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Emt 7

Dielectrics can be polarized by an applied electric field through three main processes: 1. Electronic polarization occurs when the electric field displaces electrons relative to nuclei within atoms. 2. Ionic polarization is caused by displacement of ions relative to each other within molecules. 3. Orientational polarization results from alignment of the permanent dipole moments of polar molecules along the field. The relative permittivity (εr), also called the dielectric constant, quantifies a material's ability to be polarized by an electric field compared to a vacuum. It depends on temperature and frequency of the applied field. The dielectric strength is the maximum electric field a material can withstand before dielectric breakdown occurs.

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71 views11 pages

Emt 7

Dielectrics can be polarized by an applied electric field through three main processes: 1. Electronic polarization occurs when the electric field displaces electrons relative to nuclei within atoms. 2. Ionic polarization is caused by displacement of ions relative to each other within molecules. 3. Orientational polarization results from alignment of the permanent dipole moments of polar molecules along the field. The relative permittivity (εr), also called the dielectric constant, quantifies a material's ability to be polarized by an electric field compared to a vacuum. It depends on temperature and frequency of the applied field. The dielectric strength is the maximum electric field a material can withstand before dielectric breakdown occurs.

Uploaded by

Hemang Chopra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

RECAP

Dielectrics

Types of Dielectrics

Polarization

Relation between D, E and P


Dielectric constant and Dielectric strength
𝑫 = 𝜖0 𝑬 + 𝑷

𝑷 = 𝜒𝑒 𝜖0 𝑬

𝑫 = 𝜖0 𝑬 + 𝜒𝑒 𝜖0 𝑬

𝝐𝑬 = 𝜖0 𝑬 + 𝜒𝑒 𝜖0 𝑬
𝜖
= 1 + 𝜒𝑒
𝜖0
𝜖
= 𝜖𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜖0
𝜖𝑟 = 𝐾
Relative permittivity of some selected materials at 200C
Dielectric 𝝐𝒓
Vacuum air 1.0006
Rubber 2.94
Quartz 3.8
Bakelite 5
Glass 5 – 10
MIca 3-6
Germanium 16
Diamond 5.5
Porcellian 5.5
Polyethyline 2.3
PVC 3.5
Teflon 2.1
Dielectric Breakdown and Strength

No dielectric is ideal. When the electric field in a dielectric is sufficiently high then it
begins to pull electrons completely out of the molecules, and the dielectric becomes
conducting.

When a dielectric becomes conducting then it is called dielectric breakdown. It depends on


the type of material, humidity, temperature and the amount of time for which the field is
applied.

The minimum value of the electric field at which the dielectric breakdown occurs is called
the dielectric strength of the dielectric material.

OR
The dielectric strength is the maximum value of the electric field that a dielectric can
tolerate or withstand without breakdown.
Various polarization processes:

When the specimen is placed inside a d.c. electric field, polarization is due to mainly three
types of processes….

[Link] polarization
[Link] polarization
[Link] polarization
Electronic Polarization
When an Electric Field is applied to an atom, +ve charged nucleus displaces in the direction
of field and e- cloud in opposite direction. This kind of displacement will produce an electric
dipole within the atom. i.e, dipole moment is proportional to the magnitude of field strength

e E
or
e   e E

where ‘αe’ is called electronic Polarizability constant


It increases with increase of volume of the atom.
This kind of polarization is mostly exhibited in Monatomic gases.
 e  ____  10 -4 0F  m 2

He Ne Ar Kr Xe

0.18 0.35 1.46 2.18 3.54

It occurs only at optical frequencies (1015Hz)

It is independent of temperature.
Expression for Electronic Polarization

 e  4 0 R 3 Electronic Polaris ability is directly proportional to


cube of the radius of the atom.
Ionic polarization

The ionic polarization occurs, when atoms form molecules and it is mainly due to a relative
displacement of the atomic components of the molecule in the presence of an electric field.

When a Electric Field is applied to the molecule, the positive ions displaced by X1 to the
negative side electric field and negative ions displaced by X2 to the positive side of field.

The resultant dipole moment µ = q ( X1 + X2)..


Orientational Polarization
It is also called dipolar or molecular polarization.
Molecules like CH3Cl, H2O,HCl, ethyl acetate ( polar molecules) carries dipoles even
in the absence of electric field.
How ever the net dipole moment is negligibly small since all the molecular dipoles are
oriented randomly when there is no EF. In the presence of the electric field these all
dipoles orient them selves in the direction of field as a result the net dipole moment
becomes enormous.
• It occurs at a frequency 106 Hz to 1010Hz.
• It is slow process compare to ionic polarization.
• It greatly depends on temperature.

 orie
2
o 
3kT
Total Polarization
When a material experiences all three types of polarization, then total polarizability is
the sum of electronic, ionic and orientation polarizabilities
𝛼 = 𝛼𝑒 + 𝛼𝑖 + 𝛼𝑜

𝑝2
𝑃 = 𝑁 𝛼𝑒 + 𝛼𝑖 + 𝐸
3𝑘𝑇
Total polarization: P = 𝑃𝑒 + 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑃𝑜

𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑃 = 𝜒𝑒 𝜖0 𝐸 = (1 − 𝜖𝑟 )𝜖0

𝑃
= (1 − 𝜖𝑟 )𝜖0
𝐸

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