Basic Electrical

House Wiring

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Contents…

1. Basic Symbols of Electricity …………………..

2. Rules of Safety of Electricity …………………..
3. Electrical Devices ………………………………
4. Electrical Tools…………………………………
5. Electrical Wire Joints…………………………..
6. Electrical Surface Wiring………………………
7. PVC Cable and Insulated tape…..……………..
8. Switches………………………………………..
[Link] of measuring of Electricity……………
10. Practical questions with connect

Puntland,Somalia 1 by Abdiaziz Hassan

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 1. Basic symbols of Electricity

Filament bulb

Piano Fuse (5Amp)

Piano Switch (5 Amp)

Tumbler Switch (15 Amp)

Piano Socket (5 Amp)

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Tumbler Socket (15 Amp)
P

G/E

Batten Holder

Ceiling Rose

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Indicator Lamp

Tube Light

3.5 cm

Six pin combined socket

3.5 cm

Tube light Ballast

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Cable Joint

20mm

25mm
Fan Regulator

Calling Bell

Tube light Starter

Push Switch

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Intermediate Switch

Two-way Switch

Two pin plug

Tree pin plug

Ceiling fan

Cable Crossing point

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Main distribution Board

Sub-Main distribution Board

Distribution Board

Sub-Distribution Board

Switch Board

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A distribution board (also known
as panel board or breaker panel) is a
component of an electricity supply
system which divides an electrical
power feed into subsidiary circuits,
while providing a
protective fuse or circuit breaker for
each circuit in a common enclosure.
Normally, a main switch, and in recent
boards, one or more residual-current
devices (RCD) or residual current
breakers with over current
protection (RCBO), are also
incorporated.

Distribution boards are also referred to as a:

 breaker panel
 circuit breaker panel
 consumer unit, or CU
 electrical panel
 fuse board
 electric board
 Fuse box.
 breaker box
 load centre/center
 panel board
 power breaker
 service panel
 DB board (South Africa)
 ACDB (alternating current distribution board)
 DCDB (direct current distribution board)

Puntland,Somalia 9 by Abdiaziz Hassan

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Puntland,Somalia 10 by Abdiaziz Hassan

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Type of breakers based on number of pole:
Based on the number of poles, the breakers are classified as

1. SP MCB– Single Pole

2. DPMCB – Double Pole
3. SPN – Single Pole and Neutral
4. TPMCB – Triple Pole
5. TPNMCB – Triple Pole and Neutral
6. 4P – Four Pole

1. SP (Single Pole) MCB:

In Single Pole MCCB, switching & protection is affected in only one
phase.
Application: Single Phase Supply to break the Phase only.

2. DP (Double Pole) MCB:

In Two Pole MCCB, switching & protection is affected in phases and
the neutral.
Application: Single Phase Supply to break the Phase and Neutral.

3. TP (Triple Pole) MCB:

In Three Pole MCB, switching & protection is affected in only three
phases and the neutral is not part of the MCB.
3pole MCCB signifies for the connection of three wires for three phase
system (R-Y-B Phase).
Application: Three Phase Supply only (Without Neutral).

4. TPN (3P+N) MCB:

In TPN MCB, Neutral is part of the MCB as a separate pole but without
any protective given in the neutral pole (i.e.) neutral is only switched but
has no protective element incorporated.
TPN for Y (or star) the connection between ground and neutral is in
many countries not allowed. Therefore the N is also switches.
Application: Three Phase Supply with Neutral

5. 4 Pole MCB:
4pole MCCB for 4 wires connections, the one additional 4th pole for
neutral wire connection so that between neutral and any of the other
three will supply.
In 4-Pole MCCBs the neutral pole is also having protective release as
in the phase poles.
Application: Three Phase Supply with Neutral

Puntland,Somalia 11 by Abdiaziz Hassan

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 2. Rules of Safety of Electricity

Rule no. 1

Avoid contact with energized electrical circuits. Please don’t make fun of this
rule if you already know this (and you probably already know if you are reading
these lines) and remember that if something bad occurs – you probably won’t
have second chance. That’s not funny.

Rule no. 2

Treat all electrical devices as if they are live or energized. You never know.

Rule no. 3

Disconnect the power source before servicing or repairing electrical equipment.

The only way to be sure.

Rule no. 4

Use only tools and equipment with non-conducting handles when working on
electrical devices.

Easy to check.

Rule no. 5

Never use metallic pencils or rulers, or wear rings or metal watchbands when
working with electrical equipment. This rule is very easy to forget, especially
when you are showing some electrical part pointing with metallic pencil.

Always be aware.

Puntland,Somalia 12 by Abdiaziz Hassan

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Rule no. 6

When it is necessary to handle equipment that is plugged in, be sure hands are
dry and, when possible, wear nonconductive gloves, protective clothes and shoes
with insulated soles.

Remember: gloves, clothes and shoes.

Safety clothes, gloves and shoes

Rule no. 7

If it is safe to do so, work with only one hand, keeping the other hand at your side
or in your pocket, away from all conductive material. This precaution reduces the
likelihood of accidents that result in current passing through the chest cavity.

If you ever read about current passing through human body you will know, so
remember – work with one hand only.

If you don’t clue about electric current path through human body, read more in
following technical articles:
 Do You Understand What Is Electric Shock?
 What psychological effect does an electric shock?

Rule no. 8

Minimize the use of electrical equipment in cold rooms or other areas

where condensation is likely. If equipment must be used in such areas, mount the
equipment on a wall or vertical panel.

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Rule no. 9

If water or a chemical is spilled onto equipment, shut off power at the main
switch or circuit breaker and unplug the equipment.

Very logical. NEVER try to remove water or similar from equipment while
energized. After all, it’s stupid to do so.

Rule no. 10

If an individual comes in contact with a live electrical conductor, do not touch

the equipment, cord or person. Disconnect the power source from the circuit
breaker or pull out the plug using a leather belt.

Tricky situation and you must be very calm in order not to make the situation
even worse.

Like in previous rules – Always disconnect the power FIRST.

Always disconnect the power FIRST

Rule no. 11

Equipment producing a “tingle” should be disconnected and reported promptly

for repair.

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Rule no. 12

Do not rely on grounding to mask a defective circuit nor attempt to correct a fault
by insertion of another fuse or breaker, particularly one of larger capacity.

Rule no. 13

Drain capacitors before working near them and keep the short circuit on the
terminals during the work to prevent electrical shock.

Rule no. 14

Never touch another person’s equipment or electrical control devices unless

instructed to do so.

Don’t be too smart. Don’t try your luck.

Rule no. 15

Enclose all electric contacts and conductors so that no one can accidentally come
into contact with them.

If applicable do it always, if not be very carefully.

Rule no. 16

Never handle electrical equipment when hands, feet, or body are wet or
perspiring, or when standing on a wet floor.

Remember: Gloves and shoes

Rule no. 17

When it is necessary to touch electrical equipment (for example, when checking

for overheated motors), use the back of the hand. Thus, if accidental shock were
to cause muscular contraction, you would not “freeze” to the conductor.

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Rule no. 18

Do not store highly flammable liquids near electrical equipment.

Rule no. 19

Be aware that interlocks on equipment disconnect the high voltage source when a
cabinet door is open but power for control circuits may remain on.

Read the single line diagram and wiring schemes – know your switchboard.

Rule no. 20

De-energize open experimental circuits and equipment to be left unattended.

Rule no. 21

Do not wear loose clothing or ties near electrical equipment. Act like an electrical
engineer, you are not on the beach.

Puntland,Somalia 16 by Abdiaziz Hassan

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1. Single way [Link] conduit
2. Tumbler socket (15 Amp) [Link] Socket
3. Single way (tumbler switch) [Link] Lamp
4. Tumbler socket [Link] Capacitor
5. Pendent Holder [Link] Capacitor
6. Batten Holder [Link] Meter
7. Angle Batten Holder [Link] Meter
8. Piano Socket [Link] Switch
9. Piano Switch 15 Amp 42.
[Link] Type (Bed Switch)
[Link] Switch
[Link] Light Holder (spring side)
[Link] Light Holder (star side)
[Link]
[Link] 40 watt 5 Amp two way switch
[Link] Type cut out 10 Amp
[Link]
[Link] Batten Switch // surface bell push
[Link]//Off switch
[Link] way On//Off switch
[Link] Light Starter
[Link] Phase Circuit
[Link] Starter
[Link] Overload Relay
[Link] phase circuit
[Link] piano round plug (5Amp) PVC
[Link] piano round plug
[Link] Rose 5 Amp
[Link] Way circular base
[Link] Way circular base
[Link] ( ¾)
[Link] ( ¾)
[Link] Bend

Puntland,Somalia 17 by Abdiaziz Hassan

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 1. Flat file
2. Half round file [Link] screw driver
3. Grip vice [Link] circlip opener
4. Triangular file [Link]
5. Square file [Link] Hand drill machine
6. Round file [Link] chipper
7. Hack Saw frame with blade [Link] plugging pliers
8. Measuring tap // steel tap [Link] chisel
9. File brush [Link] chisel
[Link] [Link] chipper
[Link] saw [Link] hammer
[Link] tester [Link] peen hammer
[Link] tester [Link] and spanner
[Link] key [Link] spanner
[Link] belt [Link] spanner
[Link] Gloves [Link] grinding machine
[Link] drill machine [Link] goggles
[Link] punch [Link]
[Link] punch [Link] puller
[Link] punch [Link]
[Link] [Link] iron
22. Try Square [Link]
[Link] chipper [Link] Square
[Link] punch [Link] Hammer or soft
[Link] punch [Link] peen hammer
[Link] pliers
[Link] cutter
[Link] striper
[Link] cutter
[Link] pliers
[Link] pliers
[Link] pliers
[Link] micrometer
[Link] drill pit
[Link] screw driver
[Link] Screw driver

Puntland,Somalia 18 by Abdiaziz Hassan

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 || 5 || Electrical Wire Joints

1. Splice Joints
2. Married Joints
3. Tape Joints
4. Turn Joints
5. Splice Joints
6. Britannia Joints
7. Tape Joint get
8. Bell hanger Joints
9. Britannia tape Joints
[Link] Cross Joints
[Link] tail Joints
[Link] union joints

|| 6 || Electrical Surface wiring

Electrical wiring is generally refers to insulated conductor used to carry current and associated
device. This article describes general aspects of electrical wiring as used to provide power in
buildings and structures, commonly referred to as building wiring

1. Cleat wiring
2. Cross wiring
3. Conduit wiring
4. Batten wiring
5. Channel wiring
6. Hook wiring

Puntland,Somalia 19 by Abdiaziz Hassan

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 || 7 || PVC Cables

1. PVC ( 4 core flexible round cable ) 4 x 70 x 0.0076

2. PVC ( 4 core flexible round cable ) 4 x 40 / 0.0076
3. PVC ( 5 core flexible round cable ) 5 x 70 / 0.0076
4. PVC ( 3 single strand double insulated cable )
5. PVC ( 2 core flat cable ) 2 x7 / 0.036
6. PVC ( 2 core flat cable ) 2 x3 / 0.029
7. PVC ( 3 single core cable ) 1 x 3 / 0.029
8. PVC ( single core cable ) 1 x 7 / 0.036
9. PVC ( single core cable ) 1 x3 / 0.036
[Link] ( single core single strand cable 18 SWG )

"PVC Polyvinyl chloride, more correctly but unusually poly (vinyl chloride),
Commonly abbreviated PVC is the third-most widely produced synthetic plastic polymer,
after polyethylene and polypropylene.
PVC comes in two basic forms: rigid (sometimes abbreviated as RPVC) and flexible. The rigid
form of PVC is used in construction for pipe and in profile applications such as doors and
windows. It is also used for bottles, other non-food packaging, and cards (such as bank or
membership cards). It can be made softer and more flexible by the addition of plasticizers, the
most widely used being phthalates. In this form, it is also used in plumbing, electrical cable
insulation, imitation leather, signage, inflatable products, and many applications where it
replaces rubber.
Pure poly (vinyl chloride) is a white, brittle solid. It is insoluble in alcohol but slightly soluble
in tetrahydrofuran.

Electrical tape (or insulating tape) is a type

of pressure-sensitive tape used to
insulate electrical wires and other materials that
conduct electricity. It can be made of
many plastics, but vinyl is most popular, as it
stretches well and gives an effective and long
lasting insulation.

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 || 8 || Switches

Switches:
In electrical and electronic system, a switch
is a device, which can make or break an
electrical circuit or we can say that switch is
a controlling device, which interrupt the
flow of current or direct the flow of current
in another direction. Almost all the
electrical and electronics systems contain
at least one switch, which is used to make
the device ON or OFF. In addition, a switch
is used to control the circuit operation and
user may able to activate or deactivate the
whole or certain parts of the connected
circuit.

Generally, Switches can be categories as.

1) Mechanical Switches 2) Electrical/Electronic Switches

Mechanical Switches:
Mechanical switch is a switch in which two metal plates touch each other to make a
physical contact for the current to flow and separate from each other to interrupt the
flow of current. There are many types of Mechanical switches and they are also being
categories on the basis of power handling capacity. The contact material is chosen by
keeping in mind that the metal oxides, which produced due to corrosion, are mostly
insulator and layers of such oxides on the switch plates will hinder the normal
operation of the switch.

Puntland,Somalia 21 by Abdiaziz Hassan

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Mechanical Switches can be categories on the basis of their operation:

SPST (Single Pole Single Through)

This is a simple ON/OFF switch. It is also called as On Way Switch (in the US, they
called it Two-Way Switch). When a user press the button of the switch, then the plates
of the switch connect with each other and the current starts to flow and vice versa.

SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw)

This button has three pins in which, one pin is used as common and called a Two-Way
Switch (in US, they called it Three-Way Switch). We can send two different signals to
same pin by using this switch. Because of this functionality, this switch is also called
selector switch.
Other switches related to SPDT are SPCO (Single Pole Changeover) and SPTT
(Single Pole Center Off or Single Pole Triple Throw)

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DPST (Double Pole, Single Throw)

This switch is basically two SPST switches in one package and can be operated by a
single lever. This switch is mostly used, where we have to break both ground and lines
at the same time.

DPDT (Double Pole Double Throw)

This switch is equivalent to two SPDT switches packaged in one pack. This switch has
two common pins and four signal pins. Total four different combinations of singles can
be applied to the input pins of this switch. Another switch, related to DPDT is DPCO
(Double Pole Changeover or Double Pole, Centre Off).

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2P6T (Two Pole, Six Throw)

It is a type of the changeover switch with a common (COM) which may be connected
to six lines with a second two pole switch, which controlling and the operation of the
switch is same.

What is Intermediate switch, its construction and how it works?

There are four terminals in

intermediate switch by which
it changes the flowing of
current from one circuit to
another circuit (fig1). It’s ON
and OFF the supply by two
ways. The four terminals of
intermediate switch is shown
in fig 1 label as A, B, C, D. In
some cases, the terminal
contacts of switch is meet
terminal A with terminal C and
terminal B meet with terminal
D as shown in fig 1 a.

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In other cases , the terminal contacts of switch is meet terminal A with terminal B and
terminal C meet with terminal D as shown in fig 1 b.
When the knob of the switch is UP, then the vertical contacts are meeting (i.e. AC and
BD as shown in fig 1a). And when the knob is DOWN, then the Horizontal contacts are
meeting (i.e. AB and CD as shown in fig 1b).

Application and Uses

This kind of switch is used in a hall, big rooms or Go down where different lamps are
require to ON/OFF from different places. Moreover, in a multistory building, the lamp at
ground floor, in car parking shade can be controlled or ON / OFF from any floor by
using intermediate switch circuit.
In Fig 2, a lamp is controlled from three different places by using two, 2-way switches
and one intermediate switch.

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In fig 3, a lamp is controlled from six different places by using two, 2-way switches and
four intermediate switches.

A lamp is controlled from six different places by using two, 2-way and four intermediate
switches.
Key Point: You can control a lamp from many different places by adding more
intermediate switches.

Electrical and Electronic Switches:

The Above discussed switches are Mechanical switches and they are user manually
operated. Now, we are going to discuss Electrical switches, which are faster in
response than mechanical switches and can be switched automatically by an
electronic circuit like microcontroller or microprocessor.
They can also be categories on the basis of current and voltage rating like mechanical
switches.

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There are the most widely used electronic switches.

1) Transistor 2) Mosfets 3) Relays

1. Transistor:-

Transistor can be used in different mode of operation but we are going to discuss the
transistor as a switch. If we apply a large amount of current at the base of the transistor
(keeping in mind the maximum allowed current for the this type of transistor) then we
can run this transistor in deep saturation mode

2. Mosfets:-

Mosfet can also be used for switching purpose at high frequencies. They can operate
at Mega hertz frequencies. Mostly, Mosfets used for PWM (pulse width modulation).
Mosfets have three terminals.
1) Gate
2) Drain
3) Source

3. Relays:-

A Relay is an electromechanical device, which consists of an electromagnet. When a

current is flowing through the coil, it becomes an electromagnet and this electromagnet
can be used for switching purposes. Their contacts can fall into any category, e.g.
SPDT, DPDT etc.

Puntland,Somalia 27 by Abdiaziz Hassan

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 || 9 || Electrical Measurements

Voltage sources

Batteries and other voltage sources have internal resistance. When they
do work moving charges against the electric force, some of this work is
already converted to thermal energy in the battery. The amount of energy
lost to thermal energy in the battery is Ir, where I is the current flowing in
the circuit and r is the internal resistance of the battery. The voltage across
the battery terminals therefore drops from the nominal value V to (V - Ir)
when a current is flowing in the circuit. In a circuit diagram we represent
the internal resistance of the battery by a resistor r connected in series with
the emf.

A voltmeter is a device used to measure voltages, while an ammeter

measures currents. Meters are either analog or digital devices. Analog
meters show the output on a scale with a needle, while digital devices
produce a digital readout. Analog voltmeters and ammeters are both based
on a device called a galvanometer. Digital voltmeters and ammeters
generally determine the voltage drop across a known resistor and then
convert the result to a digital value for display.

Voltmeters

Resistors in parallel have the same voltage

across them. If you want to measure the
voltage across a circuit element, such as a
resistor, you place the voltmeter in parallel
with the resistor. The voltmeter is shown in
a circuit diagram as a V in a circle, and it
acts as another resistor. To prevent the
voltmeter from changing the current in the
circuit (and therefore the voltage across
the resistor),

The voltmeter must have a resistance much larger than that of the
resistor. If the resistance of the voltmeter is large, only a negligible current
flows through the meter.

Puntland,Somalia 28 by Abdiaziz Hassan

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Ammeters

Resistors in series have the same current

flowing through them. An ammeter must
be placed in series with a resistor to
measure the current through the resistor.
On a circuit diagram, an ammeter is shown
as an A in a circle. The ammeter acts as a
resistor. To prevent the ammeter from
changing the current in the circuit,

The ammeter must have a very small resistance compared to the

resistance R of the circuit.

So now I am going to provide you some connections as a word and then you will try to
connect about these connections. Already you are given answer of question one so they are 50
questions.
1. Connect one bulb by one switch (AC)?
2. Connect two bulbs by two switches as a parallel (AC)?
3. Connect three bulbs by three switches as a parallel (AC)?
4. Connect one switch and three bulbs by series connection (AC)?
5. Connect one switch with two bulbs by parallel (AC)?
6. Connect three bulbs with one switch by parallel (AC)?
7. Connect two switches with one bulb and socket by parallel (AC)?
8. Connect two bulbs with one switch by series connection (AC)?
9. Connect one bulb with one switch, two parallel bulbs with one switch two series bulbs
with one switch and 5 amp two pin socket with one switch (AC)?
[Link] two series and three parallel bulbs connection by one switch (if one of series
bulbs out from the batten holder parallel bulbs will off) (AC)?
[Link] two series and three parallel bulbs with one switch (if one series bulb out from
batten holder the other parallel bulbs will not off) (AC)?
[Link] one ceiling fan with one switch (AC)?
[Link] one bulb with one switch, three series and three parallel bulbs with one switch,
two ceiling fan with two switch, one two pin socket with one switch (AC)?

Puntland,Somalia 29 by Abdiaziz Hassan

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 [Link] one bulb with one switch, two ceiling fan with one switch, 2(two pin socket)
with one switches (AC)?
[Link] one calling bell controlled with one push switch (AC)?
[Link] one calling bell controlled with two push switch by series (AC)?
[Link] one calling bell controlled with two push switch by parallel and difference watt
of bulbs (AC)?
[Link] one calling bell controlled with three push switch by parallel and difference watt
of bulbs (AC)?
[Link] one calling bell controlled with four push switch by parallel and difference watt
of bulbs (AC)?
[Link] one bulb with one switch, two parallel bulbs with one switch, three series bulbs
with one switch, two ceiling fan with one switch, two sockets pin with one switch and
one calling bell with one switch (AC)?
[Link] one gang one way switch with two bulbs of parallel (AC)?
[Link] two gangs one way switch with two bulbs of parallel (AC)?
[Link] three gangs one way switch with three bulbs of parallel (AC)?
[Link] four gangs one way switch with four bulbs of parallel (AC)?
[Link] five gangs one way switch with five bulbs of parallel (AC)?
[Link] one gang one way switch with two pin socket (AC)?
[Link] one gang one way switch with one ceiling fan (AC)?
[Link] one bulb with two way switch by series connection (AC)?
[Link] one bulb controlled from three places by using two way and intermediate switch
(AC)?
[Link] one bulb controlled from four places by using two way and two intermediate
switch (AC)?
[Link] two bulbs with one switch by parallel and two bulbs controlled from two places
by parallel (AC)?
[Link] 15 Amp socket with 15 Amp switch and circuit breaker (AC)?
[Link] one six pin combined with circuit breaker (AC)?
[Link] one six pin combined and indicator lamp with circuit breaker (AC)?
[Link] one bulb with one switch, one ceiling fan with one switch, one calling bell with
one switch, one templar socket 5 Amp with one switch, one templar socket 15 Amp with
templar switch to operate by water pumps, one six pin combined with circuit breaker to
operate one fridge (AC)?
[Link] one tube light with one switch (AC)?
[Link] one tube light with one switch and one bed switch (AC)?
[Link] one bulb that will difference bright once high and once low by using capacitor
(AC)?
39. Connect 15 Amp socket with 15 Amp switch and with two separate circuit breaker
(AC)?
[Link] to test lamp with switch series circuit board (or make series circuit board by one
switch) (AC)?
[Link] series with parallel circuit board by one switch (AC)?

Puntland,Somalia 30 by Abdiaziz Hassan

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 [Link] series lamp for working two phase line (AC)?
[Link] two bulbs with two switches separately, two ceiling fan with two switches, two
series bulbs with one switch, three parallel bulbs with one switch, one bulb controlled
from two places, two difference bright of light with one switch, one tube light with bed
switch by one switch, one calling bell will ring from two places, two 5 Amp socket with
one switch, one six pin combined socket to operate refrigeration, 15 Amp socket
connection to operate water pump (AC)?
[Link] one voltmeter by single phase line by using always parallel connection (AC)?
[Link] one Ammeter by single phase line by using always series connection (AC)?
[Link] one Voltmeter and one Ammeter connection by in single phase line (AC)?
[Link] three Voltmeter by three phase line (440 watt) (AC)?
[Link] three Voltmeter by three phases with one line (220 watt) (AC)?
[Link] three Voltmeter and three Ammeter connections by in three phases line (440
watt) (AC)?
[Link] two bulbs with one switch separately, one bulb two difference bright of lighting,
two series and two parallel bulbs controlled from one place, one ceiling fan with one 2
pin socket, one tube light with one switch, one calling bell controlled from two places to
operate one fridge and one water pump connect by power socket with all types of devices
(AC)?

Puntland,Somalia 31 by Abdiaziz Hassan

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 4

1 2 3 6

1. Piano fuse
2. Piano switch
3. Red wire (phase)
4. Batten holder
5. Bulb
6. Black wire (neutral)

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