Received 4 October 2022, accepted 20 October 2022, date of publication 25 October 2022, date of current version 2 November 2022.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3216889

Design of a Six-Port Compact UWB MIMO

Antenna With a Distinctive DGS
for Improved Isolation
PRAVEEN KUMAR 1 , SAMEENA PATHAN2 , OM PRAKASH KUMAR 1 , SHWETA VINCENT 3 ,
YASHWANTH NANJAPPA 1 , (Senior Member, IEEE), PRADEEP KUMAR 4 , PRANAV SHETTY 1,

AND TANWEER ALI 1 , (Senior Member, IEEE)

1 Department of Electronics and Communication, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
2 Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
3 Department of Mechatronics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
4 Discipline of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa

Corresponding author: Tanweer Ali ([email protected])

ABSTRACT A low-profile printed six-port ultrawideband (UWB) antenna with a novel decoupling structure
for enhancing port-to-port isolation is analyzed in this paper. Six symmetrical pyramidal form UWB antennas
with defective ground structures interspersed with parasitic components served as a unique decoupling
structure in the proposed design. The grounded branches and modified rectangular stubs on the ground plane
generate closed and open current distribution channels, causing the uniform current flow to be disrupted
and the coupling effect to be neutralized. The projected six-port antenna has an electrical dimension of
0.68×0.89×0.01 λ3 (λ is computed using a lower frequency of 2.9 GHz), having a below -10 dB impedance
bandwidth of 116% from 2.9 to 11 GHz. Across the impedance bandwidth, the average port-to-port isolation
is better than 20 dB. The antenna design has acceptable radiation properties with a peak gain of 8.3 dBi at a
frequency of 7.5 GHz. Further, the projected design is also exposed to the time domain characteristics and
diversity metrics. Among the different ports, the values of the group delay and fidelity factors are less than
1.5 ns and more than 0.92, correspondingly. The values of the diversity parameters such as ECC < 0.075,
DG approximately 10 dB, MEG<−3dB, TARC<−10 dB, CCL < 0.3 bps/Hz, and ME<−2 dB ensure
that the projected design is appropriate for the MIMO applications. The designed antenna is fabricated and
measured, and the results are in line with the simulation.

INDEX TERMS Isolation, antenna, decoupling structure, time-domain, ECC, DGS.

I. INTRODUCTION radar applications [2], [3], [4]. The UWB provides various
The technological evolution makes electronic gadgets more advantages; however, it suffers from multipath fading due
innovative, compact, and portable. Multiple features on these to the dispersion of short input pulses. To efficiently uti-
devices require a wireless communication system with a high lize the UWB system’s broader bandwidth, the multipath
data rate and channel capacity. Ultrawideband (UWB) sys- fading issue is resolved by incorporating the multiple input
tems offer higher bandwidth and data rates [1]. The allow- and multiple output (MIMO) technology. The MIMO tech-
able transmission power of the UWB system is confined nology in wireless communication helps overcome multi-
to 75 nW/MHz. The low power restricts the transmission path fading and utilizes a multi-scattering atmosphere with
to short-range communication, tracking, positioning, and no additional power and bandwidth. The monopole patch
antennas are the most desirable antenna in the UWB MIMO
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and system due to their nay advantages [5]. The aforementioned
approving it for publication was Tutku Karacolak . MIMO technology characteristics may be attained only

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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when the radiators of multiport antenna should have strong II. SIX-PORT UWB MIMO ANTENNA DESIGN
isolation structures that effectively mitigate the near-field A UWB monopole antenna with pyramidal and rectangular
coupling. hybrid geometry as a radiation patch, a microstrip feedline,
The literature divulges the different ways of designing and a partial ground plane is presented in Figure 1, and geo-
UWB monopole antenna structures using conventional rect- metrical parameters are listed in Table 1. An FR4 substrate
angular and circular patches [5]. The conventional patches having physical dimensions of 0.30 × 0.22×0.01 λ3 (λ is
are modified by carving or adding additional conducting computed using a lower frequency of 2.9 GHz) is employed
material on radiating and ground planes. The idea behind to simulate the UWB antenna. The ground plane alteration
increasing bandwidth is engraving slot, slit, stub structures influences the transmission line characteristics, resulting in
on the radiator, and full/partial plane correspondingly such a lower quality factor and greater operational bandwidth.
that these structures disturb the uniform current flow and The difference in ground plane length (g1) substantially
improve the bandwidth. Different approaches for improving affects the reflection coefficient curve, particularly changing
isolation in MIMO systems include embedding the matching the lower resonance frequency, as illustrated in Figure 2a.
network between antennas, metamaterial loading, parasitic The increase in width of the rectangle (a3) does not affect the
element loading, neutralization line, and combining these lower resonance frequency, but the higher resonance shifts
techniques as a hybrid approach [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]. towards the lower frequency, as shown in Figure 2b.
Polarization diversity techniques are exploited by placing the
antennas in orthogonal orientation with the parasitic elements
loaded on the defected ground structure (DGS), as demon-
strated in [12], to improve isolation. In [13], a low-pass filter
is included between the elements to filter out the coupling
effect. A compact UWB MIMO with spiral structure DGS
is used to achieve enhanced isolation [14]. A reflector of a
circular structure is loaded onto the radiator and connected to
the DGS using vias to enhance isolation, as illustrated in [15].
A circular with tapered feedline UWB monopole antenna
is duplicated to develop a two-port MIMO antenna [16].
The isolation is increased by inserting a stub between the
elements and the vertical branch in DGS. The isolation among
the fractal UWB antennas is achieved by positioning them
perpendicular to each other [17].
This communication presents a distinctive decoupling FIGURE 1. Schematic of the UWB antenna: radiating plane (left) and
ground plane (right).
structure to improve isolation among the six-port UWB
MIMO antenna having a common ground plane. For a
broader bandwidth, impedance matching is achieved by carv-
TABLE 1. Geometrical parameters of the UWB antenna (mm).
ing a pyramidal structure with a 1.8 mm vertical rectangle
on the radiator and partial ground plane. The six-port MIMO
antenna is formed by placing three UWB monopole antennas
side by side, and this configuration is mirrored with horizon-
tal reference. The inter-element separation is less than 1/4 λ,
where the frequency of 2.9 GHz determines λ. The projected The simulated UWB antenna is replicated side by side
design exhibit S11 below -10 dB from 2.9 to 11.2 GHz and with the inter-element separation of 0.12λ (s1=13mm) from
average isolation better than 20 dB throughout the operating edge to edge. This configuration is parallelly mirrored at
frequency. The isolation is improved by employing para- a distance of 0.08λ (s2=9mm) to construct a six-element
sitic elements on a defective ground structure (DGS), which MIMO antenna operating in the UWB band, as represented
results in a one-of-a-kind decoupling structure. Further, the in Figure 3a. The optimal values of S1 and S2 are chosen by
projected design is exploited for analyzing time domain and performing the parametric analysis. The horizontal and verti-
MIMO diversity characteristics. For experimental validation, cal inter-element spacing is less than a quarter wavelength,
the proposed design is printed on an FR4 substrate (εr = resulting in strong coupling between the MIMO elements.
4.4, tan δ = 0.02, and h = 1.6mm). The remaining work is Figure 3b depicts the scattering parameter curves. Figure 3b
structured as follows- an antenna design is described in demonstrates the poor reflection and transmission coefficient
section 2. Section 3 discusses the design and analysis of the values caused by inappropriate impedance matching. The
decoupling structure. The outcome of the presented six-port close proximity among elements causes low isolation, and
antenna design and performance comparison with the pre- the same can be witnessed by the current distribution plot,
vious work is portrayed in section 4. Section 5 depicts the as represented in Figure 3c. The coupling effect of the excited
concluding remarks. antenna has a significant effect on the adjacent element.

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FIGURE 2. The effect of parameter variation on the reflection coefficient FIGURE 3. The MIMO antenna (a) Schematic of the MIMO antenna
curve (a) g1, and (b) a3. without decoupling structure, (b) S-parameters of the design, and
(c) current distribution plot at 5GHz, depicting the mutual coupling.

The parasitic elements are embedded on the DGS to negate

the inter-element coupling effect, as shown in Figure 4. The
gap and conducting branches on the DGS attract the coupling
field, resulting in the formation of a new local current chan-
nel with essentially no current coupling to the neighbouring
elements. The projected six-port MIMO antenna has physical
dimensions of 0.68 × 0.89×0.01 λ3 (λ is computed using a
lower frequency of 2.9 GHz) with an impedance bandwidth
of 116 % of the center frequency ranging from 2.9 to 11 GHz.
The insertion of unique DGS as a decoupling structure pro-
vides the average isolation better than the 20 dB over the
operational frequency. The detailed physical dimensions are
listed in Table 2.

III. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DECOUPLING STRUCTURE FIGURE 4. The Schematic of the projected six-port UWB MIMO antenna:
In order to accomplish a compact six-port antenna, three radiating plane (left) and ground plane (right) (dimensions in mm).

UWB monopole antennas are positioned next to each other

and mirrored horizontally with the shared ground plane, structure and their S12 is depicted in Figures 5 and 6. The
as illustrated in Figure 4. The evolution of the decoupling first step was initiated by extending a single element’s ground

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TABLE 2. Geometrical parameters of the UWB antenna (mm).

FIGURE 5. The evolution of decoupling structure to improve the isolation

of six-port UWB antenna.

FIGURE 7. The simulated surface current flow plots at 9 GHz (a) ant_1,
(b) ant_2, (c) ant_3, (d) ant_4, and (e) ant_5.

FIGURE 6. The simulated S21 of the ant_1, ant_2, ant_3, ant_4, ant_5.

FIGURE 8. The Photographs of the top (left) and bottom (right) of the
projected UWB MIMO antenna.
plane, as in ant_1 of Figure 5. The inter-element coupling
influences the impedance matching and leads to poor isola-
tion, especially at high frequencies. A pair of rectangular slots
of 16.5 × 12 mm2 is patterned in the ground plane as in ant_2 parasitic elements are less than the half-wavelength (1/2 λ).
of Figure 5. In comparison to the previous step, the slots dis- Adjusting the relative length and position of the grounded
rupt the uniform current distribution and improve isolation. branches and incorporating the modified rectangular stub and
Two verticles and horizontal branches are implanted consecu- slot combination on the DGS improves the overall isolation
tively in the DGS, as indicated in ant_3 and ant_4 of Figure 5. throughout the operating bandwidth.
These branches combine to create an open and closed current
flow path, resulting in a local alternative current channel. This A. DECOUPLING MECHANISM
local current path cancels out the coupling effect between The decoupling process is investigated through the vector
the neighboring components. Further isolation is enhanced surface current distribution plots, as portrayed in Figure 7.
by embedding the parasitic elements into the modified DGS One element is stimulated, and all other elements are termi-
as in ant_5 of Figure 5. This arrangement provides average nated in the UWB MIMO antenna. The surface current in
isolation better than the 20 dB among all ports by suppressing Figure 7a signifies the strong port-to-port coupling effect.
the coupling effect. The total physical dimensions of the The current distribution on the ground plane is disturbed

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FIGURE 9. The scattering parameters graphs (a) reflection coefficient

(b) transmission coefficient.

FIGURE 10. The simulated current distribution graphs (a) 5 GHz, (b) 7GHz,
and (c) 9 GHz.

FIGURE 11. The simulated and measured radiation pattern at (a) 5 GHz,
using a rectangular slot, two verticles, and horizontal ground (b) 7 GHz, (c) 9 GHz, and (d) gain, radiation efficiency vs. frequency
branches with the embedding of the parasitic elements, plot.

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FIGURE 12. Plots of MIMO diversity parameters (a) ECC (s-parameters), (b) DG (s-parameters), (c) ECC and DG
(radiation pattern), (d) MEG, (e) TARC, (f) CCL, and (g) ME.

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FIGURE 14. The designed antenna group delay (a) face-to-face

(b) side-to-side configurations.

FIGURE 13. Normalized input and output pulses (a) side-to-side,

(b) face-to-face configurations.

A. SCATTERING PARAMETERS
The scattering parameter graphs for the intended six-port
as represented in Figure 7b-e. Figure 7e signifies the direction antenna are illustrated in Figure 9. The data show that the
of current flow in the stimulated antenna is steady and neigh- simulated and measured results are consistent, with an accept-
boring elements have opposite directions. The reverse current able margin of error owing to fabrication, soldering, and
creation is caused by the DGS decoupling structure, which testing equipment tolerance. Figure 9a signifies the measured
also reduces the coupling effect. Furthermore, the current on impedance bandwidth of 3 to 11.2 GHz. Figure 9b indi-
the DGS is higher, minimizing mutual coupling caused by cates the port-to-port isolation of the projected design. The
ground surface oscillations. As a result, the decoupling struc- modified ground plane, along with the insertion of ground
ture shown here may effectively minimize antenna coupling. branches and parasitic elements, provides the isolation of bet-
ter than 20 dB throughout the impedance bandwidth (except
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION for lower frequency 2.9 to 4 GHz).
Fabricating and testing the six-port UWB antenna (ant 5)
validates the presented decoupling arrangement for the B. CURRENT DISTRIBUTION
UWB MIMO antenna. Figure 8 illustrates a photo- Figure 10 depicts the surface current distribution with the
graph of the presented UWB MIMO. The horizontal combination of DGS and parasitic elements as a decou-
and verticle edge-to-edge spacings are 0.12λ and 0.08λ, pling structure at resonance frequencies of 5 GHz, 7 GHz,
respectively. and 9 GHz to better articulate the influence of the decoupling

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TABLE 3. Performance comparison of projected design with the existing designs.

structure. The decoupling structure blocks the coupling cur- antenna’s average power ratio radiated to incident relative
rent from port 1 to other ports. to the isotropic environment. TARC provides information on
C. RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS
the overall power radiated to the total incident power in the
multiport microwave devices. The CCL determines the losses
The 2D radiation pattern is presented using simulated and
that occur during the transmission of data. It specifies the
measured data for the resonant frequencies of 5GHz, 7GHz,
maximum channel transmission rate required for unwavering
and 9GHz, as shown in Figure 11a-c. The radiation pattern
communication. To assess the performance of the MIMO
of the designed antenna is determined by stimulating one
antenna, the ME is calculated by analyzing the correlation
port and disconnecting all other ports with the matching
between the elements and their efficiencies. For the two-
condition at the xz and yz planes. The antenna exhibits the
port antenna, diversity parameters are calculated using the
quasi omnidirectional pattern at the resonating frequencies.
equations reported in [18], [19], [20], and [21].
The simulated and measured gain versus frequency plot of the
The designed antenna exhibit ECC of 0.075 (s-parameter)
designed antenna is represented in Figure 11d. The minimum
and 0.4 (radiation pattern), DG approximately 10 dB
and maximum gain of 4.2 dBi and 8.3 dBi are observed at
(s-parameter) and >9 dB (radiation pattern), MEG <−3 dB,
frequencies of 3.5 GHz and 7.5 GHz, respectively.
TARC<−10 dB, CCL <0.3 bps/Hz, and ME <−2 dB as
D. DIVERSITY CHARACTERISTICS illustrated in the Figure 12. These characteristics ensure that
The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain the designed antenna is appropriate for MIMO applications.
(DG), mean effective gain (MEG), total active reflection
coefficient (TARC), channel capacity loss (CCL), and mul- E. TIME DOMAIN CHARACTERISTICS
tiplexing efficiency (ME) are tested on the projected six-port The time-domain metrics group delay (GD) and fidelity fac-
UWB MIMO antenna. The aforementioned metrics are tor (FF) are examined for the designed antenna. To per-
determined using measured data and MATLAB to ensure form time-domain analysis, identical antennas are arranged
consistency with the simulated outcomes. The ECC charac- 100 mm apart in a face-to-face and side-to-side configura-
terizes the amount of correlation among the antenna elements. tion [22], [23]. The transmitted and received pulse qualities
The ECC can be computed using a 3D radiation pattern can be studied in order to ensure seamless communication.
and as well using S-parameters for the antenna having high GD describes the phase linearity among the input and output
efficiency. The signal to interference strength is defined by signals. Analytically GD is the derivative function of phase
the DG and is estimated using ECC. The MEG gives the response to the angular frequency as defined in the below

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equation 1. metrics are acceptable, and the proposed antenna is a viable

contender for UWB communication systems.
dϕ (ω)
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[24] B. Ramakrishnan and V. M. Sivashanmugham, ‘‘Novel four-port recon- SHWETA VINCENT received the B.E. degree
figurable filtering MIMO antenna for multi-standard automotive com- in electronics and communication engineering
munications,’’ AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun., vol. 146, Mar. 2022, from Anna University, Chennai, India, in 2006,
Art. no. 154108. the M.Tech. degree in computer and com-
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MIMO antenna for UWB 11 GHz and 13 GHz frequency bands,’’ AEU-Int.
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band notched orthogonal 4-element MIMO antenna with isolation for tute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore,
UWB applications,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 145871–145880, 2020. in 2020. She has been working as an Assis-
[27] A. Mohanty and S. Sahu, ‘‘4-port UWB MIMO antenna with bluetooth- tant Professor-Senior Scale with the Department
LTE-WiMax band-rejection and vias-MCP loaded reflector with improved of Mechatronics Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal
performance,’’ AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun., vol. 144, Feb. 2022, Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, since 2015. She has published
Art. no. 154065. 20 articles in national and international journals/conference proceedings.
[28] R. R. Elsharkawy, A. S. A. El-Hameed, and S. M. El-Nady, ‘‘Quad-port Her research interests include antenna design, remote sensing, and machine
MIMO filtenna with high isolation employing BPF with high out-of-band learning.
rejection,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 3814–3824, 2022.
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band notches,’’ Int. J. RF Microw. Comput.-Aided Eng., vol. 29, no. 1, communication engineering from Visvesvaraya
Jan. 2019, Art. no. e21433. Technological University, Belagavi, in 2010, the
[31] M. S. Khan, S. A. Naqvi, A. Iftikhar, S. M. Asif, A. Fida, and M.Tech. degree in signal processing and VLSI
R. M. Shubair, ‘‘A WLAN band-notched compact four element UWB
from Jain University, Bengaluru, in 2012, and
MIMO antenna,’’ Int. J. RF Microw. Comput.-Aided Eng., vol. 30, no. 9,
the Ph.D. degree from Visvesvaraya Technolog-
Sep. 2020, Art. no. e22282.
ical University, in 2020. He is currently work-
ing as an Assistant Professor–Senior Scale with
the Department of Electronics and Communica-
tion Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of
Higher Education, Manipal. He has more than ten years of teaching expe-
rience for UG and PG students. He has authored or coauthored more than
PRAVEEN KUMAR received the B.E. degree in
15 research papers in international journals/conferences proceedings. He
electronics and communication engineering and
has five Indian/International patents published/granted. He has submitted
the M.Tech. degree in microelectronics and con-
research proposals to government agencies. His research interests include
trol systems from Visvesvaraya Technological
wireless sensor networks, signal processing, and communication systems
University, Belagavi, Karnataka, India. He is
and antennas. He is an Execom Member of the IEEE Mangalore Sub-Section,
currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree with the
IEEE ComSoc Bangalore Section, and IEEE Young Professionals Bangalore
Department of Electronics and Communication
Section for the year 2022. He is also an editorial board member/TPC/session
Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology,
chair/reviewer of many international journals/conferences. He has delivered
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal,
many technical talks for faculties and students.
India. His research interest includes microstrip
antennas. He is a member of IETE, India.

SAMEENA PATHAN is currently working as an

Assistant Professor with the Department of Infor- PRADEEP KUMAR received the bachelor’s,
mation and Communication Technology, Mani- Master of Engineering, and Doctor of Phi-
pal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of losophy degrees in electronics and communi-
Higher Education, Manipal. Her research interests cation engineering, in 2003, 2005, and 2009,
include pattern recognition, medical image analy- respectively. He completed his postdoctoral stud-
sis, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. ies at the Autonomous University of Madrid,
Spain. He is currently working with the Univer-
sity of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. He has over
15 years of experience in academics and research.
He has held various positions, such as a Lecturer,
a Senior Lecturer, an Assistant Professor, and an Associate Professor. He is
the author of many research papers published in various peer-reviewed jour-
OM PRAKASH KUMAR is currently working nals/conferences. His current research interests include antennas, antenna
as an Assistant Professor-Senior Scale with the arrays, and wireless communications. He is registered as a Professional
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineer with the Engineering Council of South Africa. He received various
Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, awards/fellowships, such as an MHRD Fellowship, an A4U Fellowship, the
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. Research Excellence Award, the J. W. Nelson Fund Research Award, and
His research interest includes antenna design. the CAES Research Award. He is serving as a Reviewer/a TPC Member
for many journals/conferences, such as IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS
AND PROPAGATION, IEEE ACCESS, Progress in Electromagnetics Research,
ACES Journal, IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, SAIEE Africa Research Journal, the
International Journal of Electronics, SATNAC, and IEEE Africon.

VOLUME 10, 2022 112973

 P. Kumar et al.: Design of a Six-Port Compact UWB MIMO Antenna With a Distinctive DGS

PRANAV SHETTY is currently pursuing the Grad- TANWEER ALI (Senior Member, IEEE) received
uate degree with the Department of Electronics the B.Tech. degree in E&C from Punjab Tech-
and Communication Engineering, Manipal Insti- nological University, Punjab, in 2011, the M.E.
tute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher degree in wireless communication from the Birla
Education, Manipal. His research interests include Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, in 2014,
antenna design and wireless communication. and the Ph.D. degree in antenna engineering,
in March 2019. He is currently working as an
Associate Professor with the Department of Elec-
tronics and Communication Engineering, Mani-
pal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy
of Higher Education, Manipal. He is an active researcher in the field
of microstrip antennas, wireless communication, and microwave imaging.
He has been listed in top 2% scientists across the world for the year 2021
and 2022 by the prestigious list published by Stanford University, USA,
indexed by Scopus. He has published more than 130 papers in reputed web
of science (SCI) and Scopus indexed journals and conferences and has filled
seven Indian patents, of which three have been published. He has more than
1371 citations with an H-index of 22 and i-10 index of 37. He is also guiding
four regular Ph.D. students and five part-time Ph.D. students and is heading
the antenna research group and laboratory at MIT. In 2020, he has received
best Ph.D. thesis award from Board of IT Education (BITES), Karnataka.
He has organized and is the Technical Programme Committee Chair of
many reputed IEEE conferences, such as IEEE DISCOVER, IEEE ANTS,
IEEE COMSNETS, IEEE TENCON, IEEE ICAECC, IEEE TEMSNET,
and AICECS 2021. He is on the board of a Reviewer of journals, such as
the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, IEEE ANTENNAS AND
WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, IEEE ACCESS, IET Microwaves, Antennas and
Propagation, IET of Electronics Letter, Wireless Personal Communications
(WPCs) (Springer), AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Com-
munications, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters (MOTL) (Wiley),
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation (Hindawi), Advanced
Electromagnetics, Progress in Electromagnetics Research (PIER), KSII
Transactions on Engineering Science, International Journal of Microwave
and Wireless Technologies, Frequenz, Radioengineering, and IEEE OPEN
JOURNAL OF ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION.

112974 VOLUME 10, 2022