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List of data, formulae and relationships

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Acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s–2 (close to Earth’s surface)

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Boltzmann constant  k = 1.38 × 10−23 J K−1

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Electron charge  e = –1.60 × 10–19 C

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Electron mass me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg
Electronvolt 1 eV = 1.60 × 10–19 J
Gravitational constant  G = 6.67 × 10−11 N m2 kg−2
Gravitational field strength g = 9.81 N kg–1 (close to Earth’s surface)
Permittivity of free space  ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12 F m−1
Coulomb’s law constant  k = 1/4πε0
  = 8.99 × 109 N m2 C–2
Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s
Proton mass mp = 1.67 × 10−27 kg
Speed of light in a vacuum  c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1
Stefan-Boltzmann constant  σ = 5.67 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4
Unified atomic mass unit  u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg
Unit 1
Mechanics
(u + v)t
Kinematic equations of motion s=
2
v = u + at
1 2
s = ut + at
2
v 2 = u2 + 2as
Forces ΣF = ma
F
g=
m
W = mg
Momentum p = mv
Moment of force moment = Fx
Work and energy ΔW = FΔs
1
Ek = mv 2
2
ΔEgrav = mgΔh
E
Power P=
t
W
P=
t

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Efficiency

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useful energy output

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efficiency =

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total energy input

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useful power output

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efficiency =

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total power input

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Materials

.ap
p/
m
Density ρ=
V
Stokes’ law F = 6�ηrv
Hooke’s law ΔF = kΔx
1
Elastic strain energy ΔEel = 2
FΔx

σ
Young modulus E = where
ε
F
Stress σ =
A
∆x
Strain ε =
x

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Unit 2

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Waves

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Wave speed v = fλ

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T

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Speed of a transverse wave v=

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p/
μ
on a string
P
Intensity of radiation I=
A
Refractive index n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
c
n=
v
1
Critical angle sin C =

n
Diffraction grating nλ = d sin θ

Electricity
W
Potential difference V=
Q
V
Resistance R=
I
Electrical power, energy P = VI
P = I 2R
V2
P=
R
W = VIt
ρl
Resistivity R=
A
∆Q
Current I=
∆t
I = nqvA
Resistors in series R = R1 + R2 + R3
1 1 1 1
Resistors in parallel  =   +   + 

R R1 R2 R3
Particle nature of light

Photon model E = hf
1
Einstein’s photoelectric hf = o/ + mv 2max
2
equation
h
de Broglie wavelength λ=
p

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Unit 4

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Further mechanics

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Impulse FΔt = Δp

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Kinetic energy of a p2

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Ek 

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non‑relativistic particle 2m

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Motion in a circle v = ωr

2π
T =
ω

v2
a
r
a = rω2

mv 2

Centripetal force F  ma 
r
F = mrω2

Electric and magnetic fields

F
Electric field E
Q

Q1Q2
Coulomb’s law F =
4πε0 r 2
Q
E =
4πε0 r 2
V
E
d

Q
Electrical potential V =
4πε0 r

Q
Capacitance C
V

1
Energy stored in capacitor W = QV
2
1
W = CV
2
2

1 Q
2
W =
2 C

Capacitor discharge Q = Q0e–t/RC

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Resistor-capacitor discharge I = I0e–t/RC

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V = V0e–t/RC

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t

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ln Q = ln Q0 –

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RC

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.ap
p/
t
ln I = ln I0 –
RC

t
ln V = ln V0 –
RC
In a magnetic field F = Bqv sin θ
F = BIl sin θ

−d( N φ )
Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws E=
dt

Nuclear and particle physics

p
In a magnetic field r
BQ

Mass-energy ΔE = c2 Δm

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Unit 5

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Thermodynamics

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Heating ΔE = mcΔθ

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ΔE = LΔm

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Ideal gas equation pV = NkT

Molecular kinetic theory 1

Nuclear decay

Mass-energy E  c 2 m
Radioactive decay A = λN
dN
  N
dt

ln 2

t1
2

N  N 0 e  t

A  A0 e  t

Oscillations
Simple harmonic motion F = kx
a = –ω2x
x = A cos ωt
v = –Aω sin ωt
a = –Aω2cos ωt

1 2
T 
f 
ω = 2�f

m
Simple harmonic oscillator T = 2π
k

l
T = 2π
g

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Astrophysics and cosmology

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Gravitational field strength g =

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m

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.ap
p/
Gm1m2
Gravitational force F
r2

Gm
Gravitational field g
r2

Gm
Gravitational potential Vgrav 
r
Stefan-Boltzmann law L = σAT 4

Wien’s law max

L
Intensity of radiation I =
4πd 2

 f v
Redshift of electromagnetic z=  
radiation
 f c

Cosmological expansion v = H0d

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