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BCSL44 Statistical Concepts Overview

This document defines and explains key statistical concepts including measures of central tendency like mean, median, and mode. It also covers frequency distributions, standard deviation, variance, histograms, p-values, t-distributions, chi-square distributions, f-distributions, regression, correlation, ANOVA tests, and time series data. ANOVA tests help determine if differences between groups are statistically significant and involve calculating within and between group variations to obtain an F factor.

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167 views2 pages

BCSL44 Statistical Concepts Overview

This document defines and explains key statistical concepts including measures of central tendency like mean, median, and mode. It also covers frequency distributions, standard deviation, variance, histograms, p-values, t-distributions, chi-square distributions, f-distributions, regression, correlation, ANOVA tests, and time series data. ANOVA tests help determine if differences between groups are statistically significant and involve calculating within and between group variations to obtain an F factor.

Uploaded by

sahil verma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

• Sorting: process of arranging data into meaningful order so that you can analyze it more

effectively.
• Mean: average of a collection of numbers.
• Median: median of a set of data is the middlemost number or center value in the set.
• Mode: mode is the value that appears most often in a set of numbers.
• Histogram: representation of a continuous data. Where x-axis represent the range and y-axis
represent the no. or percentage of occurrence in data.
• Frequency distribution: a graph or data set organized to show the frequency of occurrence of
each possible outcome.
• Standard deviation: a measure of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean.
• Variance: degree of spread in the data. to see how individual numbers relate to each other
within a data set.
• Use of stats: to make predictions about the future with the existing data.
• Null Hypothesis: the statement/ the claim that there is no difference in true means or
proportions of groups that are being compared.
• p-values: statistical measurement used to validate a hypothesis against observed data.
p < 0.05 = statistically significant difference OR test hypothesis is false or should be rejected.
p > 0.05 = no statistically significant difference OR no effect was observed.
• α-value: the threshold for statistical significance. In most cases, researchers use an alpha of
0.05, which means that there is a less than 5% chance that the data being tested could have
occurred under the null hypothesis.
• t-distribution: way of describing a set of observations where most observations fall close to
mean and the rest observations make up a tail on either side.
• Chi-square distribution: used to describe the distribution of a sum of squared random variables.
Starts at zero and continue to infinity.
• f-distribution: used to test the equality of variance from the 2 normal populations.
• Test of significance: a formal procedure for comparing observed data with a claim(also called a
hypothesis).
• Regression: a statistical technique that relates a dependent variable to one or more
independent variables.
• Correlation: a statistical measure that expresses the extent to which two variables are linearly
related. Denoted by “r”. lies between -1 and +1. The closer the value of r towards ±1, the
stronger is the linear relationship between the variables.
• ANOVA test: helps you find out whether the differences between groups of data are statistically
significant.
• How to do ANOVA: 1) Find the mean for each of the groups.
2) Find the overall mean.
3) Find the Within Group Variation.
4) Find the Between Group Variation.
• F factor: variation between sample means/ variation within the samples.
• At what level of significance ANOVA test is performed: when α=0.05 or 5% (This means that
your results only have a 5% chance of occurring, or less, if the null hypothesis is actually true.)
• Time series data: data that is recorded over a consistent interval of time. (Example predicting
temperature)
• Control charts: used for routinely monitor quality. Like baking a cake.

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