PRESSURE

The Difference is
The Experience
DREAM BIG…AIM HIGH…NEVER GIVE UP

AmazingPhysics@alinaimanarif
 The pressure due to the weight of the liquid
acting per unit area on the liquid surface LIQUID PRESSURE
Assume that a vertical column of liquid with a density r and
a horizontal area A.
Consider an object is placed at point X at a depth h below
the surface area of the liquid. A
The pressure P due the liquid exerted on the object at point X
can be written as:

P=

=
F
A
W
A
P = hρg
mg
= Becauase W = mg
A P = Liquid pressure ,
rVg m
= Because r = ρ = density of liquid
A V
rAhg
h = depth of liquid
= Because V = Ah g = acceleration due to gravity
A
(9.81 ms-2) x
amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 2
 LIQUID PRESSURE
Height / Depth: h1 < h2 < h3 Depth increase,
Distance water spurts out
Distance water
x1 < x2 < x3 increase
h1 spurts out:

Pressure of Depth increase,

h2 liquid: x1 < x2 < x3 Pressure of liquid
increase
h3
Distance water spurts out
increase,
Pressure of liquid
x1 x2 x3 increase
amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 3
SKILL 1 – UNDERSTANDING
A vessel which has 2 holes, X and Y at difference height as shown on Diagram 1.
When the vessel is filled with water, water spurts out from the two holes due to the water pressure.

i. Draw the path of the water which spurts out from the holes X and Y.
ii. What happens to the distance of the liquid spurting out a hole X
when water is replaced by salt solution? Explain your answer.
• The distance of the liquid spurting out a hole X when
water is replaced by salt solution increase.
• Salt solution higher density compared to water
• Density increase,
pressure increase

Diagram 1

amazing Physics with Tcer Alina 4

 same density
U-tube
LIQUID PRESSURE
• the pressure at the points A and B must difference density
be the same (same level in the liquid)
A B • PA = PB
y
P = hρg x
A B
• The pressure at the points A
and B must still be the same
(same level in the liquid) and so
A B the height of the column of
liquid on the right is less than
• density x > density y
that on the left. • height x < height y
• PA = PB • PA = PB
amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 5
MANOMETER GAS PRESSURE
to measure

Patm Patm = 1.0 X 105 Pa

= 76 cm Hg
A B = 10.3 m H2O
= 1 Bar
= 1 atm
PA = PB = Patm
amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 6
MANOMETER GAS PRESSURE
to measure

Patm = 76 cm Hg Pgas > Patm

Gas Pgas = Patm + h
h = 10.0 cm Pgas = 76 + 10
A B
= 86 cm Hg
Mercury (Hg)

amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 7

MANOMETER GAS PRESSURE
to measure

Patm = 76 cm Hg Patm > Pgas

Gas Pgas = Patm - h
h = 10.0 cm
Pgas = 76 - 10
A B
= 66 cm Hg
Mercury (Hg)

amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 8

 Example:
MANOMETER GAS PRESSURE
to measure
TRIAL MRSM 2018

What is the value of h if the

pressure of the gas is 82.0 cm Hg?

Gas Pgas > Patm

h Pgas = Patm + h

4.0 cm 82 = 76 + h
Mercury (Hg)
h = 6 cm
amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 9
MANOMETER GAS PRESSURE
to measure

(a) Pressure at A in cm Hg
PA = PHg + Patm
PA = 5 + 76
Gas PA = 81 cm Hg

5.0 cm
(b) Pressure of gas (PB) in Pascal
B A Pgas > Patm
6.0 cm Pgas = PA = 81 cm Hg

Mercury (Hg) Pgas = (13600)(9.81)(0.81)

= 1.08 x 105 Pa

amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 10

MANOMETER GAS PRESSURE
to measure
P = hρg
mv: density of liquid
rv: height of liquid Density of liquid X:
cv: pressure of liquid (PA = PB) PA = PB
(1000)(9.81)(0.09) = ρ(9.81)(0.06)
ρ = (9.81)(0.06)
Y ρ = 1500 kg m-3
9.0 cm
X 6.0 cm Density of liquid: ρ X > ρ Y
A B Height of liquid: HX < HY

Water Density Increase

Density of water: 1000 kg m-3 Height of liquid decrease

amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 11

BAROMETER
to measure

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
• Air molecules in continuously random motion
• Exerts a pressure on mercury surface etc.

Patm = 76 cm Hg
Vacuum

Patm Patm Patm Patm

amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 12

BAROMETER
to measure

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
WATER
MERCURY Barometer
Barometer
Vacuum
10 m
Patm 76 cm Hg Patm water
P = pgh
Density of mercury: 13 600 kg m-3 Density of water: 1 000 kg m-3
P = (13 600)(9.81)(0.76) P = (1 000)(9.81)(10)
P = 1.014 x 105 Pa P = 9.81 x 104 Pa
amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 13
BAROMETER
to measure

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE P = pgh

Patm = 76 cm Hg Pressure
A t d i f f e r en t d ep t h
Vacuum
* PA
PA = 0 cm Hg
!!"# #$
* PB PB = "
= "
= 38 𝑐𝑚 𝐻𝑔
Patm PC = Patm = 76 cm Hg
* PC
20.0 cm PD = Patm + 20 = 96 cm Hg
* PD Hg
amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 14
BAROMETER
to measure

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE P = pgh

Patm = 76 cm Hg Finding pressure of Gas
Vacuum
Air
Pgas
Patm = PHg + PGas
56 cm Hg
76 = 56 + PGas
Patm Pgas = 20 cm Hg
B A C
PA = PB = PC = Patm
Hg
amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 15
BAROMETER
to measure Patm = 76 cm Hg
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Patm Pgas
5 cm Hg
5 cm Hg
Pgas
Pgas Patm Patm
Pgas = Patm + PHg Pgas = Patm - PHg Pgas = Patm
Pgas = 76 + 5 Pgas = 76 - 5 Pgas = 76 cm Hg
Pgas = 81 cm Hg Pgas = 71 cm Hg
amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 16
BAROMETER
to measure Patm = 76 cm Hg
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

X Y Pgas in cm Hg in tube Y:
Vacuum
Air PA = 76 cm Hg [from tube X]

76 cm 55 cm
PA = PHg + Pgas
76 = 55 + Pgas
Pgas = 21 cm Hg
PA
Hg amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 17
BAROMETER
to measure Patm = 76 cm Hg
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
If set-up is moved to top of mountain:
X Y *Patm decrease
Vacuum Height of mercury column in X: decrease
Air Height of mercury column in Y: decrease
Pressure in the space above mercury in X: Zero
(vacuum)
76 cm Pressure in the space above mercury in Y: decrease
55 cm

PA
Hg amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 18
 to measure
ANEROID BAROMETER Atmospheric FORTIN
pressure BAROMETER
Patm = 1.0 X 105 Pa
Does NOT
contain = 76 cm Hg
any = 10.3 m water
liquid = 1 Bar
= 1 atm

• Patm is determined by the changes in • Patm is determined by the changes in the

measurement
the volume of the height of the mercury
partial-vacuum metal box column

• Smaller size and portable

size • Larger size and not portable

• Gives a direct reading for reading • Takes a longer time to give a reading
atmospheric pressure (NO adjustment required) for atmospheric pressure

• Lower accuracy, up to ±1 mm Hg accuracy • Higher accuracy, up to ±0.1 mm Hg

amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 19
ANEROID BAROMETER
- Movement of lever system will move the
pointer to give the reading

METAL BOX - expand and

- expand when Patm is low Contract of
- Contract when Patm is high metal box will actuate
the lever system

amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 20

 altitude increase, Patm decrease
HIGHER A LT I T U D E
Thin of air causes the E f f e c t s o f At m o s p h e r i c P r e s s u r e
atmospheric pressure
• Increase in the rate of breathing
to become lower
• Lower absorption of oxygen in the lungs
• Increase in the metabolic rate
• Loss of appetite
• Dehydration
• Inability to think clearly

ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN

• Prepare and train before climbing • Increase the pressure in the aircraft
• Prepare equipment such as cabin to match the sea level pressure
smartwatch that can measure • Recycle the air in the cabin so that it is
altitude, blood pressure and body fresh and contains adequate oxygen
temperature level
• Climb at a slow rate to allow the • Remind the passengers to drink
body to enough water to prevent dehydration
• adjust to the changes in pressure during long distance flights
• Drink water even when not thirsty
to prevent dehydration amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 21
 Depth increase, Patm increase DEEP SEA

E f f e c t s o f At m o s p h e r i c P r e s s u r e
• Body tissues absorb excess nitrogen gas
• Nitrogen gas dissolves into the blood
• Inability to think clearly
• Formation of nitrogen bubbles in the tissues or
blood vessels if pressure is reduced too rapidly

ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN
• Submarine is made of steel or
• Do physical exercises to enable the
titanium with a circular cross section
body to adapt to a high pressure
to withstand the high pressure of
environment before diving
surroundings
• Wear a diving suit to slow down heat
• Pressure in the cabin of the
loss from the body
submarine is controlled to almost the
• Slowly ascend to sea level so that
same level as sea level for the comfort
nitrogen bubbles do not form in the
of the crew
tissues and blood vessels
• Oxygen tanks or electrolytic oxygen
generators are provided so that the
oxygen supply is adequate
amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 22
SKILL 1 – UNDERSTANDING
Diagram 5 shows a dropper in a bottle.

Diagram 5

Using the knowledge of atmospheric pressure,

explain how the liquid in the bottle can be
sucked into the dropper tube.

amazing Physics with Tcer Alina23

SKILL 2 – CALCULATION
Diagram 2 shows a U-tube connected to a cylinder of gas. P= 𝝆𝒈𝒉
(i) Calculate the value of d in unit of cm Hg if height of
Y is 6 cm and height of X is 14 cm.

d = 14 - 6 = 8 cm
(ii) Calculate the total gas pressure in the unit of cm Hg Diagram 2
[Atmospheric pressure = 76 cm Hg]

Pg> Patm (iii) Calculate the total gas pressure in the unit of Pascal

!
[Density of mercury = 13.6 x 103 kg m-3]
Pg = Patm + h a
Pg = 84 cm Hg Id e
Pg = 76 + 8 Pg = (13.6 x 103)(9.81)(0.84)
Pg = 84 cm Hg Pg = 1.12 x 105 Pa
amazing Physics with Tcer Alina 24
 SKILL 3 – COMPARISON CHAPTER 3: FORCES & PRESSURE
Diagram 1.1 shows the positions P and Q at different altitude. Using Diagram 1. 1 and Diagram 1 .2, compare the altitudes of
Two identical simple barometers are placed at both positions. The P and Q, the density of surrounding air and the height of
height of the mercury column in the barometers are shown in mercury column in the simple barometer at positions P and Q.
Diagram 1.2.
Characteristics P region Q region
altitudes low high
density of surrounding air high low
Diagram 1.1 height of mercury column high low

State the relationship between the altitude and

(i) the density of the air

Altitude increase, density of air decrease

Diagram 1.2
(ii) the atmospheric pressure

Altitude increase
Atmospheric pressure decrease
The density of air at P is 1.2 kg m-3 and
the density of air at Q is 1.0 kg m-3. amazing Physics with Tcer Alina 25
SKILL 4 – MODIFICATION CHAPTER 3: FORCES & PRESSURE
Diagram 2 shows a submarine. Using the knowledge on light, pressures and forces, you are
required to modify the submarine to enable it to reach a greater
depth in the sea and to be able to observe the situation above
the surface of water clearly.
In your explanation, include the following aspects:
(i) The material of the submarine.
(ii) The size/volume of the ballast tank.
Diagram 2 (iii) The power of the water pump in the ballast tank.
(iv) The surface area of the submarine.
(v) The type of periscope.

Characteristics Reason
Thick and strong material Withstand high pressure in deep sea
Large volume ballast tank Can increases the weight and hence able to submerge deeper in the sea
High power water pump Can pump in and out water in shorter time and so can sink and float quickly
Big surface area of submarine To reduce the pressure acting toward the submarine
Use prism periscope Produce clearer and brighter image

amazing Physics with Tcer Alina 26

PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE

the pressure
applied on an
enclosed fluid is
transmitted
uniformly in all
directions in the fluid

amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 27

PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE

1. small force exerted

on the small piston
4. small force in small
piston will produced a
bigger output
force at bigger piston

!! !"
Pressure =
2. is produced
%
"! ""

P= 𝐹# =
!! ""
& "!

pressure is transmitted
3. in all direction equally

amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 28

SKILL 1 – UNDERSTANDING Explain how the chair can be lift up?

amazing Physics with Tcer Alina 29

SKILL 1 – UNDERSTANDING

Explain how the

handle is used to lift
the load to its
maximum height and
state how the load is
lowered without using
the handle.

amazing Physics with Tcer Alina 30

SKILL 2 – CALCULATION
PASCAL’S
In a hydraulic brake system, the cross-section area of the pistons in PRINCIPLE
the master cylinder and the front wheel are 2 cm2 and 6 cm2
respectively. A force of 50 N is applied to the piston in the master
cylinder. Calculate:
(i) the pressure transmitted throughout the brake fluid. (ii) the force exerted on the piston of the front wheel.
A1 = 2 cm2 F1 = 50 N
A2 = 6 cm2 25 = %%
$
P= " !!
=
!"
F2 = 150 N
!
! ""

P = &$ = %$ '(
Id e a
"

P = 25 N cm-2
amazing Physics with Tcer Alina 31
SKILL 4 – MODIFICATION CHAPTER 3: FORCES & PRESSURE
A car needs an efficient hydraulic brake system for safety purposes.

Suggest and explain how to build a hydraulic brake

system which can function effectively, based on the
following aspect:
(i) The type and characteristics of the brake fluid.
(ii) The size of the master piston and slave piston.
(iii) The material used for the fluid transmission pipe.

Characteristics Reason
Type of brake fluid: oil Incompressible
Characteristic of brake fluid : Not easily vaporized
high boiling point
Size of master piston: small Small force is needed to produce
high pressure
Size of slave piston: big Produce bigger force
Material of transmission pipe: Not corrode // Not rust // last
Strong // stainless steel longer // not easily break
amazing Physics with Tcer Alina 32
 SKILL 5 – MAKING DECISIONS CHAPTER 3: FORCES & PRESSURE

Characteristics Reason
Size of the To produce more air flow in the tube
squeeze bulb:
big
P Q
Elastic To allow the squeezed bulb return to
its original shape after squeezing
Narrow shape Produce low pressure, Air travel
(mid tube) higher speed to create lower
pressure
R S Size nozzle: Liquid carried out from the nozzle in
Diagram 1 narrow a tiny droplets // large area

R
Diagram 1 shows four design of perfume sprays, P, Q, R and S with different Big size of bulb
specifications. You are required to determine the most suitable design of a perfume spray Elastic
to produce a fine spray. Narrow shape
Study the specifications of the four perfume sprays based on the following aspects: Narrow nozzle
(i) Size of the squeeze bulb.
(ii) Elasticity of the squeeze bulb.
(iii) Shape of the mid tube.
amazing Physics with Tcer Alina 33
(iv) Size of the nozzle.
 SKILL 5 – MAKING DECISIONS CHAPTER 3: FORCES & PRESSURE
Diagram 2 shows a hydraulic brake system in a car.
Characteristics Reason
Incompressible Pressure transmitted equally in all
direction
High boiling Not easy to evaporate
point
Diagram 2
High spring Withstand greater force
constant
Big ratio master Larger force exerted on the piston
You are required to investigate the characteristics of a to drum cylinder
hydraulic brake system as shown in Table 2.

L
Incompressible
Ratio of cross-section High boiling point
brake fluid

brake fluid

constant of
the spring
Hydraulic

point of
Boiling
Type of

area of piston in the

Spring
brake

High spring constant

master cylinder to the
Big ratio master to drum cylinder
brake drum cylinder
J Incompressible Low Low 1:1
K Compressible Low High 5:1
L Incompressible High High 1:5
M Compressible High Low 3:2
amazing Physics with Tcer Alina 34
Table 2
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
Consider the density of the fluid is ρ.
The upper surface of the object is at a depth of h1
Surface of fluid The bottom surface of the object at a depth h2.

B U O YA N T F O R C E
P1 h1 F = PA
FB = (P2 – P1) A Upward force acting on an object
= (h2ρg - h1ρg) A immersed in liquid
= [ (h2 – h1)(A)] ρg = pressure difference between
= hA ρg ⇒ V = hA the lower surface & upper surface
= V ρg of the object
h h2
FB =ρVg
Where :
Fluid with
density, 𝜌 P2 ρ = density of fluid
V = volume of fluid displaced (the volume of object in the submerged part only)
g = gravitational acceleration
amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 35
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
For a body wholly or partially immersed in a fluid,
the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces

W
Fb

W
Fb

amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 36

ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE Example:

Actual weight, W1 = 25 N
Apparent weight, W2 = 15 N
Fb = W1 – W2 = 10 N

mg = Fb
Mass of object = 1.019 kg
amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 37
HYDROMETER

• Used to measure relative density of liquids

• Lead shots = to weight it down //
enable the hydrometer floats vertically in
the liquid
• lesser density = larger volume of liquid
displaced (hydrometer is submerged)
• higher density = lower volume of liquid
displaced (hydrometer floats)

amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 38

HYDROMETER
Length of stem : LONG
Material of stem : GLASS
Wide range of scale
Will not corrode

Diameter of stem : SMALL

More sensitive / can measure @
detect small changed in density

Size of air bulb : BIG

easy to floats /
high buoyant force

No. of lead shot : MANY

Stay upright /
easy to floats
amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 39
HYDROMETER

Low Density higher density

larger volume of lower volume of

liquid displaced liquid displaced

hydrometer floats

hydrometer is submerged Weight, W Buoyant force, Fb

Weight, W Buoyant force, Fb

amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 40
SITUATION : COMPARISON
RIVER WATER SEA WATER
Density LOW HIGH

Volume of liquid displaced HIGH LOW

Depth of sinking HIGH LOW

Weight, W = Buoyant force, Fb

amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 41
CARTESIAN DIVER

1 Release the pressure on the bottle

2 Density decrease (water flow
out from the tube)
1 Press the bottle
(bottle is squeezed) 3 Buoyant force increase (F > W)b

2 Density increase 4 Tube floating

(water enter the tube)

3 Weight increase (W > F )

b

4 Tube sinking
amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 42
BALLAST TANK

Buoyant force increase (Fb > W) Weight increase (W > Fb) Buoyant force increase (Fb > W)
Floating Sinking Floating

amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 43

PLIMSOLL LINE (LOAD LINE)
Reference mark located on a ship’s
hull that indicates the maximum depth
to which the vessel may be safely
immersed when loaded with cargo

Function: Show the safe level to sail at different density

Plimsoll lines have many levels

: water has different density

amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 44

HOT AIR BALLOON
Balloon goes up when:
q parachute valve is closed
q burner is ignited
q air is heated up
q weight of balloon < buoyant force

Balloon comes down when:

q parachute valve is opened
q hot air is released
q burner is turned off
q weight of balloon > buoyant force

amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 45

HOT AIR BALLOON Characteristics Early morning Noon
Density of air higher lower
Height of hot air balloon higher lower

Early morning Volume of air displaced same same

Buoyant force higher lower
Noon
mv : Density of air
rv : Buoyant force
Early morning:
cv : Volume of air displaced
q Temperature is low
q Density of air surrounding is high
q Fb > weight of hot air balloon
q Balloon rises up Density of air DOES NOT effect
the volume of hot air balloon
Noon: Volume of hot air balloon
q Temperature is high depends on the heating of
q Density of air surrounding is low burner
5m 3m q weight of hot air balloon > Fb
q Balloon goes down
amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 46
SITUATION: 1
mv : Volume of liquid displaced Object A, B and C are floats static on the water.
rv : Buoyant force Which has the greatest buoyant force? Why?
cv : Density of liquid
Object A.
Because displaced biggest volume of water.

A B C Fb = pVg
The greater the volume displaced, the greater the buoyant force.

Water Volume displaced: VA > VB >VC

Buoyant force: A > B > C

amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 47

SITUATION: 2
mv : Volume of liquid displaced
rv : Buoyant force Three different object A, B and C is floating static on the water.
cv : Density of liquid Which object has the greatest buoyant force? Why?

Object B, because displaced more volume of water.

C
A Fb = pVg
B The greater the volume displaced, the greater the buoyant force.

Volume displaced: VB > VA >VC

Water
Buoyant force: B > A > C

amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 48

SITUATION: 3
mv : Density of liquid
Object A is floated static on 3 different types of liquid.
rv : Volume of liquid displaced
Give comment on the buoyant force? cv : Buoyant force

Float static:
Weight = Buoyant force, Fb
A
A Since the weight is remain
A constant in three liquids, so
the buoyant force are the
same in three liquids.

River Water Sea Water Oil

amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 49

SITUATION: 4
Diagram shows beaker A and B with different type of liquid. mv : Density of liquid
rv : Volume of liquid displaced
cv : Buoyant force

Float static:
Weight = Buoyant force, Fb

Since the weight is remain

constant in three liquids, so
the buoyant force are the
The ball in beaker A is then transferred to beaker B. same in three liquids.
What is the change to the volume of liquid displaced and its buoyant force?

Volume of liquid displaced decrease

Buoyant force unchanged
amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 50
SKILL 1 – UNDERSTANDING
Diagram 4 shows what happens when a wooden block is held above the water surface and then released into the water.
When the wooden block is released, it falls into the water and goes completely under the water surface.
Then it moves upwards and floats on the water surface.
Using the concept of buoyant force, explain why the wooden block moves upwards and then floats on the water surface.

Wooden block moves upwards because:

• Buoyant force > weight of wooden block
• Net force acting upward

W Fb Wooden block floats because:

buoyant force = weight of block

W Fb
Diagram 4 amazing Physics with Tcer Alina 51
SKILL 2 – CALCULATION ARCHIMEDES’
Diagram 1 shows a boy on a rubber raft which is placed on water surface. PRINCIPLE
The mass of the rubber raft is 3 kg.
The volume of water displaced is 0.05 m3.
[Density of water = 1000 kgm-3] Diagram 1
[Density of rubber raft = 600 kgm-3]
Calculate: (ii) the mass of the boy.
(i) buoyant force acted on rubber raft
Fb = WRaft + WBoy
Fb = 𝜌𝑉𝑔 490.5 = 29.43 + WBoy
Fb = (1000)(0.05)(9.81)
Wboy = 490.5 – 29.43
= 461.07 N Id e a!
Fb = 490.5 N Massboy = 47 kg
amazing Physics with Tcer Alina 52
SKILL 3 – COMPARISON CHAPTER 3: FORCES & PRESSURE ARCHIMEDES’
PRINCIPLE
Diagram 3 shows a boy and his father sitting
on two identical beach balls, A and B,
respectively. Their weights are balanced by the
buoyant force.
(a) Using Diagram 3, compare the weight of the boy and his father,
the volume of the water displaced and the buoyant force acted on
both of them.
Characteristics Boy Father
Weight low high
volume of the water displaced low high
buoyant force low high
Diagram 3
(b) State the relationship between the buoyant force and:
(ii) The weight of water displaced
(i) The volume of water displaced
Buoyant force increase Buoyant force increase
Volume of water displaced increase Weight of water displaced increase
amazing Physics with Tcer Alina 53
 SKILL 5 – MAKING DECISIONS CHAPTER 3: FORCES & PRESSURE
Table 3 shows four hot air balloons P, Q, R and S with different features.
Characteristics Reason

Temperature
Number of
Volume of Large volume To produce bigger buoyant

of flame
burners
Balloon

balloon

Type of
fabric
(up thrust) // Increase the volume of
the air displaced
More number of To produce bigger flame // heat up
Small with Synthetic Bunsen burner the gas in the balloon faster
P 1 100°C
800 m3 nylon
Synthetic nylon Light-weight // strong // air-proof
Large with Synthetic material
Q 2 120°C
2500 m3 nylon
High Reduce the density // weight of the
Large with temperature of air in the balloon
R 1 Canvas 60°C
2500 m3 the air in the
Small with balloon
S 2 Canvas 80°C
800 m3 Large volume

Q
More number of Bunsen burner
Table 3 Synthetic nylon
You are required to determine the most suitable hot air balloon which is High temperature of the air in the
able to carry three or four people to a higher altitude in a shorter time. balloon
amazing Physics with Tcer Alina 54
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE

In a moving fluid, where the speed is low,

the pressure is high and where the speed is high,
the pressure is low

ALINA IMAN ARIF amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 55

 Higher speed
Lower pressure
Different pressure
produced lifting force

Lower speed
Higher pressure

amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 56

 Lower speed
Higher pressure

ping-pong balls
closer to each other

Higher speed
Lower pressure amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 57
 Higher speed
Lower pressure

hold the ping-pong ball

from falling down
Lower speed
Higher pressure
amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 58
Water level in
the vertical
tubes P, Q and R
1
4

Notes:
Pressure of moving fluid
2
at point R (end) always
less than pressure at
point P (initial)

5
3

amazing PHYSICS with Tcer ALINA 59

SKILL 1 – UNDERSTANDING
Diagram 3 shows the cross-section of a wing of a moving aeroplane. A lifting force is exerted on to the wing.
Name the shape of the cross section shown in Diagram 3.
Explain how the lifting force is produced. Aerofoil.

1. The velocity of air is

high and the air pressure
is low at the top of the
aerofoil. Diagram 3

2. The velocity of air is low and

3. The difference in pressure
the air pressure is high at the
produces a lifting force.
bottom of the aerofoil.
amazing Physics with Tcer Alina 60
SKILL 1 – UNDERSTANDING With the aid of suitable diagram, describe
the working principle of a Bunsen burner.

amazing Physics with Tcer Alina 61

SKILL 2 – CALCULATION CHAPTER 3: FORCES & PRESSURE
BERNOULLI’S
An aeroplane with mass of 3.6 x 105 kg and total surface area of PRINCIPLE
460 m2 is at a constant height. The resultant force acting on the
aeroplane at that moment is zero.
(i) Calculate the weight of the aeroplane. (iii) calculate the pressure difference between the upper and
lower surfaces of the wings of the aeroplane.
W = mg = (3.6 x 105)(9.81) !
W = 3.53 x 106 N P ="
3.53 x 106
P = "#$
!
(ii) Determine the lifting force acting on the aeroplane.
Constant height
Id e a
Lifting force = Weight of aeroplane P = 7673.91 Pa
Lifting force = 3.53 x 106 N

amazing Physics with Tcer Alina 62

SKILL 3 – COMPARISON CHAPTER 3: FORCES & PRESSURE
Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 show the effect of atmospheric pressure on a sheet of paper before and while the air is blown across the upper
surface of the paper.

Using Diagram 2. 1 and Diagram 2 .2,

compare the air speed on the upper and Diagram 2.1
the lower sides of the paper. Relate the
speed of air with its pressure to explain
how the paper is lifted up when air is Diagram 2.2
blown towards the top the paper as
shown in Diagram 2.2.

The speed of air at top and bottom in Diagram 2.1 the same.
In Diagram 2.2, the speed of air at the upper is greater than lower side.
Speed of air increase, the pressure decrease.
The difference in pressure at the upper and the lower of the paper produce lift force

Name the physics principle involved in the above explanation.

BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE amazing Physics with Tcer Alina 63