ESE 196 FIHYSOC - Industrial Hygiene, Sanitation and Occupational Safety
ANTHRAX and
BRUCELLOSIS
Reported by: Delwin T. Yu
2019-200142
Anthrax
is a serious infectious disease caused
by gram-positive, rod-shaped
bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis
▪ Anthrax is not contagious, which means you
can’t catch it like the cold or flu.
▪ Bacillus is a spore forming bacteria like the
Clostridium species. These spores are also
referred to as endospores, which are the
dormant form of vegetative bacteria and are
highly resistant to physical and chemical
influences.
▪ Anthrax is primarily a disease of herbivores
although few, if any, warm-blooded species
are entirely immune to it. Info about
Anthrax
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Types of Anthrax
Anthrax can be classified into three :
Cutaneous Inhalation Gastrointestinal
Anthrax Anthrax Anthrax
Anthrax via skin contact Anthrax via breathing Anthrax via ingestion
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• Cutaneous anthrax is the most common form
of anthrax infection and considered to be
least dangerous.
• This can happen when a person handles
infected animals or contaminated animal
products like wool, hides, or hair.
• Frequently happens when a person handles
infected animals or contaminated animal
products like wool, hides, or hair.
• Infection usually develops from 1 to 7 days
after exposure.
• Without treatment, up to 20% of people with
Cutaneous
cutaneous anthrax may die. However, with
proper treatment, almost all patients with
cutaneous anthrax survive.
Anthrax
General Information
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• A group of small blisters or bumps that
may itch
• Swelling can occur around the sore
• A painless skin sore (ulcer) with a black
center that appears after the small blisters
or bumps
• Most often the sore will be on the face,
neck, arms, or hands
Cutaneous
Anthrax
Symptoms
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▪ Inhalation anthrax is considered to be the
deadliest form of anthrax.
▪ Inhalation anthrax starts primarily in the
lymph nodes in the chest before
spreading throughout the rest of the
body, ultimately causing severe breathing
problems and shock.
▪ Infection usually develops within a week
after exposure, but it can take up to 2
Inhalation months. Without treatment, only about 10
– 15% of patients with inhalation anthrax
survive. However, with aggressive
Anthrax treatment, about 55% of patients survive.
General Information
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• Fever and chills
• Chest Discomfort
• Shortness of breath
• Confusion or dizziness
• Cough
• Nausea, vomiting, or stomach pains
• Headache
Inhalation • Sweats (often drenching)
Anthrax • Extreme tiredness
• Body aches
Symptoms
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▪ When a person eats raw or undercooked
meat from an animal infected with
anthrax, they can develop gastrointestinal
anthrax.
▪ Once ingested, anthrax spores can affect
the upper gastrointestinal tract (throat
and esophagus), stomach, and intestines.
▪ Infection usually develops from 1 to 7
days after exposure. Without treatment,
more than half of patients with Gastrointestinal
gastrointestinal anthrax die. However,
with proper treatment, 60% of patients
survive.
Anthrax
General Information
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• Fever and chills
• Swelling of neck or neck glands
• Sore throat
• Painful swallowing
• Hoarseness
• Nausea and vomiting, especially bloody
vomiting
• Diarrhea or bloody diarrhea
• Headache
• Flushing (red face) and red eyes
• Stomach pain Gastrointestinal
• Fainting
• Swelling of abdomen (stomach) Anthrax
Symptoms
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ANYONE , people with weak Bacillus anthracis
immune system, animals
SUSCEPTIBLE CAUSATIVE
HOST AGENT
Respiratory
Gastrointestinal PORTAL OF
ANTHRAX RESERVOIR Wild and Domestic Hoofed animals
ENTRY Humans
Biological Terrorism Agent
Cutaneous MODE OF PORTAL OF
TRANSMISSION EXIT
Airbourne Spreading of spore 11
Bloodbourne OPIM Drainage from open wound Add a footer
▪ Anyone who has come in contact with anthrax
spores could be at risk of getting sick. Most
people will never be exposed to anthrax.
However there are activities that can put some
people at greater risk of exposure than others.
• People Who Handle Animal Products
•
•
Veterinarians
Livestock producers At risk of
Anthrax
• Travelers
• Laboratory Professionals
• Mail handlers, military personnel, and response
workers who may be exposed during a bioterror
event involving anthrax spores Who are at risk of Anthrax?
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Drink Antibiotics
• Ciprofloxacin and doxycycline are two of
the antibiotics that could be used to
prevent anthrax.
Treatment for • Anthrax spores typically take 1 to 6 days
to be activated, but some spores can
Anthrax
remain inside the body and take up to 60
days or more, that’s why people who
have been exposed to anthrax must take
antibiotics for 60days.
What can people infected do?
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Antitoxins
• When anthrax spores get inside the body,
they can be “activated.” When they become
active, anthrax bacteria can multiply, spread
out in the body, and produce toxins—or
poisons. Anthrax toxins in the body cause
Treatment for
severe illness.
• After anthrax toxins have been released in the
body, one possible treatment is antitoxin.
Anthrax Antitoxins target anthrax toxins in the body.
Doctors must use antitoxin together with
other treatment options.
What can people infected do? • Currently, there are a few types of antitoxins
that can be used for treating anthrax.
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Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA)
Protects against anthrax. It does not contain any
anthrax bacteria and cannot give people anthrax.
It is not typically available to the general public.
The vaccine is approved by the Food and Drug
Treatment for Administration (FDA) for two different situations.
Anthrax • Routine Occupational Use (Before Possible
Exposure)
• Post-Event Emergency Use (After Possible
Exposure)
What can people infected do?
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▪ If a bioterrorist attack were to happen, Bacillus
anthracis, the bacteria that causes anthrax, would
be one of the biological agents most likely to be
used. Biological agents are germs that can sicken
or kill people, livestock, or crops. Anthrax is one
of the most likely agents to be used because:
▪ Anthrax spores are easily found in nature, can be
produced in a lab, and can last for a long time in the
Anthrax as
environment.
▪ Anthrax makes a good weapon because it can be
released quietly and without anyone knowing. The
Bioterrorism
microscopic spores could be put into powders,
sprays, food, and water. Because they are so small,
you may not be able to see, smell, or taste them.
▪ Anthrax has been used as a weapon before.
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ANTHRAX TIMELINE
2001
First attack was one week following 9/11 attack
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ANTHRAX
ANTHRAXTIMELINE
TIMELINE
One other letter was sent to the National Enquirer at America Media, Inc.
in Boca Raton , Florida
Robert Stevens – first death in Anthrax while working at the Sun
Newspapers
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ANTHRAX
ANTHRAXTIMELINE
TIMELINE
October 9,2001
Two letters were sent from same Trenton return
address
Killed 5 people
Tom Daschle Patrick Leahy 19
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ANTHRAX
ANTHRAXTIMELINE
TIMELINE
October 15,2001
Leahy letter found in mail bag unopened in Sterling,
Virginia
David Hose was killed by inhalation of Anthrax
Tom Daschle Patrick Leahy 20
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ANTHRAX
ANTHRAXTIMELINE
TIMELINE
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ANTHRAX TIMELINE
First 4 letters Next 2 letters
• Anthrax in form of a granular brown substance-only causing • Anthrax in white , powdery substance causing
cutaneous anthrax
inhalation Anthrax
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ANTHRAX TIMELINE
TRACKING OF ANTHRAX
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Brucellosis
Is a zoonotic infection with gram
negative, non-spore forming ,
coccobacillus bacterial genus Brucella
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Brucellosis
Is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by ingestion
of unsterilized milk or meat from infected animals or
close contact with their secretion.
Mediterranean
Other Names
Fever
Bang’s Disease Gibraltar Fever Rock Fever
Undulant
Crimean Fever Malta Fever
Fever
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Types of Brucellosis
Brucellosis is divided into 4 types:
B. abortus B. suis
Cattles Swine
B. melitensis B. canis
Goats and sheep Dogs
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Children, livestock
workers genus Brucella
SUSCEPTIBLE CAUSATIVE
HOST AGENT
Respiratory
Gastrointestinal PORTAL OF
BRUCELLOSIS RESERVOIR Animals
ENTRY
Cutaneous MODE OF PORTAL OF
TRANSMISSION EXIT
Skin,
Direct contact/ 27
Gastrointestinal
Vehicular Add a footer
and Respiratory
Fever Sweats Persistent Symptoms of Brucellosis
Swelling of the
Recurring fever testicle and scrotum
area
Malaise Anorexia
Swelling of the heart
Arthritis
(endocarditis)
Pain in muscles,
Headache
joint, and/or back
Neurologic
Chronic fatigue
symptoms
Fatigue
Swelling of the liver
Depression
Initial Symptoms of Brucellosis
and/or spleen
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Treatment for Brucellosis
Antibiotics
▪ Doxycycline
▪ Gentamicin
▪ Streptomycin
▪ Rifampin
▪ Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)
Diagnosis
▪ Test samples to look for bacteria
▪ Blood
▪ Bone marrow
▪ Other body fluids
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Prevention for Brucellosis
Food Animal Human
Related Handling Body
Don’t consume undercooked meat and Use gloves, googles, gowns and Cover any open wounds on your skin
unpasteurized dairy products aprons when handling animal tissues. when coming in contact with animal
blood and other bodily secretions.
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THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING!
ESE 196 FIHYSOC - Industrial Hygiene, Sanitation and Occupational Safety
ANTHRAX and
BRUCELLOSIS
Reported by: Delwin T. Yu
2019-200142
