Prepared by - Dr.

Kyaw Zeyar Win

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY (THANLYIN)

Department of Civil Engineering

Chapter 1
Introduction

Conducted by –
Dr. Kyaw Zeyar Win
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering

Concrete
Concrete is a stone like material obtained by
permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of
cement, sand and gravel or other aggregate, and water
to harden in forms of the shape and dimensions of the
desired structures.

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Reinforced Concrete
The reinforcement, usually round steel
rods with appropriate surface deformations to
provide interlocking, is placed in the forms in
advance of the concrete. When completely
surrounded by the hardened concrete mass, it
forms an integral part of the member. The
resulting combination of two materials is known
as reinforced concrete.

Prestressed Concrete
Construction known as prestressed
concrete, however, does use steels and
concretes of very high strength in
combination. The steel, in the form of wires,
strands, or bars, is embedded in the concrete
under high tension that is held in equilibrium
by compressive stresses in the concrete after
hardening.

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Structural Forms

One-way Concrete Floor Slab

5 One-way Joist Floor Slab

Flat Plate Floor Slab

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Flat Slab Floor without Beam (with Drop Panel)

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Folded Plate Roof

8 Shell Roof

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9 Cable-Stayed Bridge

Concrete Box Girder Structure

Arch Bridge Structure

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Circular Concrete Tank

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Loads
1. Dead Loads
2. Live Loads
3. Environmental Loads

Dead Loads
➢ Dead loads are those that are constant in magnitude and fixed in location
throughout the lifetime of the structure.
➢ the major part of the dead load is the weight of the structure itself.
➢ can be calculated with good accuracy from the design configuration,
dimensions of the structure, and density of the material.
➢ floor fill, finish floors, and plastered ceilings are usually included as
dead loads, and an allowance is made for suspended loads such as piping
and lighting fixtures.

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Live Loads
➢ varying in magnitude and location
➢ human occupants, furniture, moveable equipment, vehicles and stored
goods

Environmental Loads
➢ consist mainly of snow loads, wind pressure, and earthquake loads,
soil pressure, loads from possible ponding of rain water on flat
surfaces
➢ loads at any given time are uncertain both in magnitude and
distribution

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Table 1.1. Minimum Uniformly Distributed Live Loads

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Table 1.1. Continued

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Variability of Loads, Strength and Structural Safety

Safety Margin, M = S – Q > 0

where, S = Strength
Q = Loads

ψ s Sത ≥ ψ L Q
ഥ

ψ s = partial safety coefficient < 1

ψ L = partial safety coefficient > 1

A safety requirement is ϕSn ≥ γQd

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ϕSn ≥ γd D + γl L Safety Provision of the ACI Code

ϕ = Strength reduction factor Design Strength ≥ Required Strength
Sn = nominal strength
ϕSn ≥ U
D = dead load
L = live load ϕMn ≥ Mu
γd = load factor > 1.0 applied to dead load, D
ϕVn ≥ Vu
γl = larger load factor applied to the code
specification live load, L ϕPn ≥ Pu

ϕSn ≥ γdi D + γli L + γwi W+. . . Mn = nominal flexural strength

Vn = nominal shear strength
Pn = nominal axial strength
Mu = factored load moment
Vu = factored load shear
17 Pu = factored load axial force

Table 1.2. Factored Load Combinations for Determining Required

Strength U in the ACI Code D = Dead load
L = Live load
Lr = Roof live load
S = Snow load
R = Rain water load
W = Wind load
E = Earthquake load
F = Fluids
H = weight or pressure
Table 1.3. Strength Reduction Factor in the ACI Code from soil

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Behavior of Members Subjected to Axial Loads

Axial Compression

Figure: Reinforced Concrete Columns

Figure 1.16. Concrete and Steel Stress-Strain Curve

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1.Elastic Behavior
f′c
Concrete⇒For stress up to or strain up to 0.0005 ൢ ⇒Stress ∞ Strain
2
Steel⇒For stress up to fy or strain up to 0.002

fc fs Es Es
ϵc = ϵs ⇒ = ⇒ fs = fc = nfc n= = modular ratio
Ec Es Ec Ec

Let Ac = net area of concrete

Ag = gross area
Ast = total area of reinforcing bars
P = axial load

P = fcAc + fsAst = fcAc + nfcAst

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P = fc (Ac + nAst)

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P = fc (Ac + nAst) = fc [Ag + (n-1)Ast)

2.Inelastic Range (When concrete strain > 0.0005)
direct use of the information (fc and fs) in Figure 1.16.

3.Ultimate Strength

The ultimate strenght of the member, Pn = 0.85fc′ Ac + fy Ast

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Axial Tension
P = fct (Ac + nAst)

fct = tensile stress in the concrete

When concrete reaches its ultimate tensile strength and strain,

P = fs Ast

When the tensile stress fs in the steel reaches the yield point fy,

P = fy Ast

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TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY (THANLYIN)

Department of Civil Engineering

Chapter 2
Materials

Conducted by –
Dr. Kyaw Zeyar Win
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
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Cement
➢ A cementitious material is one that has the
adhesive and cohesive properties necessary to
bond inert aggregates into a solid mass of
adequate strength and durability.
➢ Water is needed for chemical process (hydration)
in which the cement powder sets and hardens into
one solid mass.
➢ When cement is mixed with water to form a soft
paste, it gradually stiffens until it becomes a solid.
This process is known as setting and hardening.
➢ The chemical process involved in the setting and
hardening liberates heat, known as heat of
hydration.

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Aggregate
1. Fine Aggregate
2. Coarse Aggregate

1. Fine Aggregate (Sand)

➢ Sand is an important building material. It consists of small rounded or
granular grains of silica, SiO2 and is formed by the decomposition or
disintegration of sand stone under the action of weather such as wind,
rain, frost, etc
➢ It forms a major ingredient in concrete , lime mortar , cement mortar etc.
➢ Sand can be divided into three main class depending upon the source
from it is obtained
1)pit sand
2)river sand
3)sea sand
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1) Pit Sand 2) River Sand

26 3) Sea Sand

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2. Coarse Aggregate
➢ Coarse aggregate is any material 1) Crushed Stone
that will retain a No. 4 sieve, that is,
a sieve with four openings per
linear inch.
2) River Shingle Aggregate

Water
➢ It means fresh water free from oil, sewage or excessive silt.
➢ Too much chloride content in water (eg, sea water) encourages
corrosion of reinforcement.
➢ Waste water should not be used as mixing water.
➢ A pH value of 6.0 to 8.0 is acceptable. (even 9.0 may be accepted)
➢ Turbidity limit is about 2000 ppm.
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Water-Cement Ratio
➢ For the cement paste, the water-
cement ratio is the chief factor that
controls the strength of the
concrete.

Figure: Effect of Water-Cement Ratio on 28-day

28 compressive and flexural tensile strength

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Conveying, Placing, Compacting and Curing

➢ Conveying of most building concrete from the mixer or truck to the

form is done in bottom-dump buckets or by pumping through steel
pipelines.
➢ The chief danger during conveying is that of segregation, the separation
of the individual components of concrete.

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➢ Placing is the process of transferring the fresh concrete from the

conveying device to its final place in the forms.
➢ Prior to placing, loose rust must be removed from reinforcement, forms
must be cleaned, and hardened surfaces of previous concrete lifts must be
cleaned and treated appropriately.
➢ Proper placement must avoid segregation, displacement of forms or of
reinforcement in the forms, and poor bond between successive layers of
concrete.
Compacting
➢ Immediately upon placing, the concrete should be consolidated, usually
by means of vibrators. Consolidation prevents honeycombing, ensures
close contact with forms and reinforcement.
➢ Consolidation is achieved by high-frequency, power-driven vibrators.
➢ These are of the internal type, immersed in the concrete, or of the
external type, attached to the forms.
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Curing
➢ Fresh concrete gains strength most rapidly during the first few days and
weeks.
➢ Structural design is generally based on the 28-day strength, about 70
percent of which is reached at the end of the first week after placing.
➢ The final concrete strength depends greatly on the conditions of moisture
and temperature during this initial period.
➢ The maintenance of proper conditions during this time is known as
curing.
➢ Concrete should be protected from loss of moisture for at least 7 days
and, in more sensitive work, up to 14 days.
➢ When high early strength cements are used, curing periods can be cut in
half.
➢ Curing can be achieved by keeping exposed surfaces continually wet
through sprinkling, ponding, or covering with plastic film or by the use
of sealing compounds, which, when properly used, form evaporation
32 retarding membranes.

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Admixtures
➢ Air-entraining agents are widely used. They
cause the formation of small dispersed air
bubbles in the concrete. These improve
workability and durability (chiefly resistance to
freezing and thawing) and reduce segregation
during placing.
➢ Accelerating admixtures are used to reduce
setting time and accelerate early strength
development. Calcium chloride is the most
widely used accelerator.
➢ Set-retarding admixtures are used primarily to
offset the accelerating effect of high ambient
temperature and to keep the concrete workable
during the entire placing period.
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Admixtures
➢ Certain organic compounds are used to reduce
the water requirement of a concrete mix for a
given slump. Such compounds are termed
water-reducing admixtures or plasticizers.
➢ High-range water-reducing admixtures, or
superplasticizers, are used to produce high-
strength concrete (see Section 2.12) with a
very low water-cement ratio while
maintaining the higher slumps needed for
proper placement and compaction of the
concrete.
➢ Pozzolans qualify as supplementary
cementitious materials, also referred to as
mineral admixtures, which are used to replace
a part of the portland cement in concrete
35 mixes. Fly ash and silica fume are pozzolans.

Short-Term Loading

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➢ All of the curves have somewhat similar character.

➢ They consist of an initial relatively straight elastic portion in which
stress and strain are closely proportional.
➢ Then begin to curve to the horizontal, reaching the maximum stress,
that is, the compressive strength, at a strain that ranges from about
0.002 to 0.003 for normalweight concretes, and from about 0.003 to
0.0035 for lightweight concretes, the larger values in each case
corresponding to the higher strengths.
➢ All curves show a descending branch after the peak stress is reached.
➢ for the higher-strength concretes, which are generally more brittle than
low-strength concrete.
➢ The modulus of elasticity Ec (in psi units), that is, the slope of the initial
straight portion of the stress-strain curve, is seen to be larger as the
strength of the concrete increases. For concretes in the strength range to
about 6000 psi, it can be computed
37 Ec = 33ω1.5c f′c

➢ For normal weight concrete, ωc = 145 pcf (150 pcf for RC)

Ec = 57,000 f′c

➢ For normal density

concrete with compressive
strength in the range of
3000 psi to 12,000 psi, and
for lightweight concrete
from 3000 psi to 9000 psi;

ω c 1.5
Ec = 40,000 f′c +1,000,000
145

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Long-Term Loading

➢ Concrete was loaded after 28 days, resulting in instantaneous strain, ϵinst

➢ Load was maintained for 230 days, ϵ ≈ 3ϵinst
➢ If the load were maintained, the deformation would follow the solid curve.
➢ If the load is removed, as shown by the dashed curve.
➢ If the concrete is reloaded at some later date, instantaneous and
39 creep deformations develop again, as shown.

Tensile Strength of Concrete

1. Direct tensile strength, f′t

2. Split cylinder strength, fct
3. Modulus of rupture, fr

Table 2.3. Approximate Range of Tensile Strengths of Concrete

For normal weight concrete ⇒ modulus of rupture, fr =7.5 f′c

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Reinforcing Steels for Concrete

1. Plain bars
2. Deformed bars

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Stress-Strain Curve for Reinforcing Steel

Modulus of Elasticity of Steel, Es = 29,000,000 psi = 29,000 ksi

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