Geometrical Interpretation of
Definite Integration
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the definite integral - « * dx as the limit of a sum and verify it by actual
integration.
PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
Knowledge of Integration
Knowledge of representation of curve on gruph
Knowledge to find aroa of trapezium
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Cunivonard White sheet of papera
Coloured wiro thveads Pencils
Graph paper Naits
Glue etc.
PROCEDURE
G Cysh Papir
[Link] a eardboart of any convenient size and pnste
Ca white sheet of paper
LT aO0Os Os,
-or-i
2. Draw two
perpendicular lines to represent
coordinate axes XOX' and YOY'.
3. Draw a quadrant of a circle with 0 as centre and
radius 1 unit (10 cm) (ref. Fig.
14.1)
The curve in the 1st quadrant represents the graph X
of the function
1-x in the interval
PoP,PaPaP,P,PP, Po P,P
on [0, 1
DEMONSTRATION
Fig. 14.1
[Link] origin O be denoted
by P and the points where the curve meets the x-axis and y-axls
denoted by Pjo and Q. respectively.
De
2 Divide P,P1o into 10 equal parts with points of
divisions as, P,. P2. P Pg
60
GEOUETRICAL NTERPRETATION OF DEFINITE INTEGATION
61
3. From each of the points, P, i = 1, 2, , 9 draw perpendiculars on the x-axis to meet the curve
at the points, Q, , . Q. Measure the lengths of P,Q, P,Q. , P,Q, and call them
as
o Y, whercas the width of each part, P,P, P,Pa ., is 0.1 units
l unit
o=Poo 1 =P^Q, = 0.99 units
2 = P2Q2 - 0.97 units
= P = 0.95 units
Y PQ 0.92 units Ys =PQs - 0.87 units
Y P 0.8 units y1 P,Q = 0.71 units
Y = PsNs 0.6 units g PgQg 0.43 units
y10 Po0 = which is very small near to 0.
6. Aren of the quadrant of the circle (area bounded by the curve and the two axes) = sum of the
area of trapeziums.
x0.1(1 0.99) + (0.99 0.97) + (0.97 + 0.95) + (0.95+ 0.92)
( 0 92 0.87) + (0.87 0.8) (0.8 0.71) + (0.71+ 0.6) + (0.6 +0.43) +(0.43)
0.1[0.5 0.99 0.97 0.95 +0.92 0.87+0.80 +0.71 +0.60 + 0.43
0.1 x 7.74 0.774 8q. units (approx.)
6 Definite integral y i -r'ds
224 .785 sq. unit
Thus, the area of the qundrant as a limit of a sum is nearly the same as area obtained by
actual integrntion.
OBSERVATIONS
1. Function representing the arc of the quudrant of the circle is y = . . . f . . A
[Link] of the quadrant of a circle with radius I unit = V - d x =. . . 8q. units.
3. Area of the quadrant as a limit of a sum = [Link]. units.
4. The two areas are nearly .[Link]
PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE
This activity can be used to demonstrate the concept of area bounded by a curve. This activity
can also be applied to find the approximate value of n.
PRECAUTION
In this activity if we take more number of equal strips, then area of curve will be more close to
area obtained by actual integration.
a
Res ult T 2 da vauat as m i o sum a
achual utgra tion
ao Voriki by
Distributive Property of Vector
15 Multiplication Over Addition
OBJECTIVE
To verify geometrically that a x(6 + c) axb +axXC
=
PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
Area of triangle with adjacent sides a and b = lax b
Area of parallelogram with adjacent sides a and b= lax b
|
where, laxb =
| a3
ba
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Geometry box Cardboard
White paper Cutter
Sketch pen Cellotape etc.
PROCEDURE_
1. Take a cardboard and paste a white paper on it.
2. Draw a line segment OA = 6 cm, (say) and let it represent a
3. Draw another line segment OB = 4 cm, (say) at an angle = 60° with OA. Let OB =6
4. Draw BC = 3 cm, (say) at an angle 30° with OA. Let BC = c.
5. Draw perpendicular BM, CL and BN.
63
64 MATHEMATICS LAB MANUAL XI
C -** * * -* * *
N
Fig. 15.1
6. Complete the parallelograms OAPC, OAQB and BQPC.
Notc: The same activity can also be performed by taking rectangles instead of parallelograms.
DEMONSTRATION
1. OC=OB+ BC = b+c, and let 2COA =
2. lax(b + c)l=laIlb +cl sin a = Area of parallelogram OAPC.
3. laxbl =Area of parallelogram OAQB.
4. IaxcI = Area of parallelogram BQPC.
5. Area of parallelogram OAPC =
(OA) (CL
= (OA) (LN + NC) = (OA) (BM + NC)
= (OA) (BM) + (OA) (NC)
=Area of parallelogram OAQB + Area of parallelogram BQPC
= Ia +b1+laxcl
lax(b + c)l=laxcl+laxcl
Direction of each of these vectors a x(b + c), axb and a xc are perpendicular to the same
plane.
Hence, a x(b + c) = axbtaxkc.
OBSERVATIONS
lal =IOAI ..hln
= OA =
b +cl IOCI =OC =
*
OF VECTOR MULTIPLICATION OVER ADDImON
DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY
65
lax(b + c)l =Area of parallelogram OAPC
= (OA) (CL) = . . Sq. units
...(1)
Iaxbl =Area of parallelogram OAQB
= (OA) (BM) = ... K ....
**********
...(2)
laxcl =Area of parallelogram BQPC
= (OA) (CN) = *******
" ******** * **********.
****
.(3)
From (1), (2) and (3),
Area of parallelogram OAPC = Area of parallelogram OAQB + Area of parallelogram .. PC
Therefore, la x(b +c) = laxbl+laxcl
Vcro perpendieulor
axb,axc and a x(b + c) are all in the direction of .. to the
A plane of
paper
Therefore, a x(b + c) = a xb + *********
PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE
Through this activity, distributive property of vector multiplication over addition can be explained.
RESULT
We have verified: a x(b + c) = axb taxc
STUDENTACTIVITY
To verify geometrically that
(b+c)xabxa +cka.
Semi-circle isa
16 Angle in a
Right Angle
OBJECTIVE
To verify that angle in a semi-circle isa right angle, using vector method.
PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
Addition of vectors
() Triangle law of addition
(ii) Parallelogram law of addition
Difference of vectors
Multiplication of vectors
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Cardboard White paper
Adhesive Pens
Geometry box Eraser
.Wires Paper arrow heads.
PROCEDURE
XTake-athick-eardboard-of suitabite size
2. Paste a white paper of the sae size onthertardboart, ustngradhesive. fn nofe bovk
3. Draw a circle on the paper, with centre O and radius 10 cm.
Fig. 16.1
67
Movtk MATHEMATICO LA MAIIAL YA
AFiN naila al. the pointa 0, A, B, P and Q. Join
OP, OA, OB, AP, AQ, BQ, 0Q and
Put arroWA OA, OB, OP, AP, BP, 0Q, AQ and
on
BP usine wwyaH
BQ to nhow them
[Link], nhown in Fig. 10.1.
no as
vectorsueng paper
DEMONSTRATION
. Mensure the angle between the
vectors AP and BP
using a
protractor, i.e. ZAPB » D0°.
2.
Similarly, meusure the anglo between the vectors
3.
AQand BQ, i.e., ZAQB =90°
Repent the above process by taking some more points on the
between two vectors in o semi-circle is a semi-circle, we get angle formed
right angle.
OBSERVATIONS
By actual measurement
OP = OAl =
OBI=10Q1 =r =a =p= . n
API . BPI ...
****** TABI =
AQ=. BQI
APf IBP AAQf- BQf =AG
So,
APB . and AP BP=..LAQB =
..and Aq BP.
Thus, the angle we have in a semi-circle is a right angle.
Alternativcly:
Let OA =
OB = a = OP =
p
OA - a, OB= a, OP=p
AP -OA +OP = p, BP P-a a + =
APBP (p+a) (p-a) =IpP-Ia =o
(Ipf=laf)
Therefore, the angle APB between the vectors AP and BP is a right angle.
Similarly, AQ BQ = 0, so, ZAQB = 90° and so on.
have Vurihied hat
Result: Uning Vactor mudhed we
a Semi-tirde a iiht anylu
th ang
20 Conditional Probability
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N D depicts the sample spae of the experiwnt,
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w
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and B is the event "4 has
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dave w find RAB
appeand on st least one ef the dioe ie
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nuuber of outeomes favurable to A -
i
From Fig. W
Number of outaunes favvurahle to B =11
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t4.),
L,4),(34), (5).
(4), +).
(4,+). (45).
3 )(,
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4 A4
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(
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(4
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Concaph Cnditiona pretnl kiy,
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