Extension of range of PMMC instrument
Case-I: Shunt
A low shunt resistance connected in parallel with the ammeter to extent the range of current. Largecurrent
can be measured using low current rated ammeter by using a shunt
Fig. 2.8 Extension of range of PMMC instrument - Shunt
Shunt resistance is made of manganic. This has least thermoelectric emf. The change is resistance, due to
change in temperature is negligible.
Case (II): Multiplier
A large resistance is connected in series with voltmeter is called multiplier (Fig. 2.9). A large voltage can be
measured using a voltmeter of small rating with a multiplier.
Moving Iron (MI) instruments
One of the most accurate instrument used for both AC and DC measurement is moving iron instrument. There
are two types of moving iron instrument.
Attraction type
Repulsion type
Attraction type M.I. instrument
Construction: The moving iron fixed to the spindle is kept near the hollow fixed coil (Fig. 2.10). The pointer
and balance weight are attached to the spindle, which is supported with jeweled bearing. Here air friction
damping is used.
Principle of operation
The current to be measured is passed through the fixed coil. As the current is flow through the fixed coil, a
magnetic field is produced. By magnetic induction the moving iron gets magnetized. The north pole of moving
coil is attracted by the south pole of fixed coil. Thus the deflecting force is produced due to force of attraction.
Since the moving iron is attached with the spindle, the spindle rotates and the pointer moves over the
calibrated scale. But the force of attraction depends on the current flowing through the coil.
Torque developed by M.I
Let „ ‟ be the deflection corresponding to a current of „i‟ amp
Let the current increases by di, the corresponding deflection is „ d ‟
Fig. 2.10 2.8Moving Iron (MI) instruments- Attraction type
There is change in inductance since the position of moving iron change w.r.t the fixed
electromagnets.
Let the new inductance value be „L+dL‟. The current change by „di‟ is
dt seconds. Let the emf induced in the coil be „e‟ volt.
d di dL
e (Li) L i (2.22)
dt dt dt
Multiplying by „idt‟ in equation (2.22)
di dL
e idt L idt i idt (2.23)
dt dt
e idt Lidi i2dL (2.24)
Eqn (2.24) gives the energy is used in to two forms. Part of energy is stored in the inductance.
Remaining energy is converted in to mechanical energy which produces deflection.
Fig. 2.11Energyused
Change in energy stored=Final energy-initial energy stored
1 1 2
(L dL)(i di)2 Li
2 2
1
{(L dL)(i2 di2 2idi) Li2}2
1
{(L dL)(i2 2idi) Li2}2
1
{Li2 2Lidi i2dL 2ididL Li2}2
1
{2Lidi i2dL}2
1
Lidi i2dL (2.25)
2
Mechanical work to move the pointer by d
(2.26)
Tdd
By law of conservation of energy,
Electrical energy supplied=Increase in stored energy+ mechanical
work done.
(2.27)
Input energy= Energy stored + Mechanical energy
1 2
Lidi i2dL Lidi i dL Tdd
(2.28)
2
1 2
i dL Tdd
2
1 dL (2.29)
Td i2
2 d
At steady state TC
condition Td
1 2 dL
i K (2.30)
2
d
(2.31)
1 dL
i2
2K d i2
(2.32)
When the instruments measure AC, i 2
rms
Scale of the instrument is non uniform.
Advantages
MI can be used in AC and DC
It is cheap
Supplyis given to a fixed coil, not in moving coil.
Simple construction
Lessfrictionerror.
Disadvantages
It suffers from eddycurrent and hysteresis error
Scale is not uniform
It consumed more power
Calibration is different for AC and DC operation
Repulsion type moving iron instrument
Construction: The repulsion type instrument has a hollow fixed iron attached to it (Fig. 2.12). The moving
iron is connected to the spindle. The pointer is also attached to the spindle in supported with jeweled
bearing.
Principle of operation: When the current flows through the coil, a magnetic field is produced by it. So both
fixed iron and moving iron are magnetized with the same polarity, since they are kept in the same magnetic
field. Similar poles of fixed and moving iron get repelled. Thus the deflecting torque is produced due to
magnetic repulsion. Since moving iron is attached to spindle, the spindle will move. So that pointer moves
over the calibrated scale.
Damping: Air friction damping is used to reduce the oscillation.
Control: Spring control is used.
ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Fig. 2.12 Moving Iron (MI) instruments- Repulsion type
EE8403 MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION
ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
EE8403 MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION
