Tracheophyte Phylogeny Poster

Vascular Plants – Systematics and Characteristics

H ornworts, Mosses, Liverworts see "B ryophyte" Phylogeny Poster

homosporous

Lycopodiales
lvs eligulate
sporangia s.t. clustered in terminal strobili Lycopodiaceae
lvs usually with single central, unbranched vein
root dichotomous cormose to rhizomatous
sporangia reniform, dorsiventral and transversely dehiscent, 1 (adaxial) per leaf lvs spiral, in basal rosette

Isoëtales
microspores monolete
megaspores 50–300 Isoëtaceae
heterosporous
Lycophytes

lvs ligulate sporangia on 4-sided strobili

lvs 4-ranked

Selaginellales
microspores trilete
megaspores 4 Selaginellaceae
sporangiophores in terminal strobili
lvs whorled, fused into sheaths encircling base of internodes

Equisetales
stems ridged with internal hollow canals
spores with elaters 4–6, straplike Equisetaceae

Ophioglossales
each leaf with fertile (sporophore) & sterile (trophophore) parts
(latter inclined relative to former)
Ophioglossaceae
Ferns roots unbranched, root hairs absent
collateral leaf vascular bundles
gametophyte nonphotosynthetic, often subterranean, mycorrhizal
roots absent

Psilotales
lvs reduced, veins 1 or 0
sporangia 2–3, fused: synangium Psilotaceae
Monilophytes

tropical, megaphyllous, stipules +

polycyclic siphonostele

Marattiales
often synangia, annulus –
sporangia open by longitudinal slit or pores Marattiaceae

Osmundales
annulus lateral on sporangium
opening apically Osmundaceae

sporophyte dominant receptacle elongate

sporangia

Hymenophyllales
vascular tissue: sporangia in sori lvs thin, usually 1 cell layer
single-layered
tracheids + sieve cells
sporangia many
sporangia primarily multi-layered:
eusporangial tapetum plasmodial
with annulus:
sori marginal Hymenophyllaceae
zygote: pseudoendospore + leptosporangial
1st division horizontal siphonostele
stem protoxylem mesarch root steles with 3–5 protoxylem poles

Gleicheniales
rhizome with scales; veins anastomosing
sporangia maturation simultaneous Gleicheniaceae Matoniaceae Dipteridaceae

Schizaeales
annulus transverse, subapical
opening by longitudinal slit Anemiaceae Lygodiaceae Schizaeaceae
aquatic
aerenchyma +

Salviniales
leaf dimorphism
hairs heterosporous; sporocarps; annulus – Marsileaceae Salviniaceae
endospore
2-layered
Cyatheaceae
Cibotiaceae Dicksoniaceae Metaxyaceae
Cyatheales
usually tree ferns
Liverworts
sori often terminal on veins
Mosses Thyrsopteridaceae Loxsomataceae
Hornworts
Culcitaceae Plagiogyriaceae
Lycophytes

Ferns Saccolomataceae Cystodiaceae

Tracheophytes
Lonchitidaceae Lindsaeaceae
(incl. horsetails)

Cycads sporangial maturation mixed

Pteridaceae Dennstaedtiaceae
Polypodiales
Ginkgo annulus vertical on sporangium
euphyll
Ephedra interrupted by stalk and stomium
leaf gaps
Eupolypods I: Polypodiineae
Welwitschia
protoxylem exarch Gnetum
Seed Gymnosperms
roots monopodial Conifers
variously vessels
Plants (incl. Polypodiaceae, Davalliaceae,
ANA grade
30-kb cp inversion
Angiosperms
Didymochlaenaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Hypodematiaceae,
Magnoliids
Lomariopsidaceae, Oleandraceae, Tectariaceae)
Monocots
Euphyllophytes

Fabids Eupolypods II: Aspleniineae

Malvids (incl. Aspleniaceae, Athyriaceae, Blechnaceae,
Rosids
Cystopteridaceae, Desmophlebiaceae, Diplaziopsidaceae,
Lamiids
Hemidictyaceae, Onocleaceae, Rhachidosoraceae,
Campanulids
Asterids Thelypteridaceae, Woodsiaceae)

males: whorls of megasporophylls

at trunk apex alternate with trophophylls
(no seed cones) Cycadaceae Cycas
pachycaulous; pinnate megaphylls
males with pollen cones; pollen tube simple
roots with N2-fixing cyanobacteria
seed cones with 2[3] seeds
per megasporophyll
Bowenia Ceratozamia Chigua Dioon
Cycadales lignins with syringaldehydes
Zamiaceae Encephalartos Lepidozamia Macrozamia
dioecious Microcycas Stangeria Zamia
stout short shoots with
zooidogamy lvs flabelliform, dichotomously veined, deciduous
Ginkgoales pollen tube branched
ovules 2 (basal collar); cotyledons 2 Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo

xeromorphic, lvs scale-like, sheathed, shed early

Ephedraceae
stems narrow, striate, photosynthetic

ovules/seeds not
seed cones: 1–3 ovules; double fertilization Ephedra
enclosed by carpel
pollen tube haustorial vessels caudex
primarily porose perforation plates lvs 2 (straplike) life-long basal continuous growth
anemophilous dioecious venation parallel
primary endosperm
striate pollen
♀ gametophyte tubes grow towards pollen tubes Welwitschiaceae Welwitschia
Gnetales
no bisexual strobili
binucleate sperm
cotyledons 2 ectomycorrhizal
lvs opposite, simple, broad,
venation reticulate
Gymnosperms

(angiosperm-like "convergence")
laticifers Gnetaceae Gnetum
monoecious
resin canals; lvs linear (needles)
Abies Cathaya Cedrus Hesperopeuce
Pinales
pollen mostly 2-saccate

Pinaceae
ovules 2, inverted
seeds winged Keteleeria Larix Nothotsuga Picea
loss of
monoecious or dioecious
Pinus Pseudolarix Pseudotsuga Tsuga
spermatozoids Conifers I lvs broad to acicular
nucellar pollen not saccate

Araucariaceae
siphonogamy seed cones large, disintegrate
cotyledons 2–4 Agathis Araucaria Wollemia
leaves
morphologically dioecious; roots with nodules
diverse 1 ovule/scale, cone often one seeded
receptacle and/or
Acmopyle Afrocarpus Dacrycarpus Dacrydium Falcatifolium
Halocarpus Lagarostrobus Lepidothamnus Manoao
Seed
epimatium/carpidium fleshy
cotyledons 2 Podocarpaceae Microcachrys Nageia Parasitaxus Pherosphaera Phyllocladus
Plants Podocarpus Prumnopitys Retrophyllum Saxegothaea
Cupressales monoecious
"double needles" (cladodes)
eustele
secondary growth ovules 7–9 Sciadopityaceae Sciadopitys
Spermatophytes

heterosporous Conifers II
ovules / seeds dioecious
pollen evergreen; pollen cones tiny
pollen tube peltate microsporangiophores
with 2 gametes each
Amentotaxus Austrotaxus Cephalotaxus
Taxaceae
1 ovule, 1 seed/cone, arillate
cotyledons 2
Pseudotaxus Taxus Torreya
monoecious
cone scales
opposite
(Juniperus: monoecious or dioecious)
lvs mostly scale-like
Actinostrobus Athrotaxis Austrocedrus Callitris
pollen not saccate Calocedrus Chamaecyparis Cryptomeria Cunninghamia
ovules 1–20/scale
cotyledons many Cupressus Diselma Glyptostrobus Fitzroya Fokienia
seed cones terminal
Cupressaceae Juniperus Libocedrus Metasequoia Neocallitropsis
Papuacedrus Pilgerodendron Platycladus
Sequoia Sequoiadendron Taiwania Taxodium
bisexual flower; fruit (ovules enclosed by carpel) Tetraclinis Thuja Thujopsis Widdringtonia Xanthocyparis
loss of spermatozoids
pollen tube penetrating stigma/style/nucellus/synergid (complete siphonogamy)
vessels; pollenkitt; primarily zoophilous
double fertilization: triploid endosperm A ngiosperms see A ngiosperm Phylogeny Poster
COLE TCH, BACHELIER JB, HILGER HH (2018) Tracheophyte Phylogeny Poster
• hypothetical tree based on molecular phylogenetic data (Oct. 2018)
• branch lengths deliberate, not expressing actual time scale
• if a character is marked as being a potential synapomorphy at a node/for a clade,
© The Authors, 2018 (CC-BY)

this does not mean that all members of that clade possess that character
• this poster is now available in 12 world languages
Dipl. Biol. Theodor C. H. Cole
Prof. Dr. Julien B. Bachelier
Prof. Dr. Hartmut H. Hilger
Angiosperm Tracheophyte Bryophyte Schuettpelz, Schneider, The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group, 2016
References

Phylogeny Phylogeny Phylogeny

Kubitzki (ed.) 1990, FGVP, Vol. I, Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms
Christenhusz et al. 2011/2014; Soltis et al. 2005/2011; Ran et al. 2018
Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS) Stevens 2018, APweb, www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb
Institute of Biology – Botany
Poster Poster Poster
Textbooks: Judd et al. 2016, Simpson 2010
Freie Universität Berlin Thanks to all members of the TPP team: Fernanda Antunes Carvalho, Mohamed Fennane, Diego Medan, Sergei L. Mosyakin,
Sofi Mursidawati, Dashzeveg Nyambayar, Anastasiya V. Odintsova, Batlai Oyuntsetseg, Federico Selvi, Magsar Urgamal, Xin Zhong
Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany