-

s() l\.l \rtt'Jl

SOUN D
nlact

We hear many ty pes of sound around us everyday . We hear the sound of our friends )OSe
and parents talking,
the sound of buses and other automobiles running on the street, the chirping of bird
s, the barking of dogs,
the cries of street vendors, the screeching of brakes, the zooming of aeroplanes overhead ~pendent
, the clatter of
pans in the kitchen and so on . In the night, when most sounds cease , we can still
hear the buzzing or a
mosquito. Each type of sound is characteristic of the object producing it. eases, incre

SOUN D IS PRODUCED BY VIBRATING BODIES

,e
Activity 1:
Cut a rubber band . Hold one end of it in your mouth and the other end in your hand
and stretch it. Now,
pull It with the other hand and release it. You will notice that it moves to and fro
or vibrates and it also
produces sound.

Activity 2:
Take a scale and hold its one end firmly on the table with your left hand . Flick ,e
the free end of the scale
with your right hand; let it go. The ruler is seen vibrating and a humming sound
is heard. "The humming
sound is produced by the to and fro motion of the ruler.

All these example s shows that sound is only produced when a body vibrates.
As soon as the vibrations
stop, the sound also stop. From this, we conclude that the sound is produced by
the vibrating bodies.

SOUND PRODUCED BY HUMANS . (0)

In humans. the sound Is produced by the voice box or the larynx. Put your fingers · lA)
on the throat and find a
hard bump that seem s to move when you swallow. This part of the body ls known
as the voice box It Is . (B)
at the upper end of the windpipe . Two vocal cords, are stretched across the voice
box or larynx in such a
way that it leaves a narrow slit between them for the passage of air.
(C)

When the lungs force air through the slit. The vocal cords vibrate, producin g
sound Muscles attached to
the vocal cords can m ake the cords tight or loose. When the vocal cords
are tight and thin the type or
quality of voice Is different from that when they are loose and thick.

mt•tl!lilUA:ti-iS-li•11W•l
1111111 == == == == =- =
_ o
UDE TIME PERIOD AND FREQUENCY OF VIBRAT;::-,--
AMPLIT , N
--..;_
-ActiVit)': ondulum by tying a stone to a long thread. Tie
18
Make a stm P ithe thread to 8 support, so that the stone hangs
0nd O . f' ure Allow It to come to rest. Now, give a
the other
frt1ely as shownh,n tiogne · You will find that the pendulum moves
push to I e s · .
gent1O scillates about its position of rest, or. mean position .
nd point A. It swings c• ', e
to a fro, or ~he stono was at rest at the mean
th o ~ " •
To st art W' • A to 8 on the right, comes back to A, moves
d moves from ft and again comes back to A. his complete T .
from
L1 1•,1,tlfl
,J _ .... ~ ,~irAti~
---
en
c
A to on the Ie lied one oscillation or one vIbrat
-
. 1on of the
movement ,s ca
pendulum.
Oscil/ aflon~
Pendulum
Amplitude: position , is called its
. m displace ment of a vibrating body from Its mean
amplitude .
The maxImu ihe ~r~ta
amplitude ,s meter
Time period: . . . .
e taken by a vibrating body to comple te one osc1llat1on or v,brahon is called 't 1•
. ' 1 s rm e Pe .
Th e tIm fiOd 'ti..
s. Time period of a pendulu m is given by T = n [ , ''IIJ
ume period is always measured in second 2
{g ·LIs~,,
·
length of pendulum thread.
Frequency:
cy of oscillatio F
The number of vibrations per second of a body is called the frequen
say that its frequ;~ r1equency is
measured in Hertz. If a body makes 20 oscillations in a second, we can cy s20 Hz.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOU ND
The following are the characteristics of sound:
Intensity and Loudness:
Intensity of sound is the amount of sound energy that flows normally per unit area per second aero
L d ss the
surface at a given point.
. We measure. 1 • • m-2) . o_u ness, t~ough related to intens,,,,
·t .in wa ttJ ~ 2 ,f\M
depends upon the response of the ear of the listener. Intensit y level rs expressed in decibe~
wave is equal to 10· wm· , its intensity level Is odb. The
12 2
(symbol: db). If the intensity (lo) of a sound
11 2
m intensity level that our ear can
intensity level of a sound of intensity 10· wm· is 10 db. The maximu
tolerate is 120 db.
by us. The sounds of intensfy
The weakest sound corresponding to zero decibel cannot be heard
the delicate tissues.
140 decibels or more produce pain in the ear and will ultimately damage
Frequency and Pitch:
though related to frequency Is not
Frequency is defined as the number of vibrations per second . Pitch
ve measur e of that sensation of sound which enables
directly proportional to frequency. Pitch is subjecti
voices, between acute and dull sounds and between sharpana
us to distinguish between shrill and grave
sound and a sharp note are said to be of high pitch but a grave VOICE!,
flat notes. A shrill voice, and acute
though of high intensity isof loll
a dull sound and a flat note are said to be of low pitch. Roaring of a lion
pitch. But buzzing of a mosquito though of low intensity is of high pitch.
Quality or Timbre:
between two notes of the same
It Is that characteristic of sound by means of which you can distinguish nd
, you can immediately F'. .~
intensity and pitch but produced by two different instruments. For example
whether a given sound is being produced by a sitar or a violin. It enables
you to recognise the VOi:~
the wave form of the sound, that is, the shape of the graph be
your dear ones. It depends upon
displacement and time.

UOY-2223-P2-PHYSICS-SOUND
11/J MEGACOSM
DIFFERENCES BEnV
=
EEN LOUDNESS AND
PITCH
"
d m lhe
or sensauon pro du ce
1. Pit ch 1s lhe eff ecl
~
1 cy
~; " n g ~ s "POO
the am pli tud e of so me pa rtc ula r frequen
bra in by the so un d of
ou nt of
by the 2. Pit ch do es no t de
pe nd up on the am
d 1s de ter mm ed ea r
~= so fs of so un the ea r en erg y rec eiv ed by the
SO Un d en erg r l'\.--cerved by the
an s mo re the en erg y wit h the ch an ge Ul
me
m urn"t tim e. It the so un d. 3. Th e Pit ch ch an ge s er fre qu en q• v.
tou de r is As a rul e. low
rece.1ved fre qu en cy. ency
wh ere as hig he r frequ
ch an ge ,,,t h the ch an ge pro du ce ba ss so un d
3. LOUdne:.s do cs no t Y.il l pro du ce shriD soun
d.
inf~ .
LI DS
TRAVEL 11'! CA SE S. LIQUIDS ,\N O SO
SO U N D CAN
Ac:tivi~ 1: a,e thts be1 lns ide
Tal -..e a sm all beJI in on e ha nd . S~
bathtub, fill it ""t h de
an wa ter blJc!.;.et or the tub.
8
Ta ke bud-.:et or a be ll do es no t t<hlch the body of the
sound. Ma "e su re tha
t the icates tnat
the be "''¥ es , It ind
the ,v.1ter to nro dl. .ce su rfa ce Ca n ro u he ar the so un d o:
"tl " on tt1e Y.ate~
Pla ce )'O ur ea r ge
tra ve l lhr ou gn liq uid s
so un a c.an

oU-.er en d.
Ac tiv ity 2: to gentl', 1-..noc~ at t:,e
}o ur ea r at on e en d of it As!-.. a fie nd h:is.
k. an d pre ss t;-avei thr ou gh sol
Ta ke a wo od e.. , stic cle an }. Th is sh o\\ s tha t so un d can
Yo u will be ab te to
'le ar the sound , er,

h yo ur fin ge rs 'Io... w oo te
Ac tiv ity 3: r. Sc rat ch the oth er en d of t \\;t
air ari d pre ss it to
} ou r ea vel thr ou gh gases.. We
Fil l a ba loo n with
1
it} sh ow s tha t so un d ca n a!s o tra
~ ou r ea r Th is
ac tiv tra \ e1s ootte· ,t- ~h
that the so un d rea ch es ou gh ga se s, ltqu1ds and sol,ds It
\ el thr
tha t sound can tra
the ref ore , C0'1c1ude
n thr ou gh gases.
solids an d liql.. >ds tha

U N D C A N "i O T TRAVEL IN VACUUM

SO s ~
lid s. ' 1qu ids oo o s~se
l. It ca n tra ve l thr ou gh any medium so
A me d um is ne ed
ed for sound to tra\le

no t m va cu um .
Le t us pertom, the
follov.;ng ac tiv ity .
bell in 1t.
suspend nn electric
Ta ke 8 be ll ja r and tight cork
c wires through an air
Ta ke ou t the elo ctn as
o battery with a switch
and co M cc t the m to flat dis k and
ow n in fiaurG Ko op the boll jar over o
sh ss the
pump. When you pre
connect a -vncuum
the ele ctric bell strikes the
tch (he hammer of e
the sound This is t>ecaus
SWI , nd ou con hear gh thi s air
gong oconta y nd so un d travels throu E ~ t'IOI
the Jar ins atr s

-
 ovo the nir slowiY from th• boll jar. Your ·•ill find
Now start the vacuu. m pUfllP en d rOn, . . . that "
nd nier and ultunatelY becomes inaudible. But th 11 •~,.
181 'I f
• . l>"I ..,...,.
t)1e GJoclnC · s fo,nter
• .,,..,, Thi• •scJivilY shows Jhal sound cannof travel .1n vacu"'1.
' • hamn;-, <an
8
bO sO{Jl1 stri!<lng thB g0 ng. eon 1,.,a
u,,ough a med,,,.· ~,

speed of sou : d
nd
uch Jess than th• ,peed of light. The speed of sound m a.
81
Th• speed
th•ofs soun m is 3 , 10' mis. JI explains
eed ofISlight . whY th• light .1s seen a/most at theIfsam
IS Dnl Y311),
~ereasd b t~h sound heard much after as evident In the above examples. ~tq
15
produce , u e I

When light is
Reflection ofinodent
sound on a polished plane mirror, it is reflected back. Similarly, when /he soun
ar urtace , lik• that of a woad,
. brick or wall it reflects back. The bouncing back of sound or,d stri(.P.1•
. ,

h d surtace
Mrd S is called reflection of sound.
. ector, 0161ii1r,,
All the materials do not reflects sound waves equally.
. . Metallic sheets are good reflors don

~
wnereas clothes, cork, parous matenal, and thermocole are bad reflectors. Bad reflect nd SOI.rd
,ound waves, t,ut absorb most of the sound stnk1ng them. Thus, the walls, cei/in I s ot r~
auditoriums and cinema houses are covered with absorbing materials such as plastic oa~. a 11-0c,;

-HOW DO WE HEAR
We hear with our ears. sound enters
the outer ear and travels through the
ear (or auditory) canal to the eardrum
(the tympanum), which separates the
~ar from the middle ear. The eardrum
is a membrane that vibrates in
response to the impinging sound
waves. The vibrations are transmitted
through the middle ear, which
contains an intricate set of connected
bones, commonly called the hammer
(malleus), anvil (incus), and stirrup
(stapes), because of their shapes. Let
us see how we hear sound with the
help of our ears.

The
The outer ear collects
ear canal sound waves and directs
carries sound . them into the ear canal
2 Sound waves cause th ty waves to the eardrum. .
Th e bones in the middle
e mpanic ( memb rane (eardrum) to vibrate
3.
4.
The bone .
membrane (eardru )
m·
ear malleus, incus an t
' s apes) pick up vibrations from the
. ·
-P'"
son the mldcl . ,, ..
5. motion.;~~ throughe ear
Vibration oval window:;:'
the amphfy the so d than_d transmit it to the inner ear.
6. impulses. neive cells (hair cells) within th! tner ear, setting the fluid inside the coc~" •
The auditory nerv ochlea th en turn the sound waves into eiectnca'
ses to the brain · ,s auditory
• cortex, wtiere it Is
7. e sends th
processes as sound. ese electrical impul

-2223 -P2-PHYSICS -
ECliO
If we • hoot in a tt.g am P1y
•
t , v,o t l!:JJ iO II oo, vw_;, t.J £t • :j d :P, !D'
tater Thts phcoomeoon ,a "·
tift(W, n o, ootiO
Minimum OlrJtonCfJ to He
ar an CCtlo
Our car d t11ng11 a, t11u i:cJ
lirrul· u:v 1,ff!~y <d / c, tt.u 1
, a 11
NOYI, by .-.oowmg tho m10
ifrn_irr1 emu lnttu 1t!J ,,,., t.ru
air, we can c;.,tw'lrtJ'J ltiC mlr d t(,r w.1,~"Jv Cf, t,., tear1, tr --,
nuuj d :mw ,,, ,,, i t/N td
QCM. rW ;f: Jli f f.,:ffl~ h, ,tr. "'7

N~ . q>OOd o1 r.t.nr-1 - '1~

1 mlG
D i ~ tr:r,&~£:(1 tr.

Tuneg:,p= - •
·w

.,
;, frOO'l f 1 I'll ',;'iJ /
• 'J

o- I Jlustration 1:
A t,oy t,ears ::,n ectv, r;t hit:
f7Nn vr, 'l: fmm::, ,{ :1~,J
:ni:.i mis. Wh~1 iB ttlf: rflst:;,nV: r;f t. ti
1 fr0m the i/.1P
So fut ion : Le;• ,; ~ '"': t, 72 "". h
rf , frf'f,, t: ': "/J/ •
.,..c~ ~ :t.a"f.h. •:? 1'; ~ '.J'f
•,~ , ~ ? ' l.,.Jn1= , ,..1.c
~ 6 ½ Y~ i.n 'P ·-;
: ,..,.
~--= '//,' ·r;, ;;:rx : a
,_,., _,,,,,. •.a ... ':ht~-:-
,.:.i ,~ ~
.- .,, ..c,,-,1

:...:~e~"~
V=-2d or
'
,., 1¾ /"
J , 1= -- -1 t t.. m.
2
r:r Ill us tra tio n 2:
/. l:nt ~r d: r,g 111 frc,r;t r.,' () wa
:J( a t:itJtanc1J
cl BS mproduces 2
v.: md rA '1b rJ.::pp:.JI(}
c:c!flddf: ~ wfth the echo
C ~ r: ti.e t;{H¥i af The echo
VJUrid
Sof.ution: le l d lt )e the (istanc.e d wa
l from lie boy' To hecw'
t:e P.Crr::t w.n:: ~ t:, t'a "~
tf~ nc e = 2d : 2 ~ 85 c. ~
z: 170 m
Sm te 2 da ps are produ
ced in one NCrn2 ~
~ ea:r- ~
½ t.ee v.tit:t'l IJ ~ IS µ: ox a: , _..
to h iAl8 laUrl tor
the ec :n, D oe ~ ~ 0:
<r~ ) ·.1:::,
 1
i.e. t = s 0.5s
2
Now tho spood or sound
Total dis tan co tmvollod t 70 m
V Ill - ~~--~--"-' IC - -
timo toJ.;on 0.5s

c 340 ml~

ULTRASONICS AND INFRASONICS

Humnn beings can hear sound in the frequency range of 20

to 20.000 Hz. These
frequencies and the sound y.aves corresponding to these audible
frequencies are ca~I dare ~lled au,h.,
8 aud1b1
-~
Sound of frequencies higher than 20,000 Hz are called ultraso
e '<>u
nic We cannot hear th !ld.
soun s. Some animals canem. Soni e ~~
.
like dogs, leopards, monkeys and deer can hear ultrasonic d
sound frequency. PrOduoe ut• ""'
if~

Sound of frequencies less than 20 Hz are known as infrasonics.

The sound waves corres
frequencies less than 20 Hz and more than 20,000 Hz are called
inaudible sounds . Thes:O~~ing lo Ille
cannot be heard b\ human beings. nd
Waves

NOISE AND MUSIC

A sound which does not have a pleasant sensation on the ears

is called noise. Scientifically, a llOlse
produced by irregular vibrations. On the other hand, a sound which
called music. Scientifically, a musical sound is produced by regular
has pleasant sensation on the ears:
vibrations. For example , the prongs
of a tuning fork or the strings of a sitar vibrate at regular interva
ls and hence they produce m~~cai
sounds .

i\1USICAL INSTRUMENT AND SOUND PRODUCED BY THEM

There are basically three families of musical instruments:

(a) Stringed Instruments: (Tantu Vadya)

Stringed instruments havo taut strings mounted over specia
lly designed wooden frames \\titC'h are
partially hollow from inside where air trapped in, fonns an air
column The air column i'1C ~JS€'$ tt,e
intensity of musical sound duo to the resonance. When the strings
are plucked or struclo. or pl.~\t'tl 11 :ll
bow, they vilJrate to produce a musical sound of some particular frequen
cy The pitch of the Sl1und of 1
musical instrument can be changed by altering Its string length.

(b) Wind or Reed Instruments: ( Sushlr Vady■ J

• · . th~
Wind instruments make use of v1brabn · 15
g air columns. In these Instruments the mr . • blO\\ rl 1n (ll
of ~;nJ
d1reclly or through the reeds. Flute, Shehnai, Bagpipes, Bugles
ere some of the exomples
instruments.

UOV -2223-P 2-PHYS ICS -SOUN D

( :rl!\ffli·Mtl D
(c) Percus&lon or Membrane Instruments: {Avanaddhu Vady al
All percussion instruments have a taut skin over a hollow metal or wooden frame. When the skin is struck
it produces musical sound. Dholak, tabla, mridangam and drums, etc. are some of the examples of
percussion instruments.

3. Contact
There are some other musical instruments which are exclusively used In our country but do not belong to
any of the above three kinds of the musical instruments. They can be placed in fourth class of musical
instruments. 4. Oppose

(d) Ghana Vadya: These instruments are simply beaten or struck in a rhythm to produce musical sound
J. Independent
Manjira (cymbals), the ghatam (mud pots), jal tarang are some of the Ghana Vadya. In Jal tarang, the
frequency in each cup is adjusted using appropriate amount of water. 1. Increases. inc.re

NOISE POLLUTION
False
The disturbance produced in the environment by undesirable, loud and harsh sound from various sources
is called noise pollution .
False
Noise pollution at a particular place is determined by the following factors.
1. Loudness of the sound . True

2. Duration of noise at a particular place.

True

SOURCES OF NOISE False

1. Noise in Homes
True
Following are the causes of noise in home: Television , Radio , Power music system , Washing machine
Desert cooler, Mixer cum grtnder, Vacuum cleaner, Telephone, Typewriter, p.jr conditioner etc. False

2. Noise in surroundings
Following are the causes of noise in the surroundings:
(1) Loudspeakers used in marriages and religious places.
(ii) Exploding crackers on vartous functions.
(2) ➔ (A
(iii) Hawkers in streets or publicity announcement made by trading companies .
(iv) Noise produced in the construction of houses, etc.
(3) ➔ (
3. Noise In Factories:
All factories use machines which invariably produce noise and hence contribute to noise pollution. (4)-t(

4. Noise due to Transportation:

This noise is produced by
(i) Railway trains,
(ii) All kinds of petrol and diesel vehicles, 1.
(iii) Aeroplanes 5.
(iv) Pressure horns used by automobiles.
9.

WJA#iiUilA#@ii-i❖i•i:1•1
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION

The hamif ul effects are:

1. A, long exposure to noise pollution may result in the loss of hearing to deafne
2. No,se causes anger, tension, and interferes with sleep pattern of individuals. ss
3. Norse produces headaches, irritability and nervous tension.
4. Noise can cause loss of night vision as well as colour blindness.

PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF NOISE

In the modem society, we cannot eliminate noise, but can lower down its level to bearable lirni
following measures: ts byta~ng

1. Machines should be designed in such a way that they produce minimum noise H
are kept on thick rubber mat to absorb vibrations.
• eavy rn
ach,nes
2. All automobiles, electric generators, etc. should be provided with improved and modified
silencers.
3. Factories should be relocated far away from the residential areas.
4. At homes, the television, the radio, the power music system should be played at lower volume.
,...._=================I■EI·
~
GE
ADD TO YOUR KNOWLED

WAVE MOTION · ·
• another without 1nvolvm g the
dis tur ban ce wh ich space from one region to ·
A wa ve is a propagates in
turbance 1s called
rie such a propagation of dis
trans fer of .matter but car s energy and momentum and
wave mot 10n .
us. For example:
mple of wave motion around
We can observe a lot of exa to the lips. This disturbanc
e
and tongue create disturbance in air close
When we speak, our lips aking .
he can hear what we are spe
ano tlie r person's ear by the particles of air; hence
transferred to ~

lll lll ill lll lll ii

other held
one end fixed to a wall and
Consider a long string with little up and
person snaps his hand a
tightly by a person. If the towards wall
in the string which travels
down, a bump is produced
ll, reaches his hand.
and after reflection from wa ._ _
dium for their
ries on the basis of necessity of material me
in two catego
We can classify waves
propagation.

(i). Mechanical Waves are called mechanical waves or ela

stic waves. For
the ir propag ation
medium for mechanical waves.
The waves which require ng or water waves are called
in stre tched stri
example: Sound waves , wa ves rtia of mass' so that
ve the me diu m sho uld possess the property of 'ine
h a wa
For the propagation of suc
or mo mentum can take place.
the transfer of energy

(ii). Non Mechan ical Waves

: chanical waves. For
me dium for the ir propagation are called non-me
require
The waves which do not of such waves.
io wa ves, y-ra ys, X-rays etc, are common examples
example: Light and rad
and wave motion.
cla ssi fy wa ves in two parts on the basis of particle
Now we can further
Wave
propagation
Direction of vibration _ __ ,
of partlc;...le_s_....,__ _
(I). Transverse Waves
vibrate about their
If the particles of medium
n perpendicular to
mean position in a directio
pagation, wave Is
the direction of wave pro
For example: wave
called transverse wave.
sverse in nature.
produced in string is tran particles having m_axim
um upward
for m of cre sts and troughs. The are
It pro pa ga tes in the downward displa . entt
cem
aile d cre sts and pa rtic le having maximum
. t transverse in na ure.
d1splacemen are c ag ne tic wa ves e.g . ligh t and radio waves are
ctr om
cal led tro ug hs. All ele

l!l■iifiliiJPhWt4i4•i@ •l
mi======== -..
m [,--.
~
Vibration
(iO longltudlnal Waves t their moan pos111ons in
.
If the partiolos of medium v
,bmto ahou
. tho wavo is calle
d (
•
propagatton. f
the diroction of wave
longitudinal waves.
These are propag
. ated in tho form o
known as pressure or
~ Prop ■Qll'9n
compression and rarehlctron and ~ so d sound waves in air
1

compression waves. Waves on spnng an

are common examples of long,·tud'nal
I
waves .

~~
Push Pull

C R

Compression
~ t~ Fuirtfilctlon

Pull li
:
~===~==========--=-=- (a)
Pull
~
i
:

C R C R C
{b)
The region where the particles of the medium are very close t~ each other is cal~ed compression (C).
The region where the particles of the medium are apart 1s called rarefactions (R) as shown in the
figure (b}.
Relation between Time Period and Frequency
The frequency v of the wave is reciprocal of its time period.
1
v=-
T

Relation Between Wave Velocity, Frequency and Wavelength

.
Wave veIoc,ty distance travelled by wave
v - - - - - - - - --
time taken
Now if the wave travels a distance A equal to its wavelength then time take by the wave will be equal to its
time period T.
A.
Hence v =- ... (i}
T
1
But we know v = -
T
:. V = v}.

, Wave velocity and velocity of particle are different. Wave velocity is in direction of wave
propagation which remain constant with time for a given medium under same physical conditions.
While particle vibrates about mean position and particle velocity is a function of time for a
particular particle.

► The frequency v of oscillation Is characteristic property of wave. When wave goes from one
medium to another medium, its velocity and wavelength ch b f · same
anges ut requency remain 5 ·

~miiniiimiim~---------
l!t•tiifil=ii4=Wiii-i❖i'i~l•1 -----------
o- Illustration 3:
m
~--,.=~ "-- - ~---
Fmd thO frequency and wovolength of- ----------
a wavo whosa time period is o05 ~ec and speed is 200 mis.
Solution : Rulation bclwct'n fr oqllem,y and time period Is v = 1/T
T = 0 05 i;cc
1
v - 0.0!> - 20 Hz

We also know wavelength ,._ = speed 200

frequency 20
). :: 10 m

c7 Illustration 4:
A source produces 12 waves in 3 sec. The distance between a crest and a consecutive trough
is 6cm.
Find (a) trequency (b) wavelength (c) velocity of wave
Solution: Number of waves produced in 3 seconds = 12
Hence number of waves produced per second = 4
Thus, frequency of wave (v) = 4 Hz
Distance between crest and consecutive trough = 6cm
Hence wavelength (t.. ) = 2 x 6 = 12 cm
We know wave velocity (v) = v')...
v = 4 x 0.12=0.4 8m/s

r::7 Illustration 5:
Sound wave travel with a speed of about 330 mis. What is the wavelength of sound whose frequency
is
550 hertz?
Solution: Here, Speed of waves, v = 330 m/s.
Frequency of waves, v = 550 Hz.
and, Wavelength, 11, =?
Now, v = v x 11,
So, 330 = 550 x A
. 330
11, =- · "' = 0.6 m
550 '
Thus, the wavelength of sound waves is 0.6 metre.

r::7 Illustration 6:
The frequency of a~nsvars e wave Is 25 kHz. Its speed in sir and oil are 1500 mis and
500 mis
respectively Find /Is wavelength In air and the oil.
Speed(v)
Solution: We know wavelength ;i.. = f ( )
requency v
v, 1500
Wavelength In air ,.a = - "-'
v, 25 x 10
s =6 cm.
. V 500
Waveleng th lnoI1 Ao-= Vo0 "' x = 2 cm.
25 103

1'1fi♦PUil#=h-il4i-i•i*id•i
 SOLVED pROBLEMS
sua:,JC."' I IV ...

~
. . e we can hear th• sound of an approaching train •
ff w• p11t our ear to • ,.,1w•Y 1'" • 1be heard through the air, why? l'eo
1. when the train Js far off Its sound can no

aecause sound travels faster in solids.

Sol. • fi t th• nash of light in air, and then hear the sound of lhu
When ills ra/nm9 we ,rs see nae,.
2.
Explain why?

Speed of light is very large compared to sound.

Sol. can we talk on moon as on earth? If no~ ho>" astronauts can communicates among ea,;

3.
other at moon.
No, because there is no atmosphere on the moon. Astronauts can talk there Y. ·lh the help of'""
Sol.
mechanical waves.
A pendulum oscillates 40 times in 5 seconds, Find its time period and frequency.
4.
·: In 5 seconds pendulum oscillates 40 times.
Sol. :. Number of oscillation in 1 second i.e. frequency = 8 Hz.
. . d 1
T,me peno = 1/frequency = -sec
8 .

500
The vib f from a mosquito is produced when it vibrates its wings at a n average rate ol
sound
5. ra ions per second. What is the time period of the vibration?

Sol. Given that, frequency = 500 Hz

Ti,me pen"od = - - 1 - = -second.
1
frequency 500

How many times does it vibrate in a minute?

The frequency of a sound is 10 Hz.
6.

Sol. Frequency = 10 Hz.

:. No. of vibrations in one second= 10
:. No. of vibration in 60 second (1 minute)=
. 60 x 10 = 600.

7. What is the S.I unit of time period?

Sol. S.I. unit of time period is second.

1•t-S'illilil#=Uilif.i-i•Mi•j

p
UWWW~== ======= ===== :=:i-lDIII
What Is the S.I unit of wavelength?
8.

sol. S.I. unil of time ponod Is meter.

Defino loudness of sound?

9.

soI. Loudness of sound depends on lhe amplitude of the sound wave. Larger is lhe amr•litude
I' louder
is the sound. It also depends up on the frequency and pitch of the sound.

10. Define pitch of sound?

Sol. The sensation of a frequency is commonly referred to as the pitch of a sound A high pitch sound
corresponds to a high frequency sound wave and a low pitch sound corresponds to a low
frequency sound wave.

Section - 8

1. Find the length of a simple pendulum whose time period Is 4 sec. [Take g = ,?- m/s2].

Sol. T = 21t~

T2 1t2 X (4)2
⇒ L= L ---=4m=400cm .
41t2 41t2

2. A simple pendulum completes 20 oscillations In 20 sec. Find Its time period and
frequency.

Sot. The time period is the time taken to complete one oscillation.
20
Hence Time period T =
20
= 1 sec and frequency f = .!. = 1 Hz.
T

3. The bob of a simple pendulum moves from one extreme position to the other In 1 s. Find
the time period of the pendulum.

Sot. In moving from one-extreme position to the other extreme position, the pendulum completes half
the oscillation .
. nme penod = 2 x (1) = 2 sec.

4. Calculate the wavelength of I sound wave whOR frequency 11 300 Hz and speed Is
300 mis.

Sol. We have, v = v,
or, ,.= ~= 300m/s
V 300S
= 1 m.
1

UGY i.l'L11'2-PHYSICS-SOUND
 itlp por t by lhrea
sro suspended from a rigi d ds 01
1nd 2 /cg ti f thei r t/mo periods.
5. Two bob s of massos 1 kg th0 O0
voly Fil1 d ra
lengths 4 m and 1 m rospectl
the moss of lho b
. • 2 {L It does not depend on ob.
n by r - n Vg
Sol. Tlmo period of a pendulum rs give

then -T
T, lL11 V(411
:: 2.
It T and T1 are their trme periods, 1
'

OBJECTIVE
Level- I

ion Correct)
Multiple Choice Questions (Single Opt

1. Sou nd can not travel though (B} water

(A) air (D) steel
{C) vacuum

Ans. C

has the greater frequen cy?

Which of the following sounds
2. ~~~~~~
~~~~~
(D) all have the same frequency
(C) boy 's voice

Ans. B

3. Uni t of sou nd level is

(B) sec ond
(A) her tz
(D) non e of these
(CJ decibels

Ans . C
s of
dist ingu ish between two note
by means of which we can
4. The characteristic of sou nd ren t inst rum ents is known as
h but pro duc ed by two diffe
the same inte nsit y and pitc

(BJ Loudness
(A) Qua lity
(DJ Inte nsit y
(CJ Pitch

Ans. A

a velocity of ,bo ut
5. Sou nd travels In air at rfc with
(8) 330 mis
(AJ 300 mis
(DJ 380 mis
(CJ 360 mis

UOY-2223-P2-PHVSICS-SOUND

1l
- ~========== ==IPill
Ani• A
ThO S.I unit of frequency Is
6.
(A) herlz {B) second
(C) decibels (D) none of these

Ans. A

Whih of the following sounds has greater loudness?

1.
(A) man's voice (B) woman's voice
(C) boy's voice (D) tiger roar

Ans. D

8. In a stethoscope, sound of heart beats travel to the stethoscope's tube

(A) by bending along the tube (BJ in a straight line
(C) by undergoing multiple reflections (DJ as sonic boom

Ans. C

Fill in the Blanks

9. Frequencies less than 20 Hertz are called._ _ _ _ __

Sol. lnfrasonics

10. The unit of frequency is

Sol. Hertz

11. Velocity of light in air is than the velocity of sound in air.

Sol. More

12. Shrillness of the sound is known as its

Sol. Pitch

13. Sound is absorbed by surface.

Sol. Rough and soft.

UOY -2223 -P2-PHYSICS-SOUN

 CHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEMS

1.. In which of the three media - air, water or steel , speod of sound is highest?

2. The frequency of sound is 15 Hz. How many times does it vibrate in one minute.

3. What will be the minimum distance required to produce an echo?

4. What is echo?

5. What is difference between transverse wave and longitudinal wave?

6. A sound wave travels at a speed of 340 m/s. If its wavelength is 2 cm, what is the frequency of
the wave? Will it be in the audible range?

7. Explain following
(a) Thunder and lightning occur simultaneously, but thunder is heard only after the lighting is
seen.
(b) Bells are made of metals and not wood.

8. Write two differences between frequency and pitch.

9. Write short notes on

(a) Time period
(b) Amplitude
(c) Frequency

10. A man standing 160 m away from a wall fires a gun. Calculate the time required for an echo to be
heard. [Speed of sound in air= 320 m/s]
 ASSIGNMENT '"
Section- A

v_cry ~hort Amwcr Type 9._uestion~

wnat 1s sound ? How is it produced ?

1.
Define wavelength.
2,
Whal 1s the range of audible frequency for human ?
3.
What causes an echo ?
4
Whal is the maximum intensity level of sound th at our ear can tolerate?
5.
What ls ultrasonic wave?
6.
Define sound wave?
7.
Section - B

Short Answer Type Questions

1. Name an object which is good reflector of sound.

2. Define the two characteristics of sound.

3. What is meant by the reflection of sound?

4. Write the minimum distance required to produce a distinct echo.

5. Identify the part which vibrates to produce sound In the following instruments.
(a) Oholak (b) Sitar · (c) Flute

6. Give relation between wave velocity, frequency and wavelength.

7 Find the time period of a wave whose frequency In 400 Hz.

8. Define amplitude.

9. Define electromagnetic spectrum?

11111s&7Pgfi:fit
.a -
3.mm
 Srdion-C

1. List sourco of noiso pollution in your surroundings.

2. What are ectioos and how they produced?

3. Explain the terms - frequency, time period and amplitude.

A pendulum oscillates 40 times in 4 seconds. Find its time period and frequency.
4.

5. Differentiate between transverse and longitudinal waves?

6. What is noise and how we can prevent noise?

7. Write two differences between mechanical and non mechanical waves?

Section- D

Interesting Puzzle
1. PUZZLE:-
Across:

1) S.I unit of freq~ency.

2) S.I unit of amplitude.
Down :
3) Wave is a form of- - - -
4) Light is._ _ _ _ _ in nature.

-----
5) Sound wave is in nature.

--
-- -
1111111111

-
--■ I-
Ill

I
I
■
UOY-2223-P2-PHYSICS -SOUND
A£1!!!11t========
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ED

Level- I

Multiple Choke Que~tions (Single Option Correct)

Which of the following sound waves can not be heard by human?

(A) 20 Hz (B) 500 Hz
(C) 15 Hz (D) 15000 Hz

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

2. (A) sound travels in straight lines (B) Sound travels as waves
(C) sound 1s a form of energy (D) Sound travels faster in vacuum than in air

Ultrasonic waves are those waves:

3. (B) which a man cannot hear
(A) Which a man can hear
(C} Which are of high velocity (D) which have high amplitude

Velocity of sound in air is:

4.
{A) 330 metres per second (B) 3 x 1010 metres per second
(C} 3 x 108 metres per second (D) 3 x 1019 metres per second

When mechanical waves have a frequency above the audible range , these are called.
5.
(A} sonics (B) infrasonics
(C} ultrasonics (D) suspersonics

An echo is heard when minimum distance of the reflecting surface is:

6.
(B) 17 m
(A) 10 cm
(D) 340 cm
(C) 34 cm

7. Light can travel in vacuum but not sound, because:

(A} speed of sound is very much slower than light
(B) light waves are electromagnetic in nature
(C) sound waves are electromagnetic in nature
(D) light waves are not electromagnetic in nature

8. The velocity of sound is maximum in

(B) helium
(A) water (D) r.opper.
(C) oil

9. Sound travels in air as: (B) transverse waves

(A) longitudinal waves (D) etectromagnetic waves
(C) torsional waves
(9 . ·mum frequency?
. I1k0 ly to have mini
10. Whfch of the following voices 1s (9) SabY boY
(A) Baby g,rl (D) A woman
(C) A man
vel to the stethoscope's tube
11 . In a stelhos~ope, sound of heart beats tra (B) ,n a straight line
Q (A) by bonding along the tube . (D) as sonic boom
(C) by undergoing multiple reflections
rf ce of a concrete wall of a building. There Will
Sound wave produced by a cracker falls on the su a
12.
be
(A) reflection only
(B) reflection and refraction only
(C) reflection, refraction and total internal reflection
(D) refraction only

13. What is S.I unit of intensity? (B) J/kg

2
( (A) J/kg m
(C) J/m2
(D) None of these

14. An incident sound wave makes an angle 30° with the reflecting surface. The angle of reflection is

(B) 60°
(A) 30° (D) 120°
(C) 90°

15. What is the maximum loudness that is safe for human ear?
(A) 85 dB (B) 120 dB
(C) 60 dB (D) 10 dB

Fill in the Blanks

16. Unwanted sound is called ---------

17. The unit of time period is - - - - - - - -

18 Time taken by an object to complete one oscillation is called- - - - - -

An ______.is sound reflected by a solid object.

19.

The_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of the sound depends upon the frequency of the vibrating body.
20.

At•tiiiHilA=i1-itliM•iiikiE
 ~== === === ID
-- m True and Fahe

nnot travel in vacuum.

sound c.a
ted or unpleasant sound is termed as music.
unwan
travels faster in liquids and solids than in gases.
sound
23
uency sounds are called infrasonic.
Higher freq

avels in unidirection.
sound tr
:s.
X-rays and light wave travel with same speed in same medium.

Match the Following

---
Match The Following:
27
Column-A Column-B

(1) Unit of frequency (P) lnfrasonics

-- (2) Instrument producing sound of single frequency (Q) Amplitude
Maximum displacement of an oscillating object (R) Hertz
~)
(4) Low frequency sound which we cannot hear (S) Ultrasonic
'
(5) Sound with a frequency of more than 20,000 Hz. (T) Tuning for1<

Level - II

Multiple Choice Questions (Single Option Correct)

1. The amplitude of a wave can be defined as :

(A) the distance the wave moves in one second
(B) the distance the wave moves in one time period of the wave
(C) the maximum distance moved by the medium particles on either side of the mean position
(D) the distance equal to half wave length

2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a musical sound?

(A) Pitch (B) Vibration
(C) Quality (D) Loudness

3. The technique used by bats to find their way or to locate food is ........... ..
(A) SONAR (B) RADAR
(C) echolocation (D) ultrasonography
4,
Bats detect the obstacles in their path by receiving the reflected .......... ..
(A) Infrasonic waves (B) radio waves
(C) electro-magnetic waves (0) ultrasonic waves

UOY .U~3-P2-PHY SICS -SOUND

 p

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lfDl
t,_
5. . the particles P
Whon sound lravols through a,r, propagation
(A) vibrate along tho diroction of wave .
(8) vibrato in zig-zag manner . . of wave propagation
(C) vibrato perpendicular to th e direction

Q 6.
(D) do not vibrato at all th
O.
5 m. The veloc,ty of sound
A loudspeaker generates, sound waves 0 f 600 Hz and waveleng
waves Is: . (8) 300 ms-1
(A) 500 ms' (D) 1000 ms 1
(C) 700 ms·'

7. f the sound depends :

The physical quantity, upon which the loudness ~8) intensity
(A) pitch (D) frequency
(C) amplitude

8. . body is
The time period of a vibrating ) Hz of waves it emits is ·
. 0.02 s. The( frequency
9 20
5 HzHz
(A) 200
(C) (D) 50 Hz
( 9.
The frequency which is not audible to the human ear is :
(A) 20 Hz (8) 2500 Hz
(C) 20000 Hz (D) 25000 Hz

10. Which of the following can be a unit of wavelength ?

(A) newton (8) erg
(C) joule (D) angstrom
11. Sound and light waves both :
(A) have similar wavelength
(C) have same velocity (B) obey the laws of reflection
(D) can travel through vacuum
12.
The minimum distance between the source and the reflector, so that an echo is heard, Is
approximately equal to .......... .
(A) 10.2 m
(C) 34.2 m (B) 17.2 m
(D)1.72m
13.
The speed of sound in medium depends upon :
(A) amplitude
(C) wavelength (B) frequency
(D) density of the medium
14.
Sound waves travel with a Speed of 330 ms·1 Wh t I th
1s 550 Hz? '
. • a s e wavelength of sound Whose frequency
(A) A."'" 0.6 m
(C) A. -= 0.8 m (B) A.==0.7m
(D) A.== 0.9 m
15.
A source of frequency of 500 Hz emits waves of
take30tostravel 600 m?
(A) wave1eng th 0.4 m, how long does the waves
(C) 7 s (B) 3 s
(D) 2 s

/!Miiid►IPHEI -
 . .~ ~~========-
- __
ANSWERS TO CPP
~-------------:..:....:
15, 60 :::: 900.
PD
_____
2,

17-2 rn.
3
i' .,;; )_.,..f
6 / =
17 kJlz, yes it is in audible range .

(a) Speed of sound is less than speed of light.

7. (b) Metal vibrates more than wood.

160 160
10. 1==-+-== !sec.
320 320