Respiratory System Pharynx

 Throat
Functions  Common passageway for res. And dig.
1. Gas exchange Systems
2. Regulation of blood PH  Nasopharynx:
3. Voice Production Takes in air
4. Olfaction  Oropharynx:
5. Innate Immunity - extends from uvula to epiglottis
6. Ventilation - the movement of air in and - takes in food, drink, and air
out the lungs  Laryngopharynx:
- extends from epiglottis to
esophagus
Upper Respiratory Tract - foods and drink pass through
 Nasal Cavity  Uvula:
 Pharynx - “little grape”
 External nose - extension of soft palate
 Pharyngeal Tonsil:
Aids in depending against infections
Nose
Lower Respiratory Tract
 External Nose:
Composed of mainly of hyaline  Larynx (voice box)
cartilage  Trachea (wind pipe)
 Nasal Cavity:  Bronchi
- extends from nares (nostrils) to  Lungs
choane
- choane: openings to pharynx Larynx
- hard palate is its roof  In front of throat
 Paranasal sinuses:  Consists of cartilage
- air filled spaces within bone  Thyroid Cartilage:
- open into nasal cavity - largest piece of cartilage
- lined with mucous - called Adam’s apple
 Conchae:  Epiglottis:
- on each side of nasal cavity - piece of cartilage
- increase surface area of nasal - flap that prevents swallowed
cavity materials from entering larynx
- help in cleaning,  Vocal folds/cords:
humidifying,warming of air - source of voice production
 Nasolacrimal ducts: - air moves past them, they vibrate,
- carry tears from eyes and sound is produced
- open into nasal cavity - force of air determine loudness
- tension determines pitch
Functions of Nose - tension determines pitch
 Filters  Laryngitis:
 Airway for respiration - inflammation of vocal folds
 Involved in speech - caused by overuse, dry air,
 Olfactory receptors infection
 Warms air
 Sneezing dislodges materials from Trachea
nose  Windpipe
 Consists of 16-20 C shaped pieces of Contraction of terminal bronchioles
cartilage leads to reduced air flow
 Contains cilia pseudostratified
columnar epi.
 Smoking kills cilia Respiratory Membrane
 Coughing dislodges materials from  In lungs where gas exchange between
trachea air and blood occurs
 Divides into right and left primary  Formed by walls of alveoli and
bronchi (lungs) capillaries
 Alveolar ducts and respiratory
Bronchi bronchioles also contribute
 Divides from trachea  Very thin for diffusion
 Connect to lungs
 Lined with cilia
 Contain C shaped pieces of cartilage Layers of Respiratory Membrane
 Thin layer of fluid from alveolus
 Alveolar epithelium (simple squamous)
Lungs  Basement membrane of alveolar
 Primary organ of respiration epithelium
 Cone shaped  Thin interstitial space
 Rest on diaphragm  Basement membrane of capillary
 Right lung has 3 lobes endothelium
 Left lung has 2 lobes  Capillary endothelium (simple
 Contains many air passageways squamous)
(divisions)
Pleural Membranes and Cavities
Air passageways of lungs  Pleura:
1. Primary bronchi Double- layered membrane around
2. Lobar (secondary) bronchi lungs
3. Segmental (tertiary) bronchi  Parietal Pleura:
4. Bronchioles Membrane that lines thoracic cavity
5. Terminal bronchioles  Visceral pleura:
6. Respiratory bronchioles Membrane that covers lung’s
7. Alveolar ducts surface
8. Alveoli - actual gas exchange  Pleural cavity:
 Structures become smaller and move Space around each lung
numerous from primary bronchi to
alveoli
Ventilation

Lungs  What is it?

- breathing
 Alveoli: - process of moving air in and out of
- small air sacs lungs
- where gas exchange occurs - uses diaphragm: skeletal muscle that
- surrounded by capillaries (blood separates thoracic and abdominal
vessels cavities
- 300 million in lungs
 Asthma attack:
Phases of Ventilation - single layer on surface of thin fluid
 Inspiration: (Inhale) lining alveoli
- breathe in - reduces surface tension
- uses external intercostal muscles - keeps lungs from collapsing
 Expiration: (Exhale) Collapse alveoli - atelectasis
- breathe out
- uses internal intercostal muscles Pleural Pressure

Pressure Changes and Air Flow  What is it?

 When thoracic cavity volume increases - pressure in pleural cavity
pressure decreases. - less than alveolar pressure
 When thoracic cavity volume - keep alveoli from collapsing
decreases pressure increases
 Air flows from areas of high to low Factors that Influence Pulmonary Ventilation
pressure.  Lung elasticity:
- lungs need to recoil between
ventilations
Inspiration - decreased by emphysema
 Diaphragm descends and rib cage  Lung compliance:
expands - expansion of thoracic cavity
 Thoracic cavity volume increases, - affected if rib cage is damaged
pressure decreases  Respiratory passageway resistance:
 Atmospheric pressure is greater than Occurs during an asthma attack,
(high) alveolar pressure (low) infection, tumor
 Air moves into alveoli (lungs)

Expiration Pulmonary Volumes

 Diaphragm relaxes and rib cage recoils  Spirometer:
 Thoracic cavity volume decreases, Device that measures pulmonary
pressure increases volumes
 Alveolar pressure is greater than (high)  Tidal volume (TV):
atmospheric pressure (low) Volume of air that can be inspired and
 Air moves out of lungs expired during quiet breathing
 Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):
Volume of air that can be inspired
Lung Recoil forcefully after a normal inspiration
 Expiratory reserve volume (ERV):
 What is it? Volume of air that can be expired
- tendency for expanded lung to forcefully after a normal expiration
decrease in size  Residual volume (RV):
- occurs during quiet expiration Volume of air remaining in lungs after a
- due to elastic fibers and thin film of max. Expiration (can’t be measured
fluid lining alveoli with spirometer)
 Vital capacity (VC):
Sufactant Max. Amount of air a person can expire
after a max. Inspiration
 What is it? VC= IRV + ERV + TV
- mixture of lipopronteins  Total lung capacity (TLC)
- produces by secretory cells of alveoli TLC = VC + RV
 Rhythmic Ventilation
Factors that Influence Pulmonary Volumes  Normal respiration rate is 12-20 resp.
 Gender per minute (adults)
 Age  Controlled by neurons in medulla
 Height oblongata
 Weight  Rate is determined by number of times
resp. muscles are stimulated

Gas exchange Nervous Control of Breathing

 Respiratory membrane:  Higher brain centers allow voluntary
 Where gas exchange between breathing
blood and air occurs  Emotions and speech affect breathing
 Primarily alveoli  Hering-Breuer Reflex:
 Some in respiratory bronchioles Inhibits respiratory center when lungs
and alveolar ducts are streched during inspiration
 Does not occur in bronchioles,
bronchi, trachea (Physiologic dead Chemical control of Breathing
space)  Chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata
 Influenced by thickness of respond to changes in blood pH
membrane, total area of  Blood PH are produced by changes in
membrane, partial pressure of blood CO2 levels
gases  An increase levels of CO2 causes
decreased pH, result is increased
Respiratory Membrane Thickness breathing
 Increased thickness decrease rate of  Low blood levels of O2 stimulate
diffusion chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic
 Pulmonary edema decreases diffusion bodies, increased breathing
 Rate of gas exchange is decreased
 O2 exchange is affected before CO2
because CO2 diffuse more easily than
O2