Modelling a gas: ls1 moles, Avogadro's constant and

introduction to Gas Laws

Today's lesson:
• Solving problems using the equation of state Homework:
for an ideal gas and gas laws
• Sketching and interpreting changes of state
of an ideal gas on pressure–volume, Starter:
pressure–temperature and
volume–temperature diagrams Entrance ticket
• Investigating at least one gas law
experimentally

Big Question: For thermodynamics there were a lot of scientists working on it across disciplines (such as
chemistry) Why does the scientific method benefit from collaboration between scientists and why does Empirical
and theoretical thinking both have their place in science?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wz90lVQE9w
● Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
● Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure– volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

A little bit of
chemistry…
• ●● Describe
Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
Molecular theory of solids, liquids and gases
Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure– volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

Defining the mole

Moles
• Equal masses of different elements will
contain different numbers of atoms (as atoms
of different elements have different masses)

• One mole the amount of a substance that contains

as many elementary entities as the number of atoms
in 12 g of the isotope carbon-12.

• This number (of atoms or molecules) is known

as the Avogadro constant (NA) which is equal
to 6.02 x 1023
• ●● Describe
Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
Molecular theory of solids, liquids and gases
Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure– volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

2 equations to work out number of moles which we represent by

letter n

Moles = mass we now also have:

molar mass (RAM) Moles= no of molecules/particles
avogadro's no

n=m Not
in
n=N In
data

RAM data
book NA book

You may have to combine these equations at times

• ●● Describe Molecular theory of solids, liquids and gases
Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure– volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

Have a go at the mole question sheet.

Finished?
1. Have a go at the booklet questions
2. What are the 3 gas laws?
3. What is an ideal gas?
• ●● Solving
Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure– volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

Ideal gases
What is an ideal gas?

There are 6 assumptions for an ideal gas:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
● Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
● Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure– volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

Ideal gases
What is an ideal gas?
An IDEAL GAS is one which obeys the GAS LAWS exactly and for which is subject
to the assumptions of the KINETIC THEORY OF GASES.

There are 6 assumptions for an ideal gas:

1. The molecules obey Newton’s laws
2. The intermolecular forces are negligible
3. The molecules are spherical with negligible volume
4. The motion of the molecules is random.
5. The collisions are perfectly elastic.
6. The time taken for a collision is negligible.
• ●● Solving
Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure– volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

Can we get ideal gasses?

In reality there is no such thing as an ideal gas, we can get close by
achieving low pressures at high temperatures.
But there is no “real” Ideal gas, this type of gas would never be able to
become a liquid. We say gases are behaving ideally.

Low pressure is more essential than high temperatures as high temps

usually are above room temp therefore common.

The word ideal essentially means that it is easier to use when working
with it. Ideal gas behavior is an approximation that can be successfully
applied in the right conditions.
• ●● Solving
Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure– volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

Ideal
vs
Real
 Modelling a gas: ls2 Investigating the 3 Gas Laws

Today's lesson:
• Solving problems using the equation of state Homework:
for an ideal gas and gas laws
• Sketching and interpreting changes of state
of an ideal gas on pressure–volume, Starter:
pressure–temperature and
Quizlet
volume–temperature diagrams
• Investigating at least one gas law
experimentally

Big Question: For thermodynamics there were a lot of scientists working on it across disciplines (such as
chemistry) Why does the scientific method benefit from collaboration between scientists and why does Empirical
and theoretical thinking both have their place in science?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wz90lVQE9w
• ●● Solving
Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure– volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

task: 3 gas laws Research

Go around the room - read the posters about on the 3 gas Laws and use to
fill in the sheet

Try out the experiments for Boyles law and the simulation for pressure law

Can you observe the relationship?

Lab Simulation Constant

Boyle’s law https://pages.uoregon.edu/tgreenb Keep temp constant

o/boyles_law.html

Charles law https://pages.uoregon.edu/tgreenb Keep pressure constant

o/charles_law.html
Or
https://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/
bc_0media_chem/chem_sim/kmt/
KMT.php

Pressure law https://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/ Keep volume constant

bc_0media_chem/chem_sim/kmt/
KMT.php
 Modelling a gas: ls3 Charles Law experiment

Homework:

Today's lesson:
• Investigating at least one gas law Starter:
experimentally
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5fc48f4f2885e2001cc7f
6c1/thermal-physics

Big Question: For thermodynamics there were a lot of scientists working on it across disciplines (such as
chemistry) Why does the scientific method benefit from collaboration between scientists and why does Empirical
and theoretical thinking both have their place in science?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wz90lVQE9w
• ●● Solving
Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure– volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

Charles Law experiment

Important parts to note:

The temperature of the gas can not be measured directly; we assume that the
temperature of the gas is the same as the temperature of the water.

The volume of the gas will also not be measured but we will assume that the
tube is of uniform cross-sectional area. This means that changes in volume are
directly proportional to changes in the length of the air column.

The pressure is constant it will remain (essentially) the same as the atmospheric
pressure throughout the experiment
• ●● Solving
Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure– volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

Charles Law experiment

Experiment:
1. Put the thermometer and tube in the water, record the water temperature.
2. Record the volume of the trapped air in the tube.
3. Light the bunsen and heat the water to boiling slowly.
4. Take readings of the volume of the air every 5 oC and record them.
5. When the water reacher 80o turn off the bunsen
6. Plot a graph of volume vs temperature.

Temperature Volume of Volume of Converting units

(oC) the gas the gas
(cm3) (m3)
● cm → m (÷100) x10-2
● cm2 → m2 (÷100 ÷100) x10-4
● cm3 → m3 (÷100 ÷100 ÷100) x10-6
 Modelling a gas: ls2 Ideal Gases continued
Homework:
revise topic 3
Today's lesson:
test
• Solving problems using the equation of state
for an ideal gas and gas laws
• Sketching and interpreting changes of state Starter:
of an ideal gas on pressure–volume,
pressure–temperature and Quizizz:
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5fc48f4f2885e2001cc7f
volume–temperature diagrams 6c1/thermal-physics

Big Question: For thermodynamics there were a lot of scientists working on it across disciplines
(such as chemistry) Why does the scientific method benefit from collaboration between scientists
and why does Empirical and theoretical thinking both have their place in science?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wz90lVQE9w
• ●● Describe
Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
Molecular theory of solids, liquids and gases
Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure– volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

What is pressure
1. What is pressure?

2. What is the equation?

3. What are the units?

4. How would you compare it in solids

liquid and gases?

5. Can you give any examples of where

objects are designed to account for
pressure?
• ●● Describe Molecular theory of solids, liquids and gases
Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure– volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

Pressure
PRESSURE exerted on a surface is defined as the perpendicular
force per unit area of the surface.
It is measured in Pascal's but can have other units too.

Collisions of the gas particles with the side of a container give rise
to a force, which averaged of billions of collisions per second
macroscopically is measured as the pressure of the gas

P = F/A
It is measured in Pascals,
Pa (N.m-2)
Change of
momentum
• ●● Describe Molecular theory of solids, liquids and gases
Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure– volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

Pressure
Note the pressure is to do with the
collisions between the molecules
and the container ONLY not each
other

Think of a balloon to help you

visualize it, does it matter how
often the particles hit each other?
Or with the walls of the balloon to
keep the shape of it?
• ●● Describe Molecular theory of solids, liquids and gases
Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure– volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

What would happen if you went into

space without a spacesuit
• Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws

3 gas laws
Charles law Volume is proportional to temperature. V ɑ T
At a constant pressure.

Pressure law Pressure is proportional to temperature. P ɑ T

At a constant volume

Boyle's law Pressure is inversely proportional to P ɑ 1/V

volume.
At a constant temperature
• ● Solving
Solving problems using
problems using the equation
the equation ofideal
of state for an state forgas
gas and anlaws
ideal gas and gas laws
• Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal
● Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure– gaspressure–temperature
volume, on pressure–volume, and volume–temperature
pressure–temperature
diagrams and volume–temperature diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

You have just learnt the 3 gas laws:

Boyle's law: P1V1=P2V2

Charles law: V1 = V2
T1 T2

Pressure law: P1 = P2
T 1 T2
• ● Solving
Solving problems using
problems using the equation
the equation ofideal
of state for an state forgas
gas and anlaws
ideal gas and gas laws
• Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal
● Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure– gaspressure–temperature
volume, on pressure–volume, and volume–temperature
pressure–temperature
diagrams and volume–temperature diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

When we combine we give:

: P 1V 1 = P 2V 2
T1 T2
So we can state: PV = constant
T
• ● Solving
Solving problemsusing
problems usingthe
the equation
equation of
ofstate
statefor
forananideal gas
ideal andand
gas gasgas
lawslaws
● Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure–
• Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure–volume, volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
pressure–temperature and
diagrams
volume–temperature diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

The magnitude of the constant depends on the mass of gas being

considered.

For 1 MOLE of gas, the constant is the UNIVERSAL MOLAR GAS

CONSTANT (R) = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1

So for 1 MOLE of gas : PV = R

T

So : pV = RT
• ● Solving
Solving problemsusing
problems usingthe
the equation
equation of
ofstate
statefor
forananideal gas
ideal andand
gas gasgas
lawslaws
● Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure–
• Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure–volume, volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
pressure–temperature and
diagrams
volume–temperature diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

That was for 1 mole of gas, but we could have different moles of gas:

So we have to multiply it by the number of moles (n)

PV= nRT
You may be asked to work out
number of moles, what is the n=N
equation that we should use?
NA
• ● Solving
Solving problemsusing
problems usingthe
the equation
equation of
ofstate
statefor
forananideal gas
ideal andand
gas gasgas
lawslaws
Example question:
● Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure–
• Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure–volume,
diagrams
volume–temperature diagrams
volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
pressure–temperature and

● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

What volume will be occupied by 3 moles of oxygen at 80 °C and a

pressure of 2.05 x 105 Nm-2?

PV = nRT
V= nRT
P

V = (3) (8.31) (80 + 273)

2.05 x 105

= 0.0429….. 0.043 m3
• ●● Solving
Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure– volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

Ideal gas equation

PV= nRT
• P: pressure: Pascals
• V: volume: m3
• n: no of moles
• R: molar gas constant: 8.31 J mol-1 K-1
• T: temperature in KELVIN!!

For 1 MOLE of gas, the constant is the UNIVERSAL MOLAR GAS CONSTANT (R) = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1

But we can have n number of moles so the constant is nR

Remember we may have to calculate n

We can use the equations that we learnt last lesson.

 Ideal gas
law recap.
Modelling a gas: ls3 kinetic theory of ideal gases
Homework:
Today's lesson: revise topic 3
• Solving problems using the equation of state test
for an ideal gas and gas laws
• Sketching and interpreting changes of state Starter:
of an ideal gas on pressure–volume,
pressure–temperature and
volume–temperature diagrams entrance ticket
• Investigating at least one gas law
experimentally

Big Question: For thermodynamics there were a lot of scientists working on it across disciplines (such as
chemistry) Why does the scientific method benefit from collaboration between scientists and why does Empirical
and theoretical thinking both have their place in science?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wz90lVQE9w
• ●● Describe
Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
Molecular theory of solids, liquids and gases
Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure– volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally
• ● Solving
Solving problems
problemsusingusing
the equation
the ofequation
state for an of
ideal gas and
state forgas
anlaws
ideal gas and gas laws
● Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure– volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

Boltzmann decided it would be

useful if we know what the gas
constant was per molecule,
not per mole. He came up with
a new constant - named the
Boltzmann constant

k = R/ NA
 ●
Describe
• ● Solving
Solving problems
Molecular
problems usingusing
the equation
theory
the ofequation
state for an of
of
ideal
solids,
gas and
state forgas liquids
anlaws
ideal gas and and gasgases
laws
Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure– volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

PV/T= kBN
or

PV=NkBT
kB is Boltzmann’s constant, where kB = 1.38 x 10-23 J K-1.
• Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws

Practice questions
• A container of hydrogen of volume 0.1m3 and
temperature 25°C contains 3.20 x 1023 molecules.
What is the pressure in the container?
• kB = 1.38 x 10-23 J K-1
 Describe
• Solving
Solving Molecular
problems
problemsusing
using theory
thethe
equation ofof
equation ofsolids,
state
state
for an liquids
forideal
an ideal and
gas and
gas andgases
gas laws
gas laws

• A container of hydrogen of volume 0.1m3 and

temperature 25°C contains 3.20 x 1023 molecules. What
is the pressure in the container?

moles = 3.20 x 1023/6.02 x 1023 = 0.53

P = RnT/V = (8.31 x 0.53 x 298)/0.1 = 1.3 x 104 N.m-2

• ●● Solving
Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
Sketching and interpreting changes of state of an ideal gas on pressure– volume, pressure–temperature and volume–temperature
diagrams
● Investigating at least one gas law experimentally

Tasks:
Task 1: Complete the ideal gas equation sheet on google
classroom.

Task 2: Check unit booklet/notes are up to date for unit 3

Need some help? Ask me

• Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
r• theory of solids,
Solvingproblems
Solving problemsusing
usingliquids
thethe and
equation
equation gases
of state
of state
for an
forideal
an ideal
gas and
gasgas
andlaws
gas laws

We know that kinetic energy is proportional to temperature

Ek α T

Kinetic energy is given by:

Ek = 3 KB T or Ek = 3 R T
2 2 NA
 Describe
• Solving
Solving Molecular
problems
problemsusing
using theory
thethe
equation ofof
equation ofsolids,
state
state
for an liquids
forideal
an ideal and
gas and
gas andgases
gas laws
gas laws

We can use this to calculate the average velocity of the

particles , however it should be known as the root mean
square speed as this is how it is found:

these aren’t in the data booklet

they are simple derivations which you may be expected to be able to do.
 Describe
• Solving
Solving Molecular
problems
problemsusing
using theory
thethe
equation ofof
equation ofsolids,
state
state
for an liquids
forideal
an ideal and
gas and
gas andgases
gas laws
gas laws
Modelling a gas: ls3 kinetic theory of ideal gases
Homework:
Today's lesson: revise topic 3
• Solving problems using the equation of state test
for an ideal gas and gas laws
• Sketching and interpreting changes of state
of an ideal gas on pressure–volume, Starter:
pressure–temperature and
volume–temperature diagrams
• Investigating at least one gas law entrance ticket
experimentally

Big Question: For thermodynamics there were a lot of scientists working on it across disciplines (such as
chemistry) Why does the scientific method benefit from collaboration between scientists and why does Empirical
and theoretical thinking both have their place in science?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wz90lVQE9w
• Solving
Solving problems
problemsusing
usingthethe
equation
equation
of state
of state
for an
forideal
an ideal
gas and
gasgas
andlaws
gas laws

Group work out the questions

group 1 group 2 group 3

Questions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1spu9-0mMjKzy8_Z4zJUVQK0BbogqBkam9t3HtcmVx1g/edit?usp=sharing

Answers: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1toFt_HjzvWTBF2-5alU6dltlUyvdIyxbgE_P2t3gdZA/edit?usp=sharing
• Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws

Differences between real and ideal gases

Ideal gases: Real gases:

● These obey all the ● Almost all gases obey the

gas laws and have gas laws within a limited
the assumptions range of pressures and
which were stated temperatures.
earlier.
● They are theoretical, ● Real gases gases can be
in reality an ideal gas assumed to be ideal at
will not exist. If so it high temperatures and
would never be able low pressures and
to become a liquid. densities as the
intermolecular forces are
negligible.
 Modelling a gas: Boyle’s law prac
Homework:
Today's lesson: revise topic 3
• Solving problems using the equation of state test
for an ideal gas and gas laws
• Sketching and interpreting changes of state
of an ideal gas on pressure–volume, Starter:
pressure–temperature and
volume–temperature diagrams
• Investigating at least one gas law entrance ticket
experimentally

Big Question: For thermodynamics there were a lot of scientists working on it across disciplines (such as
chemistry) Why does the scientific method benefit from collaboration between scientists and why does Empirical
and theoretical thinking both have their place in science?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wz90lVQE9w
Practical: Boyle's law
1. Writing background theory
2. Plotting graphs on logger pro.
3. Uncertainties of inverse
• Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws

Boyle’s Law experiment

PV= nRT
P = nRT 1/V
y= m x
To calculate R you must do the gradient/nT
P - yaxis
1/V - x axis T - measure in the classroom.

n - use the PV=nRT equation to get an

nRT = gradient estimate.
• Solving problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws

Writing background theory

➔ The background information provided for the investigation is superficial or of
limited relevance and does not aid the understanding of the context of the
Jamboard ideas: investigation.

➔ The background information provided for the investigation is mainly appropriate

and relevant and aids the understanding of the context of the investigation.

➔ The background information provided for the investigation is entirely appropriate

and relevant and enhances the understanding of the context of the investigation.

❏ Have you given the scientific P1: Science understanding

theories that are entirely
appropriate?
❏ Have you included all equations P2: The method science
that you need to know? explanation. (reasoning)
❏ Have you defined all parts of your
equation and given units and P3: Hypothesis (graph shape/
constants?
❏ Have you referenced your scientific
show linearising equation)
ideas?
❏ Read it back and get a peer to read
it, does it make sense?
Practical: Boyle’s law
● Use the pump to increase the gas pressure to its
maximum safe value.

● Note down the pressure and the volume of the gas.

● BOYLE'S LAW | PRESSURE & VOLUME

● Plot your raw data. - what is the shape of this graph

● Now plot a second graph should give you a straight

line. What are the sources of
error with this
● Once you have produced this graph comment on the experiment? How would
relationship and the quality of your data. you minimise them
 Practical: Boyle’s law
PV = nRT

Calculate R

Plot P against 1/V

P = nRT . 1 /V

Gradient = nRT
● What is the temp in the room in kelvin?
What are the sources of
● What is n (calculate this from one of your values)
error with this
experiment? How would
you minimise them
Practical: Boyle’s law
Pressure P Volume V Volume V %∆V inverse volume V-1 ∆V-1
(x 105 Pa) (cm3 ) ( x 10-6 m3) (m-3) (m-3)
± 0.03 x105 Pa ±0.05 cm3 ±0.05 x 10-6 cm3

Temperature K

R (molar gas consant)

n (number of moles)
Practical: Boyle’s law
Write up:

● Table of results
● Sample calculations
● Graph (including max min)
● Calculating R and uncertainty of R
● %discrepancy What are the
sources of error
with this
experiment? How
would you minimise
them
Boyles law graph plotting on logger pro