Drilling Equipment
Stage cementer/stage tools/
Divergence valve tool (D.V.T)
• A stage used
when cementing
long string of csg
to prevent weak
formations being
subjected to
excessive
hydrostatic
pressure of long
cement
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Drilling Equipment
Casing Setting Depth
The initial selection of casing setting depths is
based on the pore pressure and fracture pressure
gradients for the well which are usually available
from offset well data.
There are other factors affect the selection of
casing points.
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Drilling Equipment
Other Factors that affect the Selection of
Casing Points are:
• Shallow gas zones
• Lost circulation zones, which limit mud weights
• Well control
• Formation stability, which is sensitive to
exposure time or mud weight
• Directional well profile
• Sidetracking requirements
• Isolation of fresh water sands (drinking water)
• Hole cleaning
• Salt sections
• High pressured zones
• Casing shoes should where practicable be set in
competent formations
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Drilling Equipment
Casing Point Selection
• Restrictions on Casing Shoe Depth;
– Wellbore Stability:
• We may be restricted by
deterioration of the wellbore with
time,
• If a formation is stabilized by our
mud system for up to 10 days,
then drilling ahead for 12 days
might prevent us logging the hole
or running casing.
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Drilling Equipment
Casing Point Selection
• Restrictions on Casing Shoe Depth;
– Mud Requirements:
• We may have formations which
have mutually exclusive
requirements for the mud,
• For instance if we have very
reactive shale requiring ideally
OBM at a higher density to drill,
but the mud will cause emulsion
blocking in the reservoir, then we
need to separate the two with
casing.
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Drilling Equipment
Casing Point Selection
• Restrictions on Casing Shoe Depth;
– Fracture gradient at the shoe:
• We need to set our casing in a competent formation for
drilling ahead,
• We could drill to the limit for kick tolerance on a hole
section; but if the place where we set the casing is fractured
or underpressured then the shoe will be too weak to drill
ahead.
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Drilling Equipment
Fracture
Pressure
Depth 1 P1 F1 1
Depth
Depth 2 P2 F2 2
Pore
Pressure
Depth 3 P3 3
Pressure
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Drilling Equipment
Fracture gradient Definition
and importance
• Is minimum total in-situ stress
divided by the depth.
• Used to
– Select casing seat depth
– Prevention of lost circulation
– Plan hydraulic fractures.
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Drilling Equipment
Fracture gradient depends
on:
1. Type of rock
2. Degree of anisotropy
3. Formation pore pressure
4. Magnitude of overburden
5. Degree of tectonics
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Drilling Equipment
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
0
Pore Gradient (psi/ft)
Mud Gradient (psi/ft)
Kick margin (psi/ft)
Fracture gradient (psi)
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
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Drilling Equipment
Classification of CSG.
1. Outside diameter of pipe (e.g. 9 5/8”)
2. Wall thickness (e.g. 1/2”)
3. Grade of material (e.g. N-80)
4. Type to threads and couplings (e.g. API
LCSG)
5. Length of each joint (RANGE) (e.g. Range 3)
6. Nominal weight (Avg. wt/ft incl. Wt. Coupling)
(e.g. 47 lb/ft)
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Drilling Equipment
1-Grades of casing
• Casing is graded on the basis of its
minimum yield strength.
• The yield strength is defined as the tensile
stress required to produce a total
elongation of 0.5 % of the length.
• ( except in the case of grade P-110 casing
,where yield strength is defined as the
tensile stress required to produce a total
elongation of 0.6 % of the length).
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Drilling Equipment
Grade Of Steel e
Grade Minimum yield strength psi ) Minimum tensile strength
)* 10^3 ( psi ) * 10^3
H40 40 60
J55 55 70 – 95
K55 55 70 – 95
C75 75 95
N80 80 100
L80 80 100
C95 95 105
P110 110 125
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Drilling Equipment
2-Length of Casing Joints
Range types Length ( ft ) Average length (ft )
Range one ( 16 – 25 ) ft 22
Range tow ( 25 – 34 ) ft 31
Range three ( 34 – 48 ) ft 42
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Drilling Equipment
3-Casing Threads and Couplings
• Individual lengths of casing are usually
jointed by means of threaded couplings.
• Coupling are graded in the same manner
as casing(minimum Y.S).
• Physical properties of a couplings must be
at least equal to those of the casing joint.
• Coupling are classified also according to
the outside diameter and the wall thickness
of the casing.
• Finally couplings are classified as either
long or short in accordance with the
lengths of the threads of the casing.
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Drilling Equipment
3- Casing Threads and Couplings
API round threads - short { CSG }
API round thread - long { LCSG }
Buttress { BCSG }
Extreme line { XCSG }
Other …
See Halliburton Book...
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Drilling Equipment
Casing Threads and
Couplings
and oil
emium tubing types - for low pressure and oil
plications.
60
EU and NU types
Thread seal on EU and NU types
EU and NU types
Collar recess on EU and NU types
Tapered seal
assisted by thread Tapered seal
compound assisted by thread
compound
Upset (thicker)
section
API rounded thread API Buttress connection
connection
Non Upset (NU)
FAQ
External Upset (EU)
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Drilling Equipment
External Upset (EU) Non Upset (NU)
Casing Threads and
Premium tubing types - for high pressure and gas
Couplings
applications.
6
Non Collar Recess on
premium types of
Seal
Seal
Seal
Seal
Basic types only shown - variations
API VAM
Vam connection
API extreme-line
Hydril CS
connection
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Drilling Equipment
Joint strength
1. The axial tension load which can be supported
at a casing joint is called the joint strength.
2. Joint strength depends on the grade, size, and
weight of the casing, and on the effective
length of the threads.
3. When casing is run, the couplings forming the
joints in the upper sections are in tension
because of the weight of the casing suspended
below them.
4. These joints must, of course, possess sufficient
strength to resist rupture or deformation
under the axial stresses to which they will be
subjected. Additionally, they must be leak-
resistant in tension if the casing string is to
perform its functions properly.
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Drilling Equipment
4-Weight Per Unit Length (
Ib/Ft Or Kg/M )
A- Nominal Weight
• Weight per ft for ( 20 ft ) length of Thread and
Coupling of casing .
B- Plain End Weight
• Weight of joint Casing without Thread and
Coupling .
C- Average Weight
• Weight of joint Casing including the Thread
at both ends and Coupling at one end .
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Drilling Equipment
The forces affecting on the
casing
When casing is set in a hole . It is subjected to
three significant forces:
1. external force which result from an external
pressure.
This pressure tends to collapse the casing.
2. internal force which result from internal
pressure.
this pressure tends to burst the casing
3. Longitudinal or axial loading on the casing.
Axial loading may be tension due to dead
weight Or Compression due to buoyancy.
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Drilling Equipment
Casing Design - Tension
• Axial tension (from dead weight) has two effects:
1) It tends to pull the casing apart
2) It lowers the resistance of casing to collapse from
external pressures.
Joint
Failure
Pipe
` Body
Failure
Weight of Weight of
string string
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Drilling Equipment
Casing Design - Burst
(from internal pressure)
Internal Yield Pressure for pipe
Internal Yield Pressure for couplings
Internal pressure leak resistance
p Internal p
Pressure
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Drilling Equipment
Casing Design - Collapse
(from external pressure)
COLLAPSE FAILURE FROM EXTERNAL PRESSURE
External
pressure
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Drilling Equipment
Casing Design
Considerations
– The end product of well design
and construction is a pressure
vessel capable of withstanding
the expected internal and external
pressures and axial loading,
– Casing loads:
• tension
• collapse
• burst
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Drilling Equipment
Casing design
considerations
– Tension:
• Where: highest at top joint
• Design: add bending forces, shock
loads
– Collapse:
• Where: bottom of string
• Design: empty casing, mud outside,
mobile formations, no cement
– Burst:
• Where: top of string
• Design: no cement, mud outside, gas
filled casing
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Drilling Equipment
Burst
• Design for maximum pressure on the
inside of the casing. API design
recommendations call for the worst
case scenario, which is the annulus
is empty, and no external pressure.
The pressure to design for is the
estimated formation pressure at TD
for production casing, or estimated
formation pressure at the next
casing depth.
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Drilling Equipment
Collapse
• API design recommendations call
for worst case, where there is no
pressure inside the casing, and we
design for the maximum mud
weight at the casing depth. We
also allow for the reduction of the
collapse rating from the weight of
the casing hanging below the
depth of interest.
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Drilling Equipment
Tension
• API recommendations call for
worst case, where there is no
buoyancy effect. Design is
based on the weight of the
entire casing string.
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Drilling Equipment
Tension
Casing Design
Tension
Depth
Burst
Collapse
Collapse STRESS
• Burst::Assume full reservoir pressure all along the wellbore.
• Collapse: Hydrostatic pressure increases with depth
• Tension:Tensile stress due to weight of string is highest at top
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Drilling Equipment
Effects of External Pressure
• If casing is lowered into a hole , the pressure
outside the casing may be greater than pressure
inside the casing because of fluid pressure in the
formation opposite the casing or because of the
column of fluid standing between casing and
hole.
• When the external pressure is greater than the
internal pressure with sufficient magnitude,
there is a tendency for the casing to collapse.
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Drilling Equipment
The collapse may be plastic
or elastic
• If the collapse occurs under elastic
deformation ,casing is said to be elastic
failure.
• If the collapse occurs under plastic
deformation ,casing is said to be plastic
failure.
• Collapse resistance; is the ability of
casing to withstand external pressure
without occurring plastic or elastic
failure.
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