Week 2 – Module 2: EQUATIONS OF ORDER ONE
Teaching Learning Outcomes:
Recognize the different kinds of differential equations and determine the existence and uniqueness of solution and be able to select
the appropriate methods of solution.
Topics:
1. Separation of Variables
2. Homogeneous Equations
3. Exact Equations
4. Linear equations of Order One
Teaching -Learning Activities:
1. Lecture
2. Learning Modules
Introduction: Order one equations are differential equations with first derivatives only..
I. SEPARATION OF VARIABLES
For this topic as the title implies we have to group together all x variables with dx and all Y variables with dy.
How will we do this? We have to divide or multiply to the entire equation variables or set of variables. So that
the equation becomes integrable.
General form of equations of order one --- Mdx + Ndy = 0
Separate variables ----- A(x)dx + B(y)dy = 0
For the general solution ----- ∫ A(x)dx + ∫ B(y)dy = ∫ 0
Obtain the general or particular solution of the following:
E1: xyy’ = 1 + y2 when x = 2 y=3
xydy = 1 + y2 xydy = (1 + y2 )dx ÷ x(1 + y2) xydy = dx + y2dx
dx x
_xydy = (1 + y2 )dx_ ydy__ = dx_ ∫ ydy__ = ∫ dx
x(1 + y2) (1 + y2) x (1 + y2) x
(½)ln(1 + y ) = lnx + lnC
2
ln(1 + y ) = 2lnx + 2lnC
2
ln(1 + y2) = lnx2 + lnC2
ln(1 + y2) - lnx2 = lnC2
by laws of logarithm -
ln (1 + y2) = lnC2 ---(general solution) we raise both sides to e
x 2
1 + y2 = C 2 but x = 2 y = 3
x2
1 + (3)2 = C2 = 10_ = 5_ = 1 + y2_ cross multiply
(2) 2
4 2 x2
5x2 = 2 + 2y2 5x2 - 2 - 2y2 = 0 ---- (particular solution)
E2: xCos2ydx + Tanydy = 0 ÷ Cos2y
Xdx + Tanydy = 0 xdx + Tany(Sec2y)dy = 0 ∫ xdx + ∫Tany(Sec2y)dy = ∫0
Cos y2
_ X2_ + Tan2y = C multiply by 2 X2 + Tan2y = 2C
2 2
E3: (xy + x)dx = (x2y2 + x2 + y2 + 1)dy x(y + 1)dx = [(x2y2 + x2) + (y2 + 1)]dy
x(y + 1)dx = [x2( y2 + 1) + (y2 + 1)]dy use factoring by grouping - - -
x(y + 1)dx = ( y2 + 1)(x2 + 1)dy separate variables by dividing the equation with (y + 1) (x2 + 1)
xdx_ = ( y2 + 1)dy xdx_ = (y2 + 1)dy_ ∫ xdx_ = ∫ (y – 1 + _ 2__) dy result of division
x +1
2
y+1 x +1
2
y+1 x2 + 1 (y + 1)
½ ln (x2 + 1) = y2 - y + 2 ln(y + 1) + C multiply the entire equation by 2 to remove the fraction
2
ln (x2 + 1) = y2 – 2y + 4 ln(y + 1) + 2C
E4: x2yy’ = ey x2ydy = ey x2ydy = eydx ÷ x2ey ydy_ = dx_
dx ey x2
ye-ydy = x-2dx ∫ye-ydy = ∫x-2dx
Integration by parts:
y ∫e-y
dy -e-y
-ye-y - ∫-e-ydy = ∫x-2dx -ye-y - e-y = x-1 + C -ye-y - e-y = - _1_ + C
-1 x
E5: ylnxlnydx + dy = 0 ÷ ylny
dy dy
Inxdx + dy__ = 0 ln xdx + y_ = 0 ∫ ln xdx + ∫ y_ = 0
ylny lny lny
lnx ∫dx
dx/x x
xlnx - ∫dx + lnlny = 0
xlnx – x + lnlny = lnC
II. HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS
It becomes a homogeneous equation when the sum of the power of each term in the equation are the
same.
Substitute ---- x = vy dx = vdy + ydv
or y = vx dy = vdx + xdv
Choose one substitution only. Substitute to dx or dy whichever has the least number of terms, substitute to
exponents and sometimes the substitution is suggested by the equation
Solve the resulting equation by Separation of Variables.
E1: xydx – (x2 + 3y2)dy = 0 So when we check the powers of each of the terms, they are equal.
We will substitute in the dx portion since it has only one term.
Let x = vy dx = vdy + ydv
(vy)y(vdy + ydv) - (v2y2 + 3y2)dy = 0 v2y2dy + vy3dv – v2y2dy – 3y2dy = 0
vy3dv – 3y2dy = 0 separate variables by dividing the equation by y3
vdv - _3dy_ = 0 ∫ vdv - ∫_3dy_ = ∫0 _ v2_ - 3lny = C x 2 v2 – 6lny = 2C
y y 2
but v = x_ x2_ - 6lny = 2C or you can multiply by y2 : x2 - 6y2lny = 2Cy2
y y2
E2: (x - ylny + ylnx)dx + x(lny - lnx)dy = 0
Let y = vx dy = vdx + xdv
(x - vxlnvx + vxlnx)dx + x(lnvx - lnx)(vdx + xdv) = 0
xdx - vxlnvxdx + vxlnxdx + xvlnvxdx + x2lnvxdv – vxlnxdx - x2lnxdv = 0
xdx + x2lnvxdv - x2lnxdv = 0 xdx + x2(lnvx - lnx)dv = 0 xdx + x2(lnv + lnx - lnx)dv = 0
xdx + x lnvdv = 0
2
separate variables divide the equation by x2
dx_ + lnvdv = 0 ∫ dx_ + ∫ lnvdv = 0 ln x + [ lnv ∫dv ] = 0
x x [ dv/v v ]
ln x + vlnv - ∫dv = 0 ln x + vlnv - v = lnC but v = y/x
ln x + y_ ln y_ - y_ = lnC xlnx + yln y - y = xlnC
x x x x
E3: [x – yArctan(y/x)]dx + xArctan(y/x)dy = 0
Let v = y_ y = vx dy = vdx + xdv
x
[ x - vxArctanv]dx + [ xArctanv][vdx + xdv] = 0
xdx - vxArctanvdx + vxArctanvdx + x2Arctanvdv = 0
xdx + x2Arctanvdv = 0 ÷x2 dx_ + Arctanvdv = 0 ∫ dx_ + ∫Arctanvdv = ∫0
x x
ln x + [ Arctanv dv] = ∫0 lnx + vArctanv - ∫ vdv___ = 0
dv__ v ] v2 + 1
v + 1
2
lnx + vArctanv - ½ ln(v2 + 1) = C
but v = y_ lnx + y_ Arctan y_ - ½ ln [ y2_ - 1] = C x 2x
x x x [x 2
]
2xlnx + 2yArctan_y_ - xln( y2 – x2) = 2Cx
X x2
E4: y2dx + (x2 + 3xy + 4y2)dy = 0 when x = 2, y = 1
Let x = vy dx = vdy + ydv
y2 (vdy + ydv) + (v2y2 + 3(vy)y + 4y2)dy = 0 vy2dy + y3dv + v2y2dy + 3vy2dy + 4y2dy = 0
y3dv + 4vy2dy + v2y2dy + 4y2dy = 0 y3dv + (4vy2 + v2y2 + 4y2 )dy = 0
y dv + y ( v + 4v + 4)dy = 0
3 2 2
( v + 4v + 4) = (v + 2)2
2
y dv + y (v + 2) dy = 0 ÷ (y ) (v + 2)
3 2 2 3 2
_ dv__ + dy_ = 0 ∫(v + 2)-2 dv + ∫ dy_ = ∫0 (v + 2)-1 + lny = C
(v + 2) 2
y y -1
- 1__ + lny = C but v = x/y -1____+ lny = C -y___ + lny = C
V+2 x_ + 2 x + 2y
Y
When x = 2, y = 1
-1_____ + ln1 = C = - ¼ -y___ + lny = - 1_ -4y + (x + 2y)lny = -(x + 2y)
2 + 2(1) x + 2y 4
Homework 3: Find a solution for the following: Please show your solution.
1. xy3dx + (y + 1)e-x dy = 0
2. x2dx + y(x - 1)dy = 0
3. [ xCos2(y/x) - y]dx + xdy = 0 when x = 1, y = /4
