The Treaty of

Paris (1898)
FINAL RESEARCH IN READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Enalisan, Jorche Francisca

Group 9 Rementilla, Lucky Josepy
Lawig, Cyrille Zhane
BS Interior Design 1A Sayoc, Penelope
Gratila, John Vice
Mr. Michael C. Pangilinan [Link], Anne Claudine
Porley, Liane Aisen
 Author’s
Background
The following people are the appointed commissioners who

signed The Treaty of Paris Agreement, representatives from both

America and Spain.

William
[Link]
DaY Eugenio Montero Ríos
William
[Link]
Frye Buenaventura Abarzuza
Whitelaw
WhitelawReidReid José de Garnica y Diaz
George
GeorgeGraY
GraY Wenceslao Ramírez de Villa Urrutia
Cushman
[Link]
Davis Rafael Cerero y Saenz
 William Rufus Day
U.S. Secretary of State
Born on April 17, 1849, at Ravenna, Ohio, United States
Died on July 9, 1923, at Mackinac Island, Michigan, United States

After graduating from the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and

passing the bar exam, Day began his legal career in Canton, Ohio.

A lawyer and diplomat from the United States who served as an

Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States for 19 years.

He was appointed assistant secretary of state by President William

McKinley in 1897, and when the Spanish-American War broke out in
1898, he was promoted to secretary of state.

He was opposed to the conflict's imperialist sentiments and argued for a

fair purchase of the Philippines. He resigned after barely five months in
the ministry so that he could lead the American delegation in peace
discussions with Spain.
Cushman K. Davis
Chairman, Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Republican-Minnesota
Born on June 16, 1838, at Henderson, New York, United States
Died on November 27, 1900, at Saint Paul, Minnesota, United State

He was a Republican politician in the United States who served

as the seventh Governor of Minnesota and a U.S. Senator.
Minnesota's senator.

He went to law school and passed the bar exam in 1859, after
which he began practicing law in Waukesha.

From 1862 to 1864, he worked for General Gorman's staff as an

assistant adjutant general. After serving his country, he
traveled to St. Paul, Minnesota, where he began his political
career.

During his time as governor, he established an independent

railroad commission and changed the state constitution to
allow women to vote in school elections and run for public
office in California, among other things.
 William Pierce Frye
President pro tempore of Senate, Republican-Maine
Born on September 2, 1830, at Lewiston, Maine, United States.
Died in Lewiston, Maine, August 8, 1911

He was a well-known senator from Maine who was a member of the US Senate.

William Pierce Frye was the inspiration for the design of the four-masted steel barque,
which was launched in Bath, Maine.

He was most known for his support for the shipping industry, but he was unsuccessful
in obtaining government subsidies on several instances.

In 1898, he supported the annexation of Hawaii as well as the acquisition of the

Philippine Islands. He was named to the peace commission that mediated the end of
the Spanish-American War by President William McKinley.

There was tremendous animosity in the United States as a result of the loss of the
William P. Frye, the first American commercial ship to be sunk by German aggression
during the First World War.
George Gray
Senator, Democrat- Delaware
Born on May 4, 1840 in New Castle, Delaware
Died on August 7, 1925 in Wilmington, DE
Gray is a politician and judge from New Castle, Delaware, served in the legislaturefrom 1840
until 1925.
He graduated from the College of New Jersey (Princeton University) in 1859. Gray went to
Harvard Law School and studied law with his father, Andrew C. Gray.
He married his first wife, Harriet L. Black, a New Castle native, in 1870.
He was a member of the Democratic Party and a United States Senator representing Delaware
from 1885 until 1899. He was afterwards sent to the United States. He served in the Circuit
Court, Third District, as well as the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague, from 1899 to
1914.
In 1880, his wife died; two years later, he married her sister Margaret J. Black.
In March 1885, Delaware Senator Thomas F. Bayard, Sr., a Democrat, resigned from the Senate
to serve as Secretary of State under President Grover Cleveland. The General Assembly
appointed Gray to fill the final two years of Bayard's Senate term. Gray was re-elected in 1886,
1892, and 1898.
While in the Senate, Senator Gray served on the Senate Patents Committee, Privileges and
Elections Committee and Revolutionary Claims Committee. In 1898, he served on the
commission to settle peace between the United States and Spain at the end of the Spanish-
American War. In that same year, he was a member of the Joint High Commission in Quebec
to settle differences between the United States and Canada.
Gray was elected to the Smithsonian Institution's Board of Regents in 1890. He chaired the US
delegation to the Pan-American Scientific Congress in 1915, and he was also vice president
and trustee of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Whitelaw reid
Born on October 27, 1837 in Xenia, Ohio, United States
Died on December 15, 1912 in London, England, United Kingdom
His parents are Robert Charlton Reid and Marion Whitelaw Ronalds.
He studied at Miami University where he graduated with honors in 1856.
He served as war correspondent to Cincinnati Gazette and a librarian of the House
of the Representative from 1862 to 1868.
From 1870 to 1871, he was assigned to do the exceptional coverage of Franco-
German War.
Became the editor in chief and publisher of the New York Tribune in 1872.
In 1881, Reid married the daughter of Darius Odgen Mills, Elisabeth Mills, which
he has two children named Odgen Mills Reid and Jean Templeton Reid.
From 1889 to 1892, he served as the U.S. Ambassador to France.
Reid was nominated as Republican vice president but lost in the year 1892.
In 1898, he was appointed as peace commissioner by President William McKinley
during Spanish-American War.
He served as the U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain from 1905 until his death in
1912.
 Eugenio Montero Rios
President of the Spanish Senate
Born on November 13, 1832, in Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Died on May 12, 1914 in Madrid, Spain
He studied and started his career at the University of Santiago de Compostela
His political career began in Santiago with the establishment of La Opinion Publica, a journal
aimed at reuniting the dispersed Progressist party; in 1869, he was elected officer (Progressist)
and demonstrated in the Chamber that he was a great opponent of ultramontanism and a defender
of democracy monarchy, he was regarded as one of the Liberal Party's leading me
He is engrossed in legal studies. He was appointed to a commission for codifying criminal law in
1872, and later in life (1898), he was president of a section of the General Codification
commission
In 1888, he presided over the Supreme Tribunal for a brief period of time. After serving in
Herrera's Cabinet (1883) and Sagasta's Cabinets (1885 and 1892-3), he was elected to the
Senate in 1893 and served as its president in 1894-5.
He led the Spanish delegation that negotiated the Treaty of Paris with the United States at the
end of the Spanish-American War in 1898, and he was also senate president in 1899. During his
political career, he was regarded as one of the Liberal Party's leading men. Santiago, and thence
passed to the chair of scriptural law at the Central University, Madrid.
Throughout the revolutionary period Montero was the object of bitter attacks by the clerical
parties. During Amadeo I's brief reign, he remained in power. and drafted that King's resignation
act, but remained out of politics for several years after Alphonso XII's succession.
Buenaventura De Abarzuza Y Ferrer
Senator of the Kingdom and ex-Minister of the Crown
Born on January 01, 1843 at Havana, Cuba
Died on 13 April 1910 at Madrid, Spain
He was a deputy from 1869 until 1873, then ambassador to Paris in 1873, drifting

close to the prominent politician Emilio Castelar, also from Cádiz, who was

president of the Executive Power during the First Spanish Republic.

During Práxedes Mateo Sagasta's presidency, he served as overseas minister and

supported a series of administrative changes aimed at attracting moderate Cubans.

He was elected senator for the province of Huesca in 1882.

He was a member of the Possibility Party before defecting to the monarchists.

In 1898, he was part of a mission sent to negotiate the Treaty of Paris, which was

signed by Queen Dowager Regent of Spain Mara Cristina de Habsburgo y Lorena

following the war in Cuba and took effect on December 10, 1898. During Francisco

Silvela's presidency.

He was also Minister of State. He contributed to the publication La Democracia with

a number of pieces.
 José de Garnica y Diaz
Pablo Garnica y Echevarría
Deputy to the Cortes and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court
Born on December 28, 1876 in Madrid
Died on December 12,1959 in Madrid

one of the representative of spain during signing of Treaty of

peace also known as Treaty of Paris. José de Garnica Y Diaz
was a deputy to the Cortes and a supreme court associate
justice.
a member of the Liberal Party
minister of supply in spain
Wenceslao Ramírez de Villa Urrutia
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Brussels
Born on February 17, 1850, at the village of Villa-Urrutia, in the province of
Murcia, Spain
Died at Madrid, Spain in 1933
After serving as the Spanish ambassador to Italy from 1905 to 1906, Ramirez
was elected to the Senate for life.
During the reign of Alfonso XIII of Spain, the 1st Marquis of Villa-Urrutia was a
Spanish noble, politician, and diplomat who served as Minister of State under
Raimundo Fernández Villaverde.
Ramírez was a member of the Royal Academy of History and the Royal Spanish
Academy.
He was awarded the Order of Isabella the Catholic and the Order of Charles III,
as well as the Cross of Naval Merit, for his service to Spain and his military
activities.
He has written a number of historical works, including La conferencia de
AIgeciras (The Conference of Algeciras) (1906), Relaciones de España e
Inglaterra durante la Guerra de la Independencia (Spanish and English Relations
during the War of Independence) (1911), Apuntes para la historia diplomática de
España (Notes for the Diplomatic History of Spain) (1914), etc.
 Rafael Cerero Y Saenz
[Link] RAFAEL CERERO Y SAENZ
General of Division
Born on November 13,1831
Died on Narch 29,1906 (74) at Madrid
Military Engineer
he studied at the School of Military Engineering, and received his commission as
lieutenant in the Royal Engineers in 1852.
During the course of his military career, he was employed on many special
missions and on the construction of roads, buildings and military defence works
in Spain and her over-sea possessions.
He visited other countries at the request of the Spanish Government in order to
investigate and report on progress in land and marine artillery, and was
appointed one of the Cuban Commissioners at the Philadelphia Exhibition of
1876.
Appointed as a member of the Committee of Defence and President of several
military commissions.
He was appointed as one of the Spanish commissioners for the Treaty of paris.
Historical Background of the Document
The Philippines too was beginning to grow restive with Spanish rule. José Rizal, a member of a wealthy
mestizo family, resented that his upper mobility was limited by Spanish insistence on promoting only "pure-
blooded" Spaniards. He began his political career at the University of Madrid in 1882 where he became the
leader of Filipino students there.

In March 1887, a Publication in Berlin, Germany, of Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) by José Rizal, the
Philippines' most illustrious son, awakened Filipino national consciousness.

La Liga Filipina, a political action group that sought reforms in the Spanish administration of the
Philippines by peaceful means, was launched formally at a Tondo meeting by José Rizal upon his return
to the Philippines from Europe and Hong Kong in June 1892. Rizal's arrest three days later for
possessing anti-friar bills and eventual banishment to Dapitan directly led to the demise of the Liga a
year or so later.
During his absence, Andrés Bonifacio founded Katipunan, dedicated to the violent overthrow of
Spanish rule. On August 26, 1896, after learning that the Katipunan had been betrayed, Bonifacio
issued the Grito de Balintawak, a call for Filipinos to revolt. Bonifacio was succeeded as head of the
Philippine revolution by Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, who had his predecessor arrested and executed on
May 10, 1897. Aguinaldo negotiated a deal with the Spaniards who exiled him to Hong Kong with
400,000 pesos that he subsequently used to buy weapons to resume the fight.

Jose Rizal died from the injustice way of killing by the Spanish government in Dec 30, 1896, his death
resulted to a revolution lead by General Emilio Aguinaldo. Following the massive explosion of
unknown origin sank the Maine in Havana harbor on Februaey 15, killing 260 of the 400 American
crewmembers aboard, the United States issued an ultimatum to Spain in March 1898, asking that it
recognize US arbitration and finally surrender sovereignty of Cuba.

An official U.S. Naval Court of Inquiry ruled in March, without much evidence, that the ship was
blown up by a mine, but it did not directly place the blame on Spain.
Presentation and Analysis of the
Content/Important Historical
Information

On 12 August 1898, the Protocol of Peace was signed directing five Americans and five Spanish commissioners to meet
in Paris to discuss peace terms between US and Spain
December 10, 1898 seven months after the outbreak of the Spanish-American war, the Spaniards and Americans signed
the treaty of paris stating in the treaty the transfer of leadership in the united states from spain to the countries; guam,
cuba and puerto rico and choosing the united states in the philippines from spain in the amount of $ 20 Million. On this
date the policing between the two powerful countries also ended.
The treaty did not go on effect until after its ratification. Initially, many American senators did not favor it for they
thought of it as unfair to the Filipinos and a manifestation of imperialism. Unfortunately, the Filipino-American
hostilities that erupted on 4 February 1899 in the Philippines (known as the “First Shot”) changed the course of the
tide.
The American and Spanish government reckoned the Treaty of Paris as an instrument of Peace, but the Filipinos
resented its conclusion and ratification for they were not consulted and considered in its making.
 On Oct. 1, 1898, American and Spanish delegates
opened discussions in Paris to end the Spanish-
American War. The American commission
consisted of Judge William R. Day, Sen. Cushman
K. Davis, Sen. William P. Frye, Sen. George Gray,
and Whitelaw Reid. The Spanish commission
included the Spanish diplomats Eugenio Montero
Ríos, Buenaventura de Abarzuza, José de Garnica,
Oct. - Dec. 1898: The American Peace Commission at a conference in Wenceslao Ramírez de Villa-Urrutia, and
their council-room at the Continental Hotel in Paris.

[Link] Cerero, as well as a French diplomat,

LEFT TO RIGHT: Whitelaw Reid, Sen. George Gray, John Moore Jules Cambon.
(Secretary), Judge William R. Day, Sen. William P. Frye, and Sen.
Cushman K. Davis.

 On the same day, at Washington, D.C.,

Philippine ambassador Felipe Agoncillo and
his secretary, Sixto Lopez, met with President
William McKinley but his request that
Filipinos be represented at the Paris peace
talks was rejected.

The Times, Washington, D.C., issue of Oct. 2, 1898

 Agoncillo (LEFT) and Felix Roxas (RIGHT) went to

Paris and tried to represent the Filipinos in the
negotiations, but they were excluded from the
sessions as Aguinaldo's declaration of Philippine
independence on June 12, 1898 was not
recognized by the family of nations. The snub irked
Filipino leaders, whose troops effectively
Filipino diplomats and leaders in Paris, 1898. SEATED, from controlled the entire archipelago except Muslim
left: F. de Almores, Felipe Agoncillo, Pedro Roxas, and areas in Mindanao and the capital city of Manila.
Antonino Vergel de Dios. STANDING, from left: B.
Villanueva, Antonio Roxas, E. Brias, and P.A. Roxas.
Tension and ill feelings were growing between
American and Filipino troops in Manila and the
suburbs. In addition to Manila, Iloilo, the main port on
the island of Panay, also was a pressure point. The
Revolutionary Government of the Visayas was
proclaimed there on Nov. 17, 1898, and an American
force stood poised to capture the city. Upon the
announcement of the treaty, the radicals, Apolinario
Mabini and General Antonio Luna, prepared for war,
and provisional articles were added to the
constitution giving President Aguinaldo dictatorial
powers in times of emergency.
Issue of November 22,1898 Issue of December 03,1898
 LEFT TO RIGHT: Felipe Agoncillo,
Sixto Lopez, and two other
Filipinos poring over documents in
Paris; they were trying to prevent
the cession of the Philippines to
the United States and to secure
recognition of the new Philippine
Republic.
 On December 10 the Treaty of Paris was
signed, thus ending the Spanish-American
War. Spain ceded the Philippines, Guam, and
Puerto Rico (Cuba was granted its
independence); in return, the US paid Spain
the sum of US$20 million for the Philippines.
(The Philippine-American War, which broke
Dec. 10, 1898: Last joint session of the Treaty of Paris. Attendees (LEFT to RIGHT)
are: Senator William Frye, John Moore (Secretary), Senator George Gray, Senator
out two months later, cost the United States
Cushman Davis, Judge William Day, Whitelaw Reid, General Rafael Cerero, $200 million).
Wenceslao Ramirez de Villa-Urrutia, Jose de Garnica, Buenaventura de Abarzuza,
Eugenio Montero Rios, Arthur Ferguson (interpreter), and Emilio de Ojeda.

 SIGNATURE OF WITNESS, DECEMBER 10, 1898

Each of their signatures signifies consent; it shows that the

documents are relevant and that they are signed in
accordance with the Treaty of Paris. It is a method of
ensuring that the document in front of us is valid by
requiring a signature from the person who created the
document.
Diego de los Ríos, the last Spanish Governor-
General of the Philippines.

He became the governor on Aug.

13, 1898, with the capital at Iloilo
on Panay Island, after Governor-
General Fermin Jaudenes
surrendered at Manila. His term
ended on Dec. 10, 1898 when the
Treaty of Paris was signed.
 Pages 8 and 9 out of 19 pages comprising
the Treaty of Paris, which ended the
Spanish-American War. Spain relinquished
Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the
Philippines to the United States in
exchange of payment of $20,000,000.
Spain also agreed to assume the
$400,000,000 Cuban debt.
 ARTICLES UNDER THE
PARIS AGREEMENT
The Treaty of Paris was made up of thirteen articles that
The Treaty
stipulate theofconditions,
Paris wasobligations,
made up of as
thirteen
well asarticles that that
the benefits
stipulate
the the conditions,
Governments of Spainobligations,
and United asStates
well ascould
the benefits that
enjoy over
the Governments
ceded islands. of Spain and United States could enjoy over
the ceded islands.
The first three articles provided Spain’s relinquishment of her
The first
claims three
over articlescolonies
its former providedincluding
Spain’s relinquishment of her
Cuba, Puerto Rico and
claims over itsinformer
other islands colonies
the West including
Indies, and the Cuba, Puerto
Philippine Rico and
Islands.
other islands in the West Indies, and the Philippine Islands.
ARTICLE III: Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands. The

United States will pay to Spain the sum of twenty million dollars ($20,000,000) within three months

after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty.

ARTICLE IV: The United States will, for the term of ten years from the date of the exchange of the

ratifications of the present treaty, admit Spanish ships and merchandise to the ports of the Philippine

Islands on the same terms as ships and merchandise of the United States

ARTICLE IV: The United States will, for the term of ten years from the date of the exchange of the

ratifications of the present treaty, admit Spanish ships and merchandise to the ports of the Philippine

Islands on the same terms as ships and merchandise of the United States

ARTICLE V - The United States will, upon the signature of the present treaty, send back to Spain, at its

own cost, the Spanish soldiers taken as prisoners of war on the capture of Manila by the American

forces. The arms of the soldiers in question shall be restored to them. The time within which the

evacuation of the Philippine Islands and Guam shall be completed shall be fixed by the two

Governments. Stands of colors, uncaptured war vessels, small arms, guns of all calibres, with their

carriages and accessories, powder, ammunition, live stock, and materials and supplies of all kinds,

belonging to the land and naval forces of Spain in the Philippines and Guam, remain the property of

Spain.
ARTICLE VI: Spain will, upon the signature of the present treaty, release all prisoners of war, and all

persons detained or imprisoned for political offenses, in connection with the insurrections in Cuba

and the Philippines and the war with the United States

ARTICLE VII: In conformity with the provisions of Articles I, II, and III of this treaty, Spain relinquishes in

Cuba, and cedes in Porto Rico and other islands in the West Indies, in the island of Guam, and in the

Philippine Archipelago, all the buildings, wharves, barracks, forts, structures, public highways and

other immovable property which, in conformity with law, belong to the public domain, and as such

belong to the Crown of Spain.

ARTICLE IX: The civil rights and political status of the native inhabitants of the territories hereby

ceded to the United States shall be determined by the Congress.

ARTICLE X: The inhabitants of the territories over which Spain relinquishes or cedes her sovereignty

shall be secured in the free exercise of their religion.

ARTICLE XI: The Spaniards residing in the territories over which Spain by this treaty cedes or

relinquishes her sovereignty shall be subject in matters civil as well as criminal to the jurisdiction of

the courts of the country wherein they reside, pursuant to the ordinary laws governing the same; and

they shall have the right to appear before such courts, and to pursue the same course as citizens of

the country to which the courts belong.

 ARTICLE XII: Judicial proceedings pending at the time of the exchange of ratifications of this treaty in

the territories over which Spain relinquishes or cedes her sovereignty shall be determined according

to the following rules:

1. Judgments rendered either in civil suits between private individuals, or in criminal matters, before the

date mentioned, and with respect to which there is no recourse or right of review under the Spanish law,

shall be deemed to be final, and shall be executed in due form by competent authority in the territory

within which such judgments should be carried out.

2. Civil suits between private individuals which may on the date mentioned be undetermined shall be

prosecuted to judgment before the court in which they may then be pending or in the court that may be

substituted therefor.

3. Criminal actions pending on the date mentioned before the Supreme Court of Spain against citizens

of the territory which by this treaty ceases to be Spanish shall continue under its jurisdiction until final

judgment; but, such judgment having been rendered, the execution thereof shall be committed to the

competent authority of the place in which the case arose.

ARTICLE XIII: The rights of property secured by copyrights and patents acquired by Spaniards in the

Island of Cuba, and in Porto Rico, the Philippines and other ceded territories, at the time of the

exchange of the ratifications of this treaty, shall continue to be respected.

In primary documents, it was indicated that the resolved of treaty of paris or also known as treaty of peace

between the United States and Spain signed was at the city of Paris on December 10, 1898

It was led by the queen regent of spain in the name of her August Son, Don Alfonso XIII and the president

of the united states William Mckenly. William R. Day, Cushman K. Davis, William Frye, George Gray and

Whitelaw Reid; the signatories and witnesses to the agreement came from the United States while Don

Eugenio Montero Rios, Don Buenaventura de Abarzuza, Don Jose de Garnica, Don Wenceslao Ramirez de

Villaurrutia and Don Rafael Centro came from Spain.

On the same day, at Washington, D.C., Philippine ambassador Felipe Agoncillo and his secretary, Sixto

Lopez, met with President William McKinley but his request that Filipinos be represented at the Paris peace

talks was rejected

Leader Emilio Aguinaldo thought that the United States was on his side and he trusted it but in fact it

would ignite and cause another large-scale war between the Filipinos and the Americans and this is what

happened in the Treaty of Paris, in the agreement it will put the Filipino people in danger again and as

mentioned recently it will bring a new war again.

In another primary documents from the treaty of paris As you can see, the ‘ayes’ had it, 57 votes to 27. But the

vote was incredibly close—two more ‘nays’ would have amounted to Senatorial rejection. I think McKinley

behaved very shrewdly throughout the negotiation process and helped himself in a number of ways.
RELEVANCE
of the Document Presented

• Through this Treat the Philippines is finally freed from the Governance of Spaniards for
almost 300 years.

• In accordance with Article 7 of the Treaty of Paris, the Philippines benefited from state-
to-state peacemaking between Spaniards and Filipinos, and both prisoners of war will be
released.

• Had the opportunity to exchange goods between American and Filipino.

• The Philippines benefited from Article III of the Treaty of Paris because it ceded the
Archipelago, Philippine Island, to the Spanish while retaining control of the remaining
islands. The people of the Philippines had suffered under Spanish rule, and the United
States' offer under international law was a welcome relief.
• The Treaty of Paris, signed in 1898, officially ended the Spanish-American War.
Philippine insurgents who fought against Spanish rule during the war had the opportunity
to immediately turn their guns against the new occupiers, and the United States lost ten
times as many troops suppressing the Philippines as it did defeating Spain.

• As a result of the Treaty of Paris, American colonialism occurred, resulting in the task of
"civilizing" and "educating" the Philippines in order to prepare the Filipinos for self-
government.

• This document serves as fundamental proof of why Filipino revolutionaries and

American colonizers that have been occurred.

• The Philippines gains the protection of American forces against other neighboring forces
attempting to conquer the Philippines. ( I know medyo out of the circle to pero just give it
a try)
 Conclusion
After providing important and reliable information about the Treaty
of Paris, it can be concluded that the United States of America doesn’t
have a pure plan to help the Philippines on defeating Spain but rather
has an interior motif of invading the country. Spanish being defeated
by the force of Filipinos and Americans made the situation easier for
the United States to gain the trust of the Philippines that Emilio
Aguinaldo quickly thought Americans was an ally. It also concludes
how eager the Philippines is on achieving freedom from nightmares
that the Spaniards brought for 300 years.

Moreover, Treaty of Paris is a document that gives an insight on what

is the value of the Philippines in the eye of the colonizers. Filipino
representatives being excluded in the Paris meeting for the peace
talk between the Spain and America shows that our country was
treated as a possession not an individual country. Lastly, seeking for
independence only to be replaced by another invasion and war was
the cruelest thing that happened in the Philippines that time.
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