 force that we would apply on the being beam. To oprdordercalculate the deflection of the beam, we
104 multiply the stiffness of the beam (E)by multiplying the modulates of elasticity, E, by its moment of
105 inertia, I. or moment of Area The modulus of elasticity foofoo depends on the beam's material of
106 which type is used in construction. Deflection of beam isis directly proportionedomodulusoulus of
107 elasticity and can sustasustalaa rllaramountntf loads before it reaches its breaking point and angle of
108 brea Concretereate or all types of mat ial modulus of elasticity is between 15-50 GPa (gigapascals),
109 wsteelseel’s had the modo;o us of elasticity to be around 200 GPa and sometimes above. This differ-
110 ence in modulus of elasticity shows Deflection material can only withstand a small amount of deflec-
111 tion and will experience braking or cracking at corner or mid-span sooner than steel.
112 On the other hand, for determining the moment of inertia for apply supportedrted beam of any cross-
113 section, you can visit our moment of inertia calculator. The moment of inertia of a simply supported
114 beam represents the amount of beam resistance of the material to rotational motion. The amount of
115 inertia depends on the dimension
116 Iₓ = width × height³ / 12
117 = 20 × (30³)/12
118 = 45,000 cm⁴
119 Iᵧ = height × width³ / 12
120 = 30 × (20³)/12
121 = 20,000 cm⁴
122 Now we get the two values of the moment of inertia one along the X-six and one along the y-axis.
123 Understanding the beam deflection formula
124 As we know the moment of inertia and young modulus now, we know the importance of these two
125 factors. We will know that as more and more the stiffer the beam and the will deflection of the beam.
126 But we know that the length of the beam is an effector or has a direct on the defection of the beam.
127 team the length of the beam and the deflection of the beam.
128 Loads, affect the deflection in two ways:
129 1) the direction of the deflection
130 2) the magnitude of the deflection.
131 The lich applied on the beam may be the linear load or moment load or midspan load. The load ap-
132 plied to the beam directly affects the deflection of the beam
133
134
135 For the calculation of beam deflection, let us consider a simple wooden bench with legs 1.5 meters
136 apart from each other at their center. Let us say we have a 13.2thicthickand the width of the simply
137 supported beam is 13,6cm
138 Iₓ = width * height³ / 12
139 = 13.6*(17,7³)/12
140 =0.6560mm
141 Steel has a modulus of elasticity of about 200Gpa, Let's suppose that a 400 N child sits in the middle
142 of the bench. We can now calculate the deflection the bench's seat will experience due to a point load
143 at its center
144 δₘₐₓ = P * L³ / (48 * E * I)
145 δₘₐₓ = (400 N) * (1.5 m)³ / (48 * 6.8x10⁹ Pa * 1.6x10⁻⁶ m⁴)
146 δₘₐₓ = 0.002585 m = 2.5850 mm
147 This means that the bench seat will sag around 2.6 mm from its original position when the child sits
148 in the middle of the bench.
149 If you found this topic interesting and would love to learn more about the strength of materials, you
150 might like our factor safety calculator as well. You can also check out our force converter if you
151 want to explore the different units used in point loads and in calculating force.
152 1.4 Methodology
153 Deflection on the simply supported beam is calculated by the double integration method or method
154 of direct integration or constant integration. This method of double integration or constant integration
155 describes the details of the deflection of a beam by the integration of different thus cations of the
156 elastic curve of a beam by the double integration and boundary condition to determine the constant
157 of integration. In the first step of integration, we get the slope or angle of the beam and in the second
158 step of integration, we get the deflection of them. the method is best for calculating the slope and de-
159 flection the there is a continuity in the applied loading. For calculating the deflection of the team can
160 also use methods like Macaulay’s method, Conjugate beam method, and Castigliano’s method prin-
161 ciple of superposition, all these methods help us to calculate the deflection and simply supported
162 beam. But the very common and simple method d the integration method which calculates a very
163 simple, eff straight and that can be used to calculate any type of question.
164 For calculating the deflection of the simply supported beam, we need a second moment of inertia
165 which we calculated from the web https://www.omnicalculator.com which helps us to calculate the
166 moment of I beam, C section, Rectangular section, use side we have data like thickness, height,
167 width, and moment of inertia. The method knows how to use is very simple and by providing all the
168 results in the proper dimension we get the final output of moment of inertia for sections above-given
169 above the given table of finding beam deflection provides engineers and student sing students to cal-
170 culate the beam deflection. As above stated we can use a method of calcuing beam deflection, calcu-
171 lations calculation can use the superposition method and we the calculation is complicated we use di-
172 rectly the double integration method.
173 1.5 Result
174
I Beam
Beam Cross Section
Metric
Unit System (Quick selection)
Inch
INPUT PARAMETERS
Parameter Value
Flange-flange inner face height [H] 13.6*4
cm
Width [B] .5*13.6*4
Flange thickness [h] .5 *13.6*4
Web thickness [b] 3.1+.1+.1*4
Calculate
RESULTS
Parameter Value
The second moment of the area [Ixx] ----
mm^4
In the second moment the area [Iyy] ----
176
178 Note: Use dot "." as decimal separator
179 Second Moment of Area Formula:
I Beam Area Moment of Inertia Formula
Parameter Equation
Area moment of inertia Ixx = H3b/12 + 2[h3B/12 + hB(H+h)2/4]
Area moment of inertia Iyy = b3H/12 + 2(B3h/12)
Hollow Rectangle Area Moment of Inertia Formula
Parameter Equation
Area moment of inertia Ixx = BH3/12 - bh3/12
Area moment of inertia I = HB3/12 - hb3/12
C Channel Area Moment of Inertia Formula
Parameter Equation
Area moment of inertia Ixx = H3b/12 + 2[h3B/12 + hB(h+H)2/4]
Area moment of inertia Iyy = b3H/12 + bH(xc-b/2)2+ 2B3h/12+ 2Bh(xc - B/2)2
Centroid distance xc = (2hB2/2 + b2H/2)/A
Centroid distance yc= H/2 + h
181
182 1.6 Experimental Result
Steel
Loa Deflection (mm)
d Rectangu-
(N) I Section C Channel
lar Section
0 0 0 0
100 0.4547743 0.4034640 0.5041475
0 35 2 08
200 1.0111648 0.7623152 0.8750313
0 99 45 75
300 1.1969186 1.1441188 1.3339138
0 49 58 18
400 1.8984384 1.5474757 1.8295182
0 17 76 83
500 1.9706945 1.9488080 2.2932373
0 57 99 28
600 2.2983757 2.2031802 2.2746771
0 76 73 55
2.8128856 3.1162573
45 2.3510418 16
800 3.7758586 2.7023146 3.2387753
0 59 13 13
900 3.9254393 3.3703455 4.5378308
0 09 15 8
10 4.5619459 3.5050293 4.1067707
000 32 1 99
183
Series1 Series2 Series3
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
184
185 1.7 Analytical Result
186 2
187 3 Table 1Deflection of beams
188 4
Deflection
for Deflection Deflec-
Percent Differ- for Percent tion for Percent Dif-
Load Rectangu-
ence I Section Difference C Channel ference
lar
beam beam
beam
0 0.00 #DIV/0! 0.00 #DIV/0! 0.00 #DIV/0!
1000 0.38 -48.90 0.62 10.99 0.45 -18.60
2000 0.76 -17.57 1.25 15.85 0.90 -44.89
3000 1.14 -37.18 1.88 -3.38 1.35 -24.76
4000 1.52 -21.93 2.51 -5.68 1.79 -36.42
5000 1.90 -33.52 3.14 14.67 2.24 -33.15
6000 2.28 -18.82 3.77 20.85 2.69 -29.00
7000 2.66 -31.49 4.40 14.79 3.14 -45.71
8000 3.04 -16.89 5.03 -4.93 3.59 -45.13
9000 3.42 -25.47 5.66 10.29 4.04 -20.52
10000 3.80 -10.71 6.29 -4.67 4.49 -10.63
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Series1 Series2 Series3
189
190 Figure 1 Graph for analytical deflection of beams
191
192
193 1.8 Result and Discussion
194 The maximum deflection on the simply supported beam is by putting the load on the beam at its mid-
195 span of the beam is as
M L3
196 The maximum deflection= ∆=
48 EI
197 Where W= Load on the beam (N)
198 L = Span or maximum length of the beam
199 E = Young’s modulus of the simply supported beam (Nm-2)
200 I=second moment of inertia or Second moment of area of the beam (m2)
201 For the rectangular section, the I beam has moment I = 𝑏𝑑^3/12,
202 where b and d are the width and depth respectively
203 1.9 Numerical Result
204 2 Table 2Deflection of beams
205 3
Deflection
for Deflection Deflec-
Percent Differ- for Percent tion for Percent Dif-
Load Rectangu-
ence I Section Difference C Channel ference
lar
beam beam
beam
0 0.00 #DIV/0! 0.00 #DIV/0! 0.00 #DIV/0!
1000 0.38 -48.90 0.62 10.99 0.45 -18.60
2000 0.76 -17.57 1.25 15.85 0.90 -44.89
3000 1.14 -37.18 1.88 -3.38 1.35 -24.76
4000 1.52 -21.93 2.51 -5.68 1.79 -36.42
5000 1.90 -33.52 3.14 14.67 2.24 -33.15
6000 2.28 -18.82 3.77 20.85 2.69 -29.00
7000 2.66 -31.49 4.40 14.79 3.14 -45.71
8000 3.04 -16.89 5.03 -4.93 3.59 -45.13
9000 3.42 -25.47 5.66 10.29 4.04 -20.52
10000 3.80 -10.71 6.29 -4.67 4.49 -10.63
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Series1 Series2 Series3
206
207 Figure 2 Graph for analytical deflection of beams
208
209 1.10 Conclusion
210 A Simply supported beam is a simple beam that has one end fixed and the other but some beams have both
211 ends applied at the mid-span. In a beam that has one end fixed load is applied at the front ends. From the
212 above calculation and result it is seen that the steel deflects less when less load is applied and when the max-
213 imum load is applied then slope and deflection increase as a result chances of cracking decrease and a mate-
214 rial that has less slope on the graph for deflection means that material has fewer advantages that that which
215 has more slope and maximum deflection.
216 1.11
217 1.12 References
218 1. Le, N.T., et al., A new method for locating and quantifying damage in
219 beams from static deflection changes. Engineering Structures, 2019. 180: p.
220 779-792.
221 2. Mirambell, E. and E. Real, On the calculation of deflections in structural
222 stainless steel beams: an experimental and numerical investigation. Journal
223 of Constructional Steel Research, 2000. 54(1): p. 109-133.
224 3. Zofkie, R. Design aids for determining deflection of beams reinforced
225 along part of their length. in Structures Congress 2012. 2012.
226 4. Lesley, E., et al., The Influence of the Form of a Wooden Beam on Its Stiff-
227 ness and Strength: Deflection of beams with special reference to shear de-
228 formations. I. 1923: US Government Printing Office.
229 5. Choi, W.-C. and H.-D. Yun, Long-term deflection and flexural behavior of
230 reinforced concrete beams with recycled aggregate. Materials & Design,
231 2013. 51: p. 742-750.
232 1.13
