Mathematics in the Modern World Learning Modules Mathematics and Natural Sciences Department College of Arts and Scien Southern Luzon State University esc e Arty,Mathematics in the Modern World Learning Modules Prepared by: Prof. Josephine [Link] Prof. Carolina D. Dayapan Agatha Kristel M. AbilaGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 DISCLAIMER ‘These unpolished learning modules were compiled and prepared for personal use of students in GEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World of Southern Luzon State University (SLSU) ONLY, and not as a reference material. Unauthorized distribution of the modules is not allowed. ‘The topics included are given in summary form and does not claim to be complete. The instructors do not claim ownership of all the contents since it was taken from several resources including books, journals, and the internet. 2[Southern Luzon State UniversityGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 Iori LEM MNP KOLA “You do not study mathematics because it helps you build a bridge. You study mathematics because itis the poetry of the universe. Its beauty transcends mere things.” Johnathan David Farley INTRODUCTI Mathematics is everywhere. We cannot ignore that math is an essential tool in understanding nature and the world. It is vital in understanding natural phenomena and human activities as well. This module will help you discover what mathematics is, where is mathematics, what is it for and who uses mathematics? Similarly, discovering patterns in nature and the world will be investigated where balance and harmony are always present in these wonderful creations. Many people consider mathematics to be a boring and formal science. But any good work in mathematics always has: Beauty, Simplicity, Structure, Imagination, and Crazy Ideas. This, ‘module is divided into three lessons center to the idea of nature of mathematics. CORE IDEA ‘Mathematics is a useful way to think about nature and our world. (Course Syllabus - Mathematics in the Modern World by CHED, 2016) LEARNING OUTCOMES Atthe end of this module, students should be able to: Knowledge 1. Argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how used; 2, Explain how Fibonacci Sequence are formed and describe properties of the sequence by using mathematical operations; 3, Articulate the importance of mathematics in one's life; expressed represented and 4. Investigate patterns in nature and regularities of the world; 5, Use appropriate technology to research on the nature and application of mathematics; 6. Determine the nth term of Fibonacci sequence and verify measurements of successive Fibonacci sequence related to the measure of Golden Ratio. Values 7. Express appreciation of mathematics as a human endeavor through calculation, application and inspiration; and 8 Engage oneself in the different activities through flexible learning of the subject. 4[Southern Luzon State UniversityGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 DISCUSSION 1. Understanding Mathematics “The mathematical sciences particularly exhibit order, symmetry, and limitation; and these are the greatest forms of the beautiful” Aristotle Like almost every subject, mathematics is easy or as difficult as we choose to perceived it. The usual pattern among students who got stuck in their journey to math success is that they looked into the patterns of solutions made by their teacher not knowingly after making it on their own they will get stuck with the problems they work on. In this module, you will not only do the ‘math but you will also experience what mathematics is. You will learn mathematical ideas through listening, reading, and visualizing the concepts. You are here to experience suggested activities rather than just sit on the sideline as onlooker. Remember that “Mathematics is NOT a Spectator Sport. What is Mathematics? Let us take a look on the diagram below. Anybody would agree that math is the study of numbers and operations, a body of formulas and rules for solving equations, a set of tools to the questions of how many or how much. Others ‘view math as an exact science which uses logical reasoning to be able to draw sound conclusions. Mathematics has also been defined as a language ith structure, form, vocabulary and grammar. It is also an art which studies patterns for aesthetic purposes or for predictive purposes. It plays a vital role in almost all fields: engineering, health sciences, education, economics and finance, social and physical sciences, environmental sciences and even in the field of music and arts. One definition that we will use in this module is that: Mathematics is a formal system of thought for recogt exploiting patterns. -Ian Stewart ing, classifying, and This is explained in the book of lan Stewart (1995) Nature's Numbers, that mathematics is a systematic way of digging out the rules and structures that lie behind some observed pattern or regularity, and using this rules and structures to explain what is going on. He also described that mathematics reveals the simplicities of nature, and permits us to generalize from simple examples to the complexities of the real world. Most of the concepts that I will discuss in this module focuses on mathematics as an art and a study of patterns, Why? The connections between art and mathematics go deep in the history of mankind. It is evident in the different architectural designs, music, painting, and sculpture. "Nature also plays a part on recognizing beauty of nature's mathematical patterns. S|Southern Luzon State UniversityGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 Where is Mathematics? Observe the following illustrations, A regular hexagon has 6 sides of equal length, and this shape is seen again and again in the world around us. The most common example of nature using hexagons is in a bee hive. This is done to maximize the use of space for food storage. Honeycombs structure Is also an example of wallpaper symmetry. This is where a pattern is repeated until it covers a plane. A beehive is also considered as one model for packing efficiently. Why? Pinecones have seed pods that arrange in a spiral pattern. They consist of a pair of spirals, each one twisting upwards in opposing directions. Why? Orbs spiders weave a near-perfect circular webs that have near- equal-distanced radial supports coming out of the middle which makes easy for them to catch its prey. Why? We have seen that many of natural creations follow what others might think itis not math. But we see that these are clues to ponder on. The great secret uncovered by mathematics as Stewart explained, "Nature’s patterns are not just there to be admired, they are vital clues to the rules that govern natural processes. Occurrences like the repeating interval of day and night, the cycle of the moon, the rising and falling of tides or the changing of the seasons are clues where mathematics is useful. You might also wonder how clouds are formed, the changing color of the sky from sunrise to sunset, formation of rainbows in the horizon. We all think of how beautiful these creations that we fell in awe whenever we observed them. Why? For those of us who finds numbers difficult to understand, it means that there is relationship that can be proven not only with numbers but with series of shapes that appear throughout nature which can be translated into some observed rules of proportion. Our fascination in observing nature give rise to remarkable properties of: harmony, regeneration and balance. We would be happy if we could come upon a clue or a formula that will be useful in unlocking some mysteries of these creations. Mathematics finds many practical applications in in our daily life. Your interest in gadgets, games and technologies have employed the use of mathematics. You unknowingly use your number sense in your transactions that starts with your purchase of the gadgets, to the instructions on how it will be operated, to your game plan till you discovered the many chances of winning or losing, It all matters because there is math in all of these doings. In the communities where we work, events that we do, in the different scientific innovations, ‘mathematics is there. 6 [Southern Luzon State UniversityGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 Conceptual Understanding 1. Where do you apply the principles of mathematics? 2. Do you need mathematics every day? Why? What is it for? Mathematics is a useful way to think about the complexities of nature's creations. It helps us unravel the puzzles of nature, Appreciation of patterns brought variety of opportunities to better understand and explore the world leading us to many significant theories in mathematics which in turn have been utilized by other discipline. Inventions and discoveries are not possible without the use of mathematics. Let me give a few examples of practices where math is used for; Math and the Human heart Mathematical models of the heart help in the design and i: oJ =. implementation of artificial valves. x ‘The mystery of how flocks of birds flyin the same direction ~ without collisions can be explained by mathematical equation NS, _ ‘This also explains how air traffic is handled by our experts. es Math can help solve crimes. Probability, combinations, graph theory are used by the investigators to solve crimes. Prime number and internet security. ais ‘The study of prime numbers is important for computer security What do Mathematicians do? Mathematics provides us the tools to make sense of the physical/ perceptual world. But also gives us the facility (and the power) to understand the unseen, the abstract. 7|Southern Luzon State UniversityGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 Two views 1. Platonism Mathematical objects are real. Mathematicians discover mathematics. Math is part of objective reality, it exists out there, independent of human experience, 2. Formalism Mathematical objects are creations of the mind, Mathematicians create mathematics. - David Hilbert (1862-1943) Just ike chess, mathematics can be built from a fine set of “axioms” and rules of deductive reasoning 4 B[Southern Luzon State UniversityGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 II, Math, Nature, and Arts “Ifyou want to learn about nature, to appreciate nature, itis necessary to understand the language that she speaks in.” -Richard Feynman Nobel laureate, Physics Many of us think of mathematics as numbers, operation, algebra, calculus and the like but we can also view mathematics as study of patterns. Recognizing patterns feel just natural as learning 1, 2, 3.. oF a, b, ¢ «. Though mathematicians use number patterns and equations to express the ingenuity of their explorations and discoveries, you only need to be imaginative of how mathematics is exhibited in nature and arts through patterns of form, number, shape and movement in the world around us. Mathematics and Nature Mathematics is not all about numbers. If you want to understand the world, you need to find patterns, then you need to represent these patterns in the form of symbols, notations or shapes or numbers, and finally interpret these patterns, We know that patterns in nature are visible regularities of form, shape, and movement found in the natural world. There is beauty in appreciating nature's clues even without mathematical training, What do you observe? Patterns found in succulents, ferns, and cones are spiral-shaped depicting ‘maximum efficiency. eee Euphorbia eseulenta oor femteeecurtapiatospralshape Variation of Yellow ine Cones [Link] restcom stockadobecom tchesterorg Figure 2.1 Patterns such ocean waves, sand dunes, formation of typhoon and water drop with ripple serve as clues in the rules that govern water flow. Pita. Patterns of spots, stripes and blotches show mathematical regularities in biological growth and. form, 10|Southern Luzon State UniversityGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 Occurrences like changing of the seasons, phases of the moon, and the constellation are basis of time and predictions. Figure 2.4 ‘Mathematics and Arts We now turn our attention to connections between mathematics and arts. We will explore idea of mathematics to perspective, symmetry and proportion. People of all ages and culture used geometrical ideas and patterns in their artwork. Greece which is the center of arts and ‘mathematics during the ancient times developed strong inclination to these areas because these are central to their view of the world, Perspective - Imagine looking along a set of long parallel lines and stretches far into the distance such as a set of train tracks or a set of telephone lines, or you may put yourself in the center of a hallway. The lines will appear to your eyes to get closer to each other as you look into the distance. See the figure below All lines that are parallel in the real Vente . scene and perpendicular to the canvas — ” must intersect. at the principal a vanishing point. Horizon ‘af Horizon Ath Vanishing Point - a point at which = receding parallel lines seem to meet = c when represented in linear > perspective _—$<—<—<—<————S_ ay Railway Line Poles Road Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) has great contributions to the science of perspective. Look at Figure 2.6. eT Figure 2.6 The Last Supper shown with several lines that are parallel in the real scene and converge at the principal vanishing point behind Christ a1|Southern Luzon State UniversitGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 According to Da Vinci, there are three aspects to perspectivity 1. How the size of the objects seems to diminish according to distance; 2, The manner in which the colors change the farther away they are from the eye; 3. How objects ought to be finished less carefully the farther away they are. Rules for drawing open up to new possibilities of expression of the art and creativity, where balance and harmony is used Symmetry Symmetry is a property of an object that remains unchanged under certain operations such as translation, reflection, and rotation. It is a sense of harmony and balance. The human body is symmetrical because a vertical line drawn through the head and navel divides the body into two identical parts. The painting of Last Supper by Da Vinci shows symmetry because the disciples are grouped in four groups of three, with two groups on either side of Christ which is the central figure. ‘Symmetries are integral part of nature and the arts of culture worldwide. Bilateral symmetry on butterfly Asymmetry in which the left and right sides ( reflection } of the organism can be divided into two identical or mirror image of each other. Figure 27 Rotational symmetry on Starfish Asymmetry around a fixed point and can be classified as either cyclic or dihedral Figure 28 A B c D Figure 2.9 Symmetries on Shapes Figure 2.9¢ is a five-pointed star with five lines about which it can be flipped ( reflected ) without changing its appearance and because it has five vertices that all look the same, it can also be rotated by one-fifth of a full circle and itstll look the same ( 360° / 5 = 72° ) the star has rotation and reflection symmetries. ‘Symmetries Found in Philippine Designs 32|Southern Luzon State UniversityGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 Figure 2.10 Intrinsic designs and weaving designs, Artistry and abstraction are found in textile products of Filipinos. These are evidences of the rich cultural heritage of the Philippines. AAI CECE A NV vs AN LT Figure 2.11 Sample of tattoos in Kalinga one of the many rich cultural practices of how symmetries are shown. ‘The above design are concrete evidences not only for the rich cultural heritage but also the ‘mathematical ingenuity of our ancestors which give rise to the study of ethnomathematics. Its, believed that it can only be configured with strong mathematical proficiency. Surprisingly, these concepts of designs transcend mathematical concepts of abstract algebra like groups, rings, and fields. 13|Southern Luzon State UniversityGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 IIL Fibonacci Sequence, Proportion, and Golden Ratio Geometry has two great treasures; one isthe theorem of Pythagoras; the other the division of line into extreme and mean ratio. The first we may compare to a measure of gold; the second we may name a precious jewel Johannes Kepler Proportion is generally used to express the relation of parts to each other or to a whole which is, built upon similarity of two ratios. In the last topic, we studied how mathematics enters through the idea of symmetry and perspective. In this lesson, we will focus to another major idea involved in balance and harmony in art and nature: proportion. The Greeks claimed that the ‘most visually appealing division of the line had the property that the ratio of the length of the long piece to the length of the short piece is the same as the ratio of the length of the entire line segment to the length of the long piece. Another connection that we will explore in this module is the connection of golden ratio and Fibonacci sequence. Number Patterns Number patterns are familiar to us since they are among the patterns we first learned at home and at school. The way we count the natural numbers as 1,2,3,4,5.. and skip counting as 24,6,8,10...is useful because it helps us to predict the next number in the sequence. Recognizing number patterns is also an important problem -solving skills Let us predict the next number in the sequence 1,4,9,16, Yes, its 25 why? These number- pattern is a sequence of perfect squares. Recall how the numbers in Pascal's triangle are constructed. Discover and discuss at least three patterns within the Pascal's triangle. Explore numbers along the diagonal of the Pascal's triangle, binomial expansion, or adding shallow diagonals. What have you observed? Discuss it with your group. | CITTITITI rnahmammathcom i Figure 3.1 Patterns in Pascal's Triangle Your answer to number patterns found in the shallow diagonals of the Pascals triangle is a number pattern involving Fibonacci numbers. We will discover how seemingly abstract mathematical concepts plays a very interesting role in the development of natural phenomena, Fibonacci numbers appear everywhere ~ in leaves, flower petals, seeds of sunflower, scales of pineapple, and many others. 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21, 5|Southern LuzGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 ‘This pattern was popularized in Europe by Leonardo of Pisa also known as Leonardo Fibonacci. He is one of the most Influential mathematicians of the Middle Ages. His book Liber Abaci played a role in the adoption of the Arabic decimal system of counting, In this book, you will find the famous problem of breeding rabbits which become instrumental in the study of patterns and Divine proportion. ‘The sequence is found by adding the previous two numbers of the sequence together. It looks like this: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34... And on it goes. [Link] Figure3.2 Leonardo of Pisa The Problem A problem that appears in the third section of Liber Abact led to the discovery of Fibonacci sequence: “Acertain man put a pair of rabbits in a place surrounded on all sides by a wall How many pairs of rabbits can be produced from that pair in a year ifitis ‘supposed that every month each pair begets a new pair, which from the second ‘month on becomes productive.” Solution: Assume that the rabbits always produced one male and one female offspring such that they: '* Can reproduce once every month * Can reproduce when they are one month old © They never die Month Number of Pairs of rabbit Result January After one month, the first pair mated but have | = 1 pair not given birth yet. February | After two months, the first pair gave birth to pairs another pair March ‘After 3 months, the 1* pair gave birth to their | 1+2=3 pairs 2nd pair, their first born mated but have not given birth yet April ‘After 4 months, the first pair gave birth to T+ 3+ 1=5 pairs their 3 pair their first born gave birth to their first pair May ‘After 5 months, the * pair gave birth to their | 1+4+3=8 pairs 4% pair , their first born gave birth to their second pair, et. 46 |Southern Luzon State UniversityGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 ‘The number of pairs of rabbit after a year is 233. Do you think the problem is realistic? Why or why not? Explain your January February Merch eri ay uly August Septembe ‘oxs0ber Noveriver December Following the pattern, 1, 1,2,3, 5, 8 .. how do we determine the next value in the sequence a 293 23-5 355-8 3 eris-21 Deat-34 PAs 34-55. etc. (els 8 Finding the nth Term in a Fibonacci Sequence Fi, = Frit Fra Example If the 16 Fibonacci number is 987, and the 18% Fibonacci is 2584 , determine 17% Fibonacci number. Answer: 1597 2584 ~ 987 = 1597 But how can we find any Fibonacci number without enumerating the previous numbers? For example, how can we find the 25 Fibonacci number without knowing Fz, and F,3 ? With the help of a handheld calculator or Excel we could find Fs which is 75025. Now let us use bigger Fibonacci number. Suppose we want to find Fio9 ? Fortunately, there is an easier way of determining the nth Fibonacci number. It is called the Binet’s Formula. Look for this formula and show that Fz; = 75025 Solution; Binet’s Formula where @ can also be written as. = “= Letn=25 so, Fys = sevsensnen? = 75024,999984 approximately 75025 which is the 25" Fibonacci number. ‘TRY THESE: Some mathematical properties of Fibonacci numbers 1, Observe the index number of even Fibonacci numbers. Do you notice a pattern? 2, Where are the Fibonacci numbers which are multiples of 3? OF5? In these observations, what general rule will you suggest? 3. Ifyou takeany three consecutive Fibonacci numbers, the square ofthe middle ‘number Is always one away from the product ofthe outer two numbers 17|Southern Luzon St UniversityGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 We can find many instances of mathematical order involving the Fibonacci numbers in nature. Some of these patterns which appear in different natural creations can be modelled ‘mathematically. So, let us start looking for the patterns. Fibonaccl in Flower and Leaf Arrangement ‘The Fibonacci sequence plays a vital role in phyllotaxis, which studies the arrangement of, leaves, branches, flowers or seeds in plants, with the main aim of highlighting the existence of regular patterns. In the sunflower, individual flowers are arranged along curved lines which rotate clockwise and counterclockwise. Credits: The Fibonacci sequence in phyllotaxis - Laura Resta (Degree Thesis in biomathematics) Arrangement of leaves on a stem. Credits: The Fibonacci sequence in phyllotaxis - Laura Resta (Degree Thesi in biomathematics) Iris, 3 petals; parnassia, 5 petals; cosmea, 8 petals jltis possible to find the Fibonacci sequence in nature given by the number of petals of flowers. Most have three (like lilies and irises), five (parnassia, rose hips) or eight (cosmea), 13 (some daisies), 21 (chicory), 34, 55 or 89 (Asteraceae) Fibonacct in Fruits If we cut banana and apple then Fibonacci appears in the number of sections 3 for banana and 5 for apple. On the other hand, the number of hexagonal nubs arranged in spirals for pineapple also exhibit Fibonacci number. Similar case is observed on spirals of pine cones which contain spirals from the center with arms § arms and 8 arms or 8 arms and 13 arms. 18|Southern Luzon State UniversityGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Ratio Let us visualize these numbers using square tiles. Starting with one square tile then another, together they form a 1 x2 rectangle. On top of this rectangle, we construct a 2 x 2 square, beneath that a 5 x 5 square. If we continue to do this and connect opposing diagonals continuously it will reveal a fibonacci spiral. This spiral could be seen a lot in nature, architecture , arts, human body and beyond. 21 13 34 If we are going to divide the two dimensions 8 and 13, notice that its just like dividing two consecutive Fibonacci numbers. Doing this to the highest possible pair of Fibonacci numbers will give us the GOLDEN RATIO. The golden ratio is approximately equal to 1.618 represented by the Greek letter Phi ( g ). Scholars during the time of Pythagoras asked the following question: How can a line segment be divided into two pieces that have the most appeal and balance? a b = p=1618 atb Show your derivation of this value. atbis toa asaistob ‘The golden ratio is a term used to describe the relationship between two numbers. Ifyou have a number a and a lower number b then the two are in the golden ratio if the quotient of these numbers somehow near to 1.618. So basically, any ratio which comes close to this value is, claimed to be perfectly proportioned or itis the most visually pleasing to the eve. ‘The Golden ratio is sometimes coined as the Divine Proportion, Golden Mean, Golden Rectangle, Golden Spiral and Golden Section. The appearance of this ratio in music, in patterns of human behavior, even in the proportion of the human body, all point to its universality as a principle of good structure and design. Used in art, the golden ratio is the most mysterious of all compositional strategies. We know that by creating images based on this rectangle our art will be more likely to appeal to the human eye, but we don't know why. Much of the works of Renaissance period are central to the idea of this ratio as illustrated in the following figures. 1g|Southern Luzon State UniversityGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 Do you think that the golden rectangle is visually more pleasing than the other rectangles? Explain. Since the discovery of the golden ratio, many individuals incorporate their work to this ratio. ‘The works of Leonardo Da Vinci, Botticelli, Michelangelo employed the same technique. In music, evidences were found on the work of Debussy, Mozart, Beethoven, Bach, and Chopin. Try ‘en to musical piece that golden ratio is being displayed. Is it pleasing to our ears? Write the first 12 Fibonacci numbers, we have already identified this with our works on the breeding of the rabbits. 1 273 [+ Ts Telt7 {sso fowl [2 1 1 2 [3 [5 |e | 13 | 21 [34 [55 [80 | 44 Now take the ratio of 22gervaiie, 4 2 33 8 13 2 34 38 © M4 and determine its decimal approximation . What do you notice? — ay «What do you notice? Do the same with the ratio of = ‘The first set of approximations will lead to the value of = 1.618... The other set of approximations will lead us to its reciprocal >= 0.618. Amazing right? This is why the Fibonacci sequence is incorporated to the golden ratio. If Fibonacci sequence is present in nature then we can see something which brings balance and harmony. The natural world is really a wonderful place to live in, Calculating Golden Ratio Suppose the line segment is divided according to the golden rati piece is Scm, how long is the entire segment? If the length of the longer Answer: 8.1em Solution: Let a be the longer line segment = Sem Because the line segment isin the golden ratio we know that We solve for b by multiplying both sides by both b Divide both sides by @ ‘The entire segment has length a + b so Sem + 3.1cm = 8.1em. 20|Southern Luzon State UniversityGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 REFERENCES Aufmann, Richard N,, et al. Mathematical Excursions, 3rd ed,, Cengage Learning, 2013. Bennett, Jeffrey 0. et al, Using and Understanding Mathematics: A Quantitative Reasoning Approach, Pearson Education Inc,2011 Blay, Basilia E., et al. Mathematical Trips in the Modern World, Outcomes- Based Approach, Anvil Publishing, Inc, 2020 De Las Pefias, [Link], Salvador-Amores, A. Enigmatic Geometric Tattoos of the Butbut of Kalinga, Philippines. Math Intelligencer 41, 31-38 (2019). ttps://dolorg/10.1007/s00283- 018-09864-6 Earnhart, Richard T,, & Adina, Edgar M, Mathematics in the Modern World, Outcome-Based Module, C&E Publishing, Inc, 2018. Online References [Link] [Link] /the-numbers-of-nature-the-fibonacci-sequence, https:/ /[Link]/mrsbauerart/linear-perspective-14587270 https: [Link]/search? -+in+nature+exampl ‘https: //static2 [Link]/0/3/1 /large1500/130158797 jpg [Link] 25|Southern Luzon State University