EDUC 201

(Foundation of Education)
Final Examination

1. Explain the mandated goals of Philippine education.

The Philippine education system has evolved over hundreds of years of colonial
occupation. The aims and objectives of education vary from one country to another.
In the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines up to the 1977 Constitution before its
revision in 1986, the aims/objectives of Philippine education are “to develop moral
character, personal discipline, civic-consciousness, love of country, vocational efficiency
and to teach the duties of citizenship.”
 Article XIV, Sec. 3 Sub. par. (2) of the New Philippine Constitution states the
following Constitutional aims of education:
“All educational institutions shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism, foster love of
humanity, respect for human rights, appreciation of the role of national heroes in the
development of the country, teach the rights and duties of citizenship, strengthen ethical
and spiritual values, develop moral character and personal discipline, encourage critical
and creative thinking, broaden scientific and technological knowledge, and promote
vocational efficiency.”
 Furthermore, Section 5, sub-paragraph (5) states:
“The State shall assign the highest budgetary priority to education and ensure that
teaching will attract and retain its rightful share of the best available talents through
adequate remuneration and other means of job satisfaction and fulfilment.”
As a result of globalization, the educational landscape is fast changing. Education
systems in the twenty-first century have the dual task of providing students with the new
information, skills, and values required to compete in a global economy while also generating
decent citizens who are responsible adults and good citizens of their country and the globe.
2. Discuss the influence of the various educational thoughts to Philippine education.
John Dewey's influence on current Philippine education appears to be more on
curricular changes, as evidenced by the new curriculum's approach. As a result, it can be
inferred that Dewey's influence on Philippine education in the past was primarily focused on
the school as a microcosm of democracy and the critical role of student input in the
educational process. On the other hand, his pragmatist and constructivist views on curriculum
and learning have had a greater impact on current Philippine education. The presence and
engagement of students in learning are deemed essential. When the Philippines gained
independence, Dewey's influence on education became more apparent (Papong, 2014). In the
educational process, Dewey highlighted the relevance of students' voices.
“The nature of the child is made the center of the educative process.”
I am convinced that the student is the primary motive for establishing a school. Rousseau
emphasizes that the child should be valued for who he is, with all of his strengths and
weaknesses, that these should be taken into account when educating him, and that no two
children should be treated the same. The focus should be on the child, rather than on the
facilities, resources, tactics, or curriculum. As a result, it is necessary to examine the interests
and needs of the students. If the learner does not participate in the process, the educational
goal will not be achieved.
3. Describe the norms of conduct for teachers and school officials as prescribed in the
Professional Code of Ethics for Teachers.
In a school, ethics can be seen in a variety of ways. Board members are tasked with
assisting schools in complying with laws, standards, norms, and best practices in the field;
teachers are required to create a classroom environment conducive to learning; cafeteria
workers are tasked with protecting the identity of children receiving free meals; board
members are tasked with assisting schools in complying with laws, standards, norms, and
best practices in the field; administrators are tasked with ensuring that schools function in
accordance with laws, standards, norms, and best practices.
School leaders and instructors are frequently held to high standards since they have
such a daily impact on the lives of children. We must serve as great role models and display
ethical actions when interacting with students, colleagues, parents, and others, despite our
many duties. Developing and adhering to a professional code of ethics ensures that school
administrators and teachers always operate professionally and ethically. Many states have
enacted legislation requiring educators to follow a code of moral and ethical conduct, and
many districts provide professional development in these areas.
4. Explicate the changing views of education from primitive to modern.
Traditional and modern education are significantly different. Traditional education is
also known as conventional education or customary education. Traditional education's major
goal is to instill in the next generation the values, social skills, and social practices that are
important for their survival. The learner learns about the customs and traditions of the culture
in which he lives in traditional education. This style of education is typically delivered to
students through oral recitation. Traditional education has a long way to go in terms of
incorporating science and technology. The old school system does not provide in-depth
knowledge in the sciences that we study nowadays. The understanding of customs, traditions,
and faiths was a part of the traditional education system. It is for this reason that it is referred
to as conventional education.
Modern education is the type of education that is currently taught in schools. Science
and technological skills, medical science, and other abilities are taught in modern schooling.
Writing, visualizing, envisioning, and thinking skills are all part of modern education in
addition to listening. Written tests are also used in this style of schooling to see if the students
are learning effectively. This is done in a formal manner. The training technique is very
participatory. Modern education is simply an evolution of the traditional education that pupils
received a few years ago.
We can't say which sort of schooling is better because they both have their own value.
Both categories are both similar and dissimilar to one another. Traditional schooling has
influenced modern education. However, traditional education is being disregarded as a result
of modern education, which will result in the loss of our culture. Both traditional and modern
education should be given equal weight.
5. Compare and Contrast the epistemological and Metaphysical points of view of
1. Idealism 2. Realism 3. Pragmatism 4. Progressivism 5. Essentialism
in relation to:
a. Aim of Education
b. Curriculum
c. Methods of Teaching
d. Role of School

IDEALISM
EPISTEMOLOGICAL METHAPHYSICAL
o Metaphysical idealism is o Epistemological idealism is the view
an ontological doctrine that holds that that reality can only be known through
reality itself is incorporeal or ideas, that only psychological
experiential at its core. experience can be apprehended by the
mind.

Aim of Education To develop the individual spiritually, mentally, and morally.

Curriculum Subject Matter of mind: literature, history, philosophy, mathematics,
and arts.
Methods of Teaching Socratic Method (Lecture-Discussion Method, excursion, question
method, and project method.)
Role of School A thinking institution, develop moral character of a person, promotes
cultural learning, and promotes high cognitive level of education.
Conclusion: Individual personalities are developed by education in idealism. Instructions
progress from basic principles or ideals that the teacher is always aware of in advance to
specific application within the deductive reasoning pattern. It also thinks that education is
essential to one's well-being and that all education should have a practical purpose. It aims to
develop students in such a way that they can comprehend and make adjustments to perceive
the real world in a systematic and orderly manner, as well as relate to problems in the outside
world. Idealism is focusing on the ideal.

EPISTEMOLOGICAL METHAPHYSICAL
o Metaphysical realism is the view that o Epistemological realism is a
most of the objects that populate the philosophical position, a subcategory
world exist independently of our of objectivism, holding that what can
thought and have their natures be known about an object exists
independently of how, if at all, we independently of one's mind. It is
conceive of them. It is committed, in opposed to epistemological idealism.
my opinion, to a robust form of
essentialism.
REALISM
Aim of Education Provide an education that could produce a good individual and a
good society by meeting 4 principal need of an individual.
 1. Aptitude needs
2. Self-determination needs
3. Self-realization needs
4. Self-integration needs
Curriculum Combination of subject matter and problem-centered concepts
towards acquisition of desirable habits, study habits, research
skills, library skills, critical thinking, applications of principles,
effective use of words, and habits of enjoyment.
Methods of Teaching Socratic Method, disputation, lecture, memorization, use of
visuals and problem-solving
Role of School Utilizes pupil activity through instruction
Develops concepts and principles through scientific methods
Further develops discipline
Regards the pupils as mere superior than other objects
Conclusion: Educational realism is primarily concerned with assisting the child in
comprehending and accepting the obligations placed on him by natural laws. Because
knowledge exists outside of him as part of social reality, the students' first responsibility is
to master what man has already learned. Students can be taught a problem-solving
technique that will assist them in learning new things from their surroundings. The true
goal of education is to teach a child how to form successful interactions with the things and
events in his environment and to protect him against delusions.

PRAGMATISM

EPISTEMOLOGICAL METHAPHYSICAL
o Pragmatist Epistemology o Pragmatist Metaphysics
-Knowledge based on experience is true. -Rejects metaphysics as an area of
-Phenomenon are constantly changing to philosophical enquiry.
knowledge about truth must change -Reality is determined by individual’s sense
accordingly. experience
-They emphasize on functional knowledge - Man can know nothing beyond his
and understanding. experience.
-Any conclusion we make about life after
death is merely guess.
-Does not believe in anything spiritual or
transcendental values.
-Reality is constantly changing. 
Aim of Education For social efficiency
Train the students to continuously and actively quest for
information and production of new ideas needed to adjust to
the ever-changing society.
Curriculum Real-life situations, personal and social experiences of the
learner and social heritage.
Methods of Teaching Experimental Methods
 Statement of the problem
 Hypothesizing
 Investigating or data gathering
 Testing hypothesis
 Forming conclusion
 Creative and constructive projects
 Field trips
 Laboratory works
 Activity-centered
 Student-centered activities
Role of School -A miniature society
-Gives child balance and genuine experience in preparation
for democratic living
-A specialized environmentalist established to enculturate
the young people
Conclusion: The primary concern of a pragmatist is the knowledge process, or the relationship
between ideas and behavior. Essentially, this is about the reflective thinking process. Children
will learn from pragmatists that history is largely a record of the various measurements and
judgments men have made in order to comprehend reality. The application of intelligence to
new experiences, which is the key to all learning, makes the educational process effective. As a
result, students develop critical skepticism.

PROGRESSIVISM
EPISTEMOLOGICAL METHAPHYSICAL
o Progressivist Epistemology believe o Progressivist Metaphysics probably
that education should focus on the does not have any one metaphysics,
whole child, rather than on the content but perhaps it does require a few
or the teacher. This educational things out its metaphysics. However,
philosophy stresses that students should it might be more efficient to say
test ideas by active experimentation. what couldn't be a metaphysics of
 Learning is rooted in the questions of progressivism. Any metaphysics that
learners that arise through experiencing denied the reality of persons,
the world. progress, value, and did not make
room for something like rights or
social duty is not going to do for a
metaphysics of progressivism. 

Aim of Education To provide the learner the necessary skills to be able to interact
with his ever changing environment.
Curriculum Activity and experience centered on life functions
Methods of Teaching  Cooperative learning strategies
 Reflective strategies
 Problem solving strategies
Role of School -The school should encourage cooperation rather than
competition.
-Teach to develop personal and social values.
-Set up a democratic classroom environment.
Conclusion: It assumes that the world changes, that in the universe that is not particularly
conceived with him, man can rely only upon his ability to think straight. In education, this
means that the child must be taught to be independent, self-reliant thinker, learn to
discipline himself, be responsible for the consequences of his behavior.

ESSENTIALISM

EPISTEMOLOGICAL METHAPHYSICAL
o Epistemological Essentialism is o Metaphysical Essentialism in its broadest
the view that all entities have sense, is any philosophy that
intrinsic properties that can be acknowledges the primacy of essence.
discerned by reason (sometimes Unlike existentialism, which posits "being"
attributed to Aristotle). as the fundamental reality,
the essentialist ontology must be
approached from
a metaphysical perspective.
Aim of Education Provide sounds training of the fundamental skills
and develop individual to perform justly,
skillfully, and magnanimously.
Curriculum Emphasis on essential skills in reading, writing
and counting.
Methods of Teaching Deductive method, drill method, recitation,
memorization
Role of School -The school should not abandon traditional
methods of mental discipline.
-Ensures mastery of essential skills and prepares
 students for real life situation.
Conclusion: It is sometimes referred to as conservatism or traditionalism, and it assumes that
men's ideals are imbedded in the world, ready to be discovered and comprehended. There are
some things that a child must learn in school, and the curriculum tends to be rather rigid. A
core of vital and traditional disciplines, such as literary classics, language, religion,
mathematics, physics, and history, as well as other elements, are present.

II. Answer these questions briefly: (Verbosity shall be counted against you)
1. Which of the philosophies of education appeals to you most? Why?
The educational philosophies are the framework to guide, filter, and consider the effort
of teacher towards what she/ he believes as the purpose of education.
If I had to pick one of the educational ideologies or philosophies that appeals to me the
most, I would go with progressivism. Because I am convinced that when students' actions in
class have meaning for them, they learn better. I also believe that education's goal is to
maximize a learner's potential so that they can live a happy and productive life in the future. I
believe that the curriculum should be dynamic and responsive to society's requirements. I
also believe that the one constant on this planet is change, thus it is my responsibility to teach
my students how to deal with it.
2. If you were an ethical leader, what would your philosophy of education be?
“Education as the Key to Progress” would be my educational philosophy if I were an
ethical leader. Why? Because discipline allows us to unlock a variety of attitudes/values that
contribute to advancement, such as obedience, patience, and a whole lot more. Discipline is
first and foremost a process of formation. It is a gradual process that is not merely intimated
or imposed one day and then forgotten the next. As a result, we learn more about ourselves
and are better prepared to tackle difficulties that plague our society. When passed down from
generation to generation, it will have a significant impact on the progress of not only the
community, but also the country as a whole. As a result, it would be the key to growth since
each individual or community would be a part of the solution rather than a hindrance.
Through their cooperation and valued understanding they would be able to showcase their
talents in developing and enhancing the things that they need not only in the present but a
preparation for the future.
3. Support or refuse the following statement: “The least critical expertise needed by
educational managers is knowledge about teaching, learning and children.”
4. Do you agree that every school reflects a value system? Support your answer.
Yes, I think that each school has its own set of values. The atmosphere in which
students learn has an impact on their happiness and attitude toward learning. They will
establish their own basic values if they have a firm basis. Schools play an important role in
preparing the next generation for adulthood. This is an important obligation to be aware of, as
well as an exciting opportunity to participate in. In order to achieve, students must exemplify
these school principles.
5. If you were to critique an existing curricular offering at any school level, what would
be your bases? Justify your answer.
The demand to assess curriculum turns out because it is essential for both teachers and
students to check the degree to which the current curricular program of a certain school and
its implementation has produced positive and desirable outcomes for students. To evaluate
curricular effectiveness, one should identify and depict the curriculum and its goals first and
then check its contents for accuracy, comprehensiveness, depth, timeliness, depth and quality.
Submitted by: Wennie B. Aquino