Mrs. Marilyn R.

Roxas
Meaning and Characteristics
of Research
is defined as the scientific
investigation of
phenomena which
includes collection,
presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of facts that
lines an individual’s
speculation with reality.
Characteristics of Empirical
Research
Replicability Logical

RESEARCH

Methodical Cyclical

Critical Analytical
 The Research Process
Define Review
Formulate Design
research the hypothesis research
problem literature

Interpret
Analyze Collect
and
data Data
report
The Basic Research Processes
Identify the
Question or Collect Data Analyze data
Problem

Source: Garcia, et.al (2017)

Review the Develop the

Select Methods Cite your

Clearly define
Define the Conclude your
terms and Proofread
Population research
concepts
 Factors to Consider in
Selecting a Research Problem
❖ Researcher’s area of interest
❖ Availability of Funds
❖ Investigator’s ability and
training
 Ethics in Research
Ethics generally is considered to deal
with beliefs about what is right or wrong,
proper or improper, good or bad.
According to a dictionary definition
(Webster’s 1968), to be ethical is to
conform to accepted professional
practice.
 Ethical Considerations
in Conducting Research
❑Objectivity and integrity
❑Respect of the research subjects’ right to
privacy and dignity and protection of
subjects from personal harm
❑Presentation of research findings
 Ethical Considerations
in Conducting Research
❑Misuse of research role
❑Acknowledgement of research
collaboration and assistance
❑Distortions of findings by sponsor
 Ethical Considerations
in Conducting Research
❑Openness
❑Responsible Mentoring
❑Social responsibility
❑Competence
❑Legality
❑Animal Care
❑Human Subjects Protection
 Unethical Practices
in Conducting Research
❑Deceiving a respondent about the true
purpose of a study
❑Asking a respondent questions that cause
him or her extreme embarrassment; guilt
emotional turmoil by remaining him or her
of an unpleasant experience
❑Invading the privacy of a respondent
 Unethical Practices
in Conducting Research
❑Studying the respondents’ or research
subjects without their knowledge
❑When analyzing the data – revealing only
part of the facts, presenting facts out of
context, falsifying findings or offering
misleading presentation such as lying with
statistics.