Material Studies

Assignment
BY- Abhradeep Bhattacharjee
Amritha C
Khushi Gupta
Naina Gupta
Group 1/FP/Batch 5
A textile is a flexible material
manufactured by interlocking
bundles of yarns or threads spun

into long and twisted lengths

from raw fibres (from either
natural or synthetic sources).
The threads are then woven,
knitted, bonded, or braided
Textile
together to make textiles. A
textile is any material consisting
of interlacing fibres, such as
carpeting and natural materials,
that is not always employed in
the creation of other
commodities.
 Fibre Natural or synthetic structures that can
↓
Yarn
be spun into yarn are known as textile
↓ fibres. Yarns are then woven, knitted, or
Grey Fabric
↓ glued together to form cloth. It may be
Finished Fabric
↓ thought of as the smallest visible unit of
End Product
textile production 'or' a fibre can be
Textile

defined as a pliable hair like strand that

Fibres is very small in diameter in relation to

its length. Fibres are the fundamental

units or the building blocks used in the

making of textile yarns and fabrics.
Some examples of textile fibres are
Commonly used in global fashion today
include cotton , silk , linen and wool.
 Introduction to yarn

To convert textile fibers into fabrics some type of fiber

arrangement is required. Probably the most common
method is to convert fibers into yarns, which are then
constructed into fabrics.
Yarn is a long continuous length of interlocked fibres,
suitable for use in the production of textiles, sewing,
crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery, or
ropemaking.
 Having the greatest portion in textile
exports and being one of the most
important sub-sectors in the textile
industry, Yarn products play a key role
in boosting our country's economy.

Shadow effects can be produced in

finished fabrics by the use of yarns
combining opposing twists, producing IMPORTANCE
differing light reflections. The spinning
process is completed by winding the
yarn on spools or bobbins.

The yarn structure has significant

influence on the dyeing behaviour of the
textile materials.
CLASSIFICATION OF FIBERS
Vegetable fiber

Natural fibers Animal fiber

Mineral fiber
TEXTILE FIBERS

Synthetic fiber
Manmade fibers
Regenerated fiber
 Bast fiber Flax, Jute, Hemp,Ramie

Vegetable fiber leaf fiber Sisal, Pineapple, Banana

Seed fiber Cotton, Coir, Oil palm

Natural fibers

Silk
Animal fiber
Wool

Mineral fiber Asbestos

 Manmade fibers

Synthetic fiber Regenerated fiber

Polyester Nylon Rayon



About 15 different types of fibre are used to

make yarn. These fibres fall into two
categories, natural and synthetic. Natural
fibres are those that are obtained from a
plant or an animal and are mainly used in

Selection of
weaving textiles. The most abundant and
commonly used plant fibre is cotton,

raw gathered from the cotton boil or seed pod

when it is mature.

materials The textile spinning industry's raw material

selection is a multi-criteria decision-making
problem. It is a strategic decision because
textile is a typical high volume but poor
margin business. In most circumstances, the
nature of the raw material selection decision
is relatively rough and unstructured.
 Properties of fibres

Wool Fibre
Wool is the natural protein fiber obtained from

sheep and certain other animals, including

cashmere from goats, mohair from goats, angora
from rabbits, and other types of wool from camel.
It is a multi-cellular, staple fibre. The density of
fibre is 1.31g/cc, which is tends to make wool a
medium weight fibre.
 100% natural 100% biodegradable 100% renewable
Wool is 100% natural grown When a wool fibre is disposed of, it Every year Australian sheep
year-round by Australia’s 68 will naturally decompose in soil in a produce a new fleece, making
million sheep, consuming a matter of years, slowly releasing
wool a completely renewable
simple blend of water, air, valuable nutrients back into the
fibre.
sunshine and grass. earth.

Wool is the most reused and recycled

Innovative Soft on skin fibre
Fashion designers and activewear Merino wool fibres are extremely fine, Even though wool represents only 1.2% of the
brands can choose from a range of enabling them to bend far more than virgin fibre supply, surveys have shown it
innovative treatments and traditional, coarser wool fibres. This represents about 5% of clothing donated to
manufacturing techniques to create makes Merino wool feel soft and charity. Wool is also one of the most sought
after recycled textiles for converting into
unique textures and finishes on luxuriously gentle next to your skin.
new long-lasting products, such as
Merino wool garments.

garments, mattresses and upholstery.

 Silk Fibre
Silk is a fine continuous protein fibre produced by various insect
larvae usually for cocoons especially : a lustrous tough elastic fibre
produced by silkworms and used for textiles.

Breathability Elasticity Thermal regulation

If they’re treated well, silk clothes are good at Silk’s good at maintaining your body
Silk is a lightweight, breathable
keeping their shape. Silk is flexible and has temperature which means it can help
fabric, which means it reduces some elasticity to it which allows it to pull itself you feel cool in hot weather and warm
the risk of overheating when back into shape after stretching – to some in the cold. If you want a fabric that’s
you’re going about your day. extent. Don’t stretch silk unnecessarily or you both thin and a good insulator, silk’s the
may go too far. way to go.

Dirt free: Drying speed Shine

Silk fibres are smooth and straight,

Silk fabrics do not attract dirt because Silk is fast drying which makes it
of its slippery and smooth surface. The unlike wool, for example, which has a
highly practical when managing your scaliness you’ll see if you put it under a
dirt which gathers can be easily
removed by dry-cleaning or washing
laundry or just going about your day- microscope. This difference makes silk
with a mild soap. to-day business. smoother to the touch and shinier to the

eye, with an altogether luxurious feel.

 Cotton Fibre
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around
the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family
Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose, and can contain minor
percentages of waxes, fats, pectin, and water. Under natural conditions, the
cotton bolls will increase the dispersal of the seeds.
Physical And Chemical Properties of Cotton: Elastic Recovery: Cotton is inelastic and rigid fiber. At
Cotton fiber is a cellulosic fiber. It has 2% extension it has an ER of 74% and at 5% extension
worldwide popularity for its variety of use. it has an ER of 45%.
Cotton fiber is the most used fibers for Effect of Heat: Cotton has an excellent resistance to
producing various types of fabric through all degradation by heat. It begins to turn yellow after
over the world. Cotton Fabrics are comfortable several hours at 120°C and decomposes marked by at
to wear than the other fibers product. It is 150°C. As a result of oxidation, cotton is severally
comfort to wear in all the season. damaged after few minutes at 240°C. Cotton burns in air.

Effect of Sun Light: There is a gradual loss of Physical Properties of Cotton:

strength when cotton is exposed to sun light and Physical properties of cotton fibers are given below:
the fiber turn yellow. The degradation of cotton Color: The color of cotton fiber could be white,
by oxidation is done when heat is promoted and creamy white, bluish white, yellowish white or
encouraged. By sun light much of the damage is grey.
caused by UV-light and by the shorten weaves of Tensile Strength: Cotton is moderately strong fiber.
visible light. It has a tenacity of 3-5 gm/den. The strength is
Effect of Age: Cotton shows a small loss of strength greatly affected by moisture; the wet strength of
when stored carefully. After 50 years of storage cotton is 20%, which is higher than dry strength.
cotton may differ only slightly from the new Elongation at break: Cotton does not stress easily.
fibers. It has an elongation at break of 5-10%.

Cotton Fibre Length: Fibre length varies. Being a natural fibre, there are always going to be fibre of different
lengths present (length distribution or fibre array). Cotton fibre length is measured and reported as the upper
half mean length (average length of the longest 50% of fibres) to an accuracy of one hundredth of an inch.
 Properties of yarn
Regularity Strength
Smooth fabrics should be sewn only with very regular Yarn strength depends on the quality of the fibres,
yarns.In spun yarns, this is achieved by repeated the yarn regularity and the twist. Folding increases
doubling and drafting, and by combing out the short
the strength.
fibers.

Hardness/Twist
The twist density affects the hardness of a yarn
and hence the handle and the appearance of
textiles.

Elasticity
Extensibility/Elasticity yarn processing and utilisation. They are
Extensibility and elasticity are very important. determined mainly by the fibre type and the
spinning system.
 Applications and end usage
Yarn is utilised in many different sorts of clothing and is a necessary for
many other things. It is often utilised in the production of beanies, gloves,
wool sweaters, cardigans, and jackets. It can also be used to manufacture
nice, cozy wool socks. Aside from being used for clothes, yarn can also be
used for arts and crafts such as making puppets, decorative appliance.
Furthermore, knitting yarn can be used to build a variety of do-it-yourself
crafts, such as a cup holder or a basket.
 End usage
Synthetic Yarn (compact weave)
Cotton yarn
Used in active wear and sportswear
It is extensively used for knitted fabric & garments
Found in parachutes, vests and vehicle tires
Used for making bags, bed sheets
Used in clothing and home furnishings
Also used in quilts, sleeping bags
The synthetic yarn is used for fillers in pillows and outerwear.

Acrylic yarn Nylon yarn

Used in sweaters, sportswear, pajamas, gloves and Nylon is used in tire cords and ropes for nets
innerwear Used in parachutes, belts, and ropes
Used for bedding and other home furnishings Well used in women’s hosiery, lingerie
Used in sheet making and filters and felt materials Used in floor coverings and carpets
Can also be used as wigs, doll bags, toy accessories. Used in toothbrush bristles and climbing gear ropes
Thank
you