DelDOT Bridge Design Manual

Table of Contents
Page
Chapter One - Introduction
1.1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................1-1
Chapter Two - Bridge Project Development
2.1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................2-1
2.2 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS .........................................................................................2-1
2.3 SOURCES OF BRIDGE PROJECTS ............................................................................2-1
2.3.1 BRIDGE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ..................................................................2-2
[Link] Deficiency Ranking.............................................................................................2-2
[Link] Funding................................................................................................................2-2
2.3.2 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ................................................................2-3
2.3.3 EMERGENCY AND MAINTENANCE PROJECTS ...............................................2-3
[Link] District Maintenance Forces................................................................................2-3
[Link] Contracts..............................................................................................................2-4
2.3.4 PROJECTS FOR OTHER AGENCIES AND MUNICIPALITIES ..........................2-4
2.3.5 PEDESTRIAN and highway BRIDGE OVERPASSES ............................................2-4
2.4 BRIDGE TYPE SELECTION........................................................................................2-4
2.4.1 GUIDELINES ............................................................................................................2-5
2.4.2 ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS ......................................................................................2-5
2.4.3 VALUE ENGINEERING ..........................................................................................2-6
2.5 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ......................................................................................2-6
2.5.1 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS .....................................................................................2-6
2.5.2 MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC ...............................................................................2-6
2.5.3 CONSTRUCTIBILITY..............................................................................................2-7
2.5.4 DESIGN FOR MAINTENANCE ..............................................................................2-7
[Link] Maintainability ....................................................................................................2-7
[Link] Provisions for Inspection.....................................................................................2-8
2.5.5 FUTURE WIDENING ...............................................................................................2-9
2.5.6 CONTEXT SENSITIVE DESIGN ............................................................................2-9
2.6 DESIGN LOADS............................................................................................................2-9
2.6.1 LIVE LOADS ............................................................................................................2-9
2.6.2 DEAD LOADS ..........................................................................................................2-9
2.7 BRIDGE LOAD RATING .............................................................................................2-9
2.8 PLAN PRESENTATION ...............................................................................................2-9
2.8.1 DRAFTING STANDARDS.....................................................................................2-10

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2.8.2 PLAN SHEET SEQUENCE ....................................................................................2-10
2.8.3 BRIDGE SHEET PREPARATION .........................................................................2-10
[Link] General and Project Notes.................................................................................2-10
[Link] Bridge Sheets.....................................................................................................2-11
2.8.4 MINIMUM-DETAIL PLANS .................................................................................2-11
2.8.5 OTHER PLAN SHEETS .........................................................................................2-11
2.9 BRIDGE DESIGN PROCEDURES .............................................................................2-11
2.9.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................2-11
[Link] Designed-In Value.............................................................................................2-11
[Link] Documentation of Design..................................................................................2-12
[Link] Stewardship Agreement ....................................................................................2-13
[Link] Design Consultants............................................................................................2-13
2.9.2 PROJECT INITIATION ..........................................................................................2-14
[Link] Design Responsibility .......................................................................................2-14
[Link] Scoping Meeting ...............................................................................................2-14
[Link] Project Initiation................................................................................................2-15
[Link] Public Involvement ...........................................................................................2-17
2.9.3 DATA ACQUISITION ............................................................................................2-27
[Link] Topographic Survey ..........................................................................................2-27
[Link] Processing Survey Data.....................................................................................2-27
[Link] Survey Plans......................................................................................................2-29
[Link].1 Survey Plan Distribution ............................................................................2-29
2.9.4 PERMITS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS ................................2-29
[Link] Responsibilities .................................................................................................2-29
[Link] U.S. Coast Guard Permits .................................................................................2-30
[Link] Corps of Engineers (COE) Permits ...................................................................2-30
[Link] Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC) .......2-31
[Link].1 Division of Water Resources......................................................................2-31
[Link].1a Wetlands & Subaqueous Lands Section...............................................2-31
[Link].1b Water Supply Section...........................................................................2-31
[Link].2 Division of Soil and Water Conservation .................................................2-32
[Link].2a Sediment and Stormwater Management Section..................................2-32
[Link].2b Delaware Coastal Management Program .............................................2-32
[Link].3 Division of Parks and Recreation..............................................................2-32
[Link].4 Division of Fish and Wildlife Restrictions................................................2-32
[Link].5 Division of Air and Waste Management....................................................2-33
[Link] Section 106 Of The National Historic Preservation Act ...................................2-33
[Link] New Castle County............................................................................................2-34
[Link] Federal Highway Administration ......................................................................2-34
[Link] Environmental Documentation .........................................................................2-35
[Link].1 Categorical Exclusion ................................................................................2-35
[Link].2 Environmental Assessment (EA) ...............................................................2-35
[Link].3 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) .....................................................2-35
2.9.5 PRELIMINARY DESIGN.......................................................................................2-48
[Link] Drainage and Foundation Reports.....................................................................2-48
[Link].1 Hydraulic Report ........................................................................................2-48
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[Link].2 Scour Evaluation Report ............................................................................2-48
[Link].3 Foundation Report......................................................................................2-48
[Link] Pre-TS&L and Conceptual Plans ......................................................................2-48
[Link] Aesthetic Considerations...................................................................................2-48
[Link] Design Exceptions.............................................................................................2-49
[Link] TS&L Plans .......................................................................................................2-49
[Link] Preliminary Plans ..............................................................................................2-50
[Link] Preliminary Plans Review .................................................................................2-50
[Link].1 Preliminary Utility Plans............................................................................2-54
[Link].2 Traffic Design Request...............................................................................2-54
[Link] Public Information.............................................................................................2-54
2.9.6 AGREEMENTS .......................................................................................................2-54
[Link] Types and Purposes of Agreements ..................................................................2-54
[Link].1 Town Agreements .....................................................................................2-54
[Link].2 Railroads.....................................................................................................2-55
[Link].3 Utilities .......................................................................................................2-55
[Link].4 Right-of-Way .............................................................................................2-55
[Link].5 Noise Ordinance Waivers...........................................................................2-55
[Link] Designer Responsibility ....................................................................................2-55
[Link] Responsibility of Other Sections.......................................................................2-55
2.9.7 SEMI-FINAL SUBMISSION ..................................................................................2-56
[Link] Semi-Final Right-of-Way Plan..........................................................................2-56
[Link] Semi-Final Construction Plan Submittal Requirements....................................2-56
[Link] Utilities Submission ..........................................................................................2-56
[Link] Semi-Final Construction Plan Review ..............................................................2-56
2.9.8 SPECIAL PROVISIONS AND CONTRACT DOCUMENTS ...............................2-57
2.9.9 FINAL PLANS AND ESTIMATES........................................................................2-57
[Link] Final Plans .........................................................................................................2-57
[Link] Final Plans Review Meeting .............................................................................2-57
[Link] Title Sheet Signatures........................................................................................2-58
2.9.10 PS&E SUBMISSION.............................................................................................2-58
2.9.11 PS&E APPROVAL AND FUNDING ...................................................................2-58
2.9.12 ADVERTISING .....................................................................................................2-58
2.9.13 PRE-BID MEETINGS ...........................................................................................2-58
2.9.14 ADDENDUMS ......................................................................................................2-58
2.9.15 BID OPENING AND BID REVIEW ....................................................................2-59
2.9.16 REVISIONS ...........................................................................................................2-59
2.9.17 AS-BUILT PLANS ................................................................................................2-59
Chapter Three - Hydrology and Hydraulics
3.1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................3-1
3.1.1 POLICY AND COORDINATION ............................................................................3-1
3.1.2 DESIGN RESPONSIBILITIES .................................................................................3-2
3.1.3 HYDRAULIC ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST...........................................................3-3
3.1.4 TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY .......................................................................................3-3
3.1.5 HYDRAULIC REPORT ............................................................................................3-8
3.2 HYDROLOGY ...............................................................................................................3-8
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3.2.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................3-8
3.2.2 DOCUMENTATION.................................................................................................3-8
3.2.3 ESTIMATING FLOOD RUNOFF AND MAGNITUDES .......................................3-8
[Link] USGS Method .....................................................................................................3-9
[Link] TR-55 ..................................................................................................................3-9
[Link] Recorded Data .....................................................................................................3-9
[Link] Published Reports..............................................................................................3-10
[Link] The Rational Method.........................................................................................3-10
[Link] TR-20 ................................................................................................................3-10
3.2.4 DESIGN FLOOD FREQUENCY ............................................................................3-10
3.2.5 FREQUENCY MIXING ..........................................................................................3-10
3.2.6 SPILLWAY DESIGN ..............................................................................................3-12
3.3 HYDRAULICS.............................................................................................................3-12
3.3.1 CULVERT HYDRAULICS.....................................................................................3-12
3.3.2 BRIDGE HYDRAULICS ........................................................................................3-13
[Link] HEC-RAS..........................................................................................................3-13
[Link] WSPRO .............................................................................................................3-14
3.3.3 STREAM CHANNEL..............................................................................................3-14
3.3.4 ICE AND DEBRIS...................................................................................................3-14
3.3.5 TIDAL HYDRAULICS-BRIDGES AND CULVERTS .........................................3-14
3.3.6 BRIDGE DECK DRAINAGE .................................................................................3-15
3.3.7 TAX DITCHES........................................................................................................3-16
3.4 SCOUR EVALUATION AND PROTECTION...........................................................3-19
3.4.1 EVALUATION CRITERIA ....................................................................................3-19
[Link] Analysis Procedure............................................................................................3-19
[Link] Scourability of Rock..........................................................................................3-20
[Link] Scour Evaluation Report ...................................................................................3-21
[Link] Plan Presentation ...............................................................................................3-21
3.5 STREAM STABILITY.................................................................................................3-22
3.5.1 STREAM STABILITY ANALYSIS .......................................................................3-22
3.5.2 BANK PROTECTION.............................................................................................3-22
3.5.3 CHANNEL MODIFICATIONS ..............................................................................3-23
3.6 PLAN PRESENTATION............................................................................................3-24
Chapter Four - Bridge Load Rating
4.1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................4-1
4.1.1 RESPONSIBILITY....................................................................................................4-1
4.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS ........................................................................................................4-1
4.1.3 LOAD RATING LEVELS.........................................................................................4-2
4.1.4 LOAD RESTRICTION POSTING ............................................................................4-2
4.2 BRIDGE INSPECTIONS ...............................................................................................4-5
4.2.1 INSPECTION TYPES ...............................................................................................4-5
4.2.2 INSPECTION FILES.................................................................................................4-6
4.3 BRIDGE REPLACEMENT AND REHABILITATION RATING ...............................4-6
4.3.1 REQUIRED RATINGS .............................................................................................4-6
4.3.2 RATED STRUCTURES AND ELEMENTS ............................................................4-6
4.4 LOAD RATING METHODS .........................................................................................4-7
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4.4.1 ANALYSIS METHODS............................................................................................4-7
[Link] Load Factor Method ............................................................................................4-7
[Link] Working Stress Design Method ..........................................................................4-7
[Link] Load and Resistance Factor Method ...................................................................4-7
4.4.2 TOOLS .......................................................................................................................4-7
[Link] BRASS Data Set..................................................................................................4-7
[Link] Data Set Standards ..............................................................................................4-8
4.4.3 LOAD TESTING .......................................................................................................4-8
4.5 ANALYTICAL STEPS IN LOAD RATING...............................................................4-13
4.5.1 RATED MEMBERS ................................................................................................4-13
4.5.2 PLAN SHEET RATING NOTES ............................................................................4-13
4.6 LIVE LOADS ...............................................................................................................4-13
4.6.1 LOAD DISTRIBUTION..........................................................................................4-14
4.7 LOAD RATING EXAMPLE ......................................................................................4-14
4.8 LOAD RATING REPORT ...........................................................................................4-14
Chapter Five - Superstructure Design
5.1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................5-1
5.2 DESIGN CRITERIA ......................................................................................................5-1
5.2.1 BRIDGE AND APPROACH GEOMETRY..............................................................5-1
[Link] Design Standards.................................................................................................5-1
[Link] Length..................................................................................................................5-1
[Link] Width...................................................................................................................5-2
[Link] Skew ....................................................................................................................5-2
[Link] Clearances ...........................................................................................................5-2
[Link].1 Vertical Clearance ........................................................................................5-2
[Link].2 Horizontal Clearance and Clear Zone ..........................................................5-2
[Link].3 Railroad Clearance .......................................................................................5-3
5.2.2 Structural Analysis .....................................................................................................5-6
[Link] AASHTO Method ...............................................................................................5-6
[Link] Refined Method...................................................................................................5-6
5.2.3 DESIGN LOADS .......................................................................................................5-6
[Link] Live Loads and Lane Loads ................................................................................5-6
[Link] Dead Loads..........................................................................................................5-6
[Link] Dynamic Load Allowance...................................................................................5-6
[Link] Combinations of Loads .......................................................................................5-6
5.2.4 DESIGN METHODS .................................................................................................5-6
5.2.5 TEMPERATURE RANGE ........................................................................................5-6
5.2.6 DEFLECTIONS .........................................................................................................5-7
5.3 CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS .....................................................................................5-7
5.3.1 DESIGN OF CAST-IN-PLACE DECKS ..................................................................5-7
[Link] Materials..............................................................................................................5-7
[Link] Design..................................................................................................................5-7
[Link] Thickness.............................................................................................................5-7
[Link] Concrete Cover....................................................................................................5-7
[Link] Reinforcement .....................................................................................................5-9
[Link] Stay-in-Place Forms ............................................................................................5-9
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[Link] Pouring Decks .....................................................................................................5-9
5.3.2 DESIGN OF PRECAST SLABS AND DECK PANELS .........................................5-9
[Link] Materials............................................................................................................5-10
[Link] Design................................................................................................................5-10
[Link] Thickness...........................................................................................................5-11
[Link] Concrete Cover..................................................................................................5-13
[Link] Reinforcement Splices.......................................................................................5-13
[Link] CIP Concrete .....................................................................................................5-13
5.3.3 DESIGN OF COMPOSITE ACTION DECKS .......................................................5-13
5.3.4 FINISHED DECK ELEVATIONS ..........................................................................5-14
5.3.5 JOINTS.....................................................................................................................5-14
[Link] Transverse Joints ...............................................................................................5-16
[Link].1 Strip Seals...................................................................................................5-16
[Link].2 Finger Joints ...............................................................................................5-16
[Link] Longitudinal Joints ............................................................................................5-16
[Link] Construction Joints ............................................................................................5-16
5.3.6 DECK PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS...........................................................................5-21
[Link] Overlays ............................................................................................................5-21
5.3.7 MISCELLANEOUS DECK ITEMS........................................................................5-21
[Link] Bridge Rails.......................................................................................................5-21
[Link].1 Policies .......................................................................................................5-21
[Link].2 Types of Bridge Rails.................................................................................5-22
[Link].3 Materials.....................................................................................................5-29
[Link].4 Cover ..........................................................................................................5-29
[Link].5 Guardrail to Barrier Connections ...............................................................5-29
[Link] Screening and Shields .......................................................................................5-29
[Link] Sidewalks ..........................................................................................................5-29
[Link] Curbs .................................................................................................................5-33
5.4 STEEL BEAMS AND GIRDERS ................................................................................5-33
5.4.1 TYPES......................................................................................................................5-33
5.4.2 MATERIALS ...........................................................................................................5-34
5.4.3 DESIGN ...................................................................................................................5-34
[Link] Redundancy Requirements................................................................................5-34
[Link] Beam Spacing....................................................................................................5-34
[Link] Fatigue Design Criteria .....................................................................................5-34
[Link] Beam Design .....................................................................................................5-35
[Link] Welding and Welding Procedures.....................................................................5-35
[Link] Shear Connectors...............................................................................................5-35
[Link] Stiffeners, Diaphragms, and Bracing ................................................................5-35
[Link] Field Connections..............................................................................................5-47
5.4.4 CAMBER DIAGRAMS...........................................................................................5-50
5.4.5 PROTECTIVE COATINGS ....................................................................................5-50
5.5 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS.......................................................................5-53
5.5.1 TYPES......................................................................................................................5-53
5.5.2 MATERIALS ...........................................................................................................5-53
5.5.3 DESIGN ...................................................................................................................5-53
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[Link] Beam Spacing....................................................................................................5-54
[Link] Composite Design .............................................................................................5-54
[Link] Shear Developers...............................................................................................5-54
[Link] Continuity for Live Load...................................................................................5-57
[Link] Diaphragms .......................................................................................................5-57
[Link] Strand Design ....................................................................................................5-57
[Link] Camber Diagram ...............................................................................................5-57
5.6 BEARINGS...................................................................................................................5-58
5.6.1 BEARING DEVICES ..............................................................................................5-58
5.6.2 SEISMIC PROVISIONS..........................................................................................5-74
5.7 SLAB BRIDGES ..........................................................................................................5-74
5.7.1 MATERIALS ...........................................................................................................5-74
5.7.2 DESIGN ...................................................................................................................5-74
5.7.3 THICKNESS ............................................................................................................5-74
5.7.4 CONCRETE COVER ..............................................................................................5-74
5.8 APPROACH SLABS....................................................................................................5-75
5.8.1 MATERIALS ...........................................................................................................5-75
5.8.2 DESIGN ...................................................................................................................5-75
5.8.3 THICKNESS ............................................................................................................5-75
5.8.4 CONCRETE COVER ..............................................................................................5-75
Chapter Six - Substructure Design
6.1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................6-1
6.1 SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATIONS.............................................................................6-1
6.1.1 INFORMATION NEEDED BY THE DESIGNER...................................................6-1
6.1.2 REQUESTS FOR BORINGS ....................................................................................6-1
6.1.3 MATERIALS AND RESEARCH SECTION TESTS...............................................6-4
6.1.4 SOIL SAMPLES ........................................................................................................6-8
6.1.5 GROUND WATER MONITORING.........................................................................6-8
6.1.6 BORING LOGS .........................................................................................................6-9
6.1.7 SOILS DEFINITIONS .............................................................................................6-16
6.1.8 GEOTECHNICAL REPORTS ................................................................................6-18
6.1.9 FOUNDATION REPORTS .....................................................................................6-19
6.2 FOUNDATION DESIGN.............................................................................................6-19
6.2.1 SPREAD FOOTING FOUNDATIONS...................................................................6-21
6.2.2 PILES .......................................................................................................................6-21
[Link] Determining the Need for a Pile Foundation ....................................................6-21
[Link] Types and Details ..............................................................................................6-23
[Link].1 Precast-Prestressed Concrete Piles.............................................................6-23
[Link].2 Precast-Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Piles..............................................6-25
[Link].3 Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles.....................................................................6-25
[Link].3.1 Steel Shell Piles........................................................................................6-25
[Link].3.2 Steel Pipe Piles.........................................................................................6-26
[Link].4 Steel H-Piles..............................................................................................6-29
[Link].5 Timber Piles ..............................................................................................6-29
[Link] Selection of Pile Type ...................................................................................6-30
[Link] Pile Bearing Capacity....................................................................................6-30
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[Link].1 Resistance Factors ......................................................................................6-37
[Link].2 Lateral Loads on Piles ................................................................................6-37
[Link].3 Static Analysis............................................................................................6-37
[Link].4 Dynamic Formula.......................................................................................6-38
[Link].4.1 GRLWEAP..............................................................................................6-39
[Link].4.2 Input Information ....................................................................................6-39
[Link].4.3 Damping and Quake................................................................................6-39
[Link].4.4 Output......................................................................................................6-39
[Link].5 Pile Driving Analyzer.................................................................................6-40
[Link].6 Pile-Soil Interaction....................................................................................6-40
[Link].7 Pile Load Tests ...........................................................................................6-41
[Link] Pile Protection ...............................................................................................6-42
6.2.3 PILE-SUPPORTED FOOTINGS ............................................................................6-42
6.2.4 DRILLED SHAFT FOUNDATIONS......................................................................6-42
[Link] Types of Drilled Shafts .................................................................................6-43
[Link] Application of Drilled Shafts ........................................................................6-43
6.3 SEISMIC DESIGN AND RETROFITTING................................................................6-43
6.4 ABUTMENT DESIGN.................................................................................................6-44
6.4.1 CANTILEVER ABUTMENTS ...............................................................................6-46
6.4.2 STUB ABUTMENTS ..............................................................................................6-46
6.4.3 INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS ....................................................................................6-47
6.4.4 DESIGN METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................6-47
6.4.5 DESIGN LOADS .....................................................................................................6-47
6.5 PIER DESIGN ..............................................................................................................6-47
6.5.1 FRAME AND MULTI-COLUMN PIERS ..............................................................6-47
[Link] Reinforcement ...................................................................................................6-48
[Link] Construction Joints ............................................................................................6-48
[Link] Column Spacing ................................................................................................6-48
[Link] Pier Caps ...........................................................................................................6-48
6.5.2 SOLID OR HOLLOW SHAFT PIERS....................................................................6-54
6.5.3 PILE BENTS............................................................................................................6-54
6.6 RETAINING WALL DESIGN ...................................................................................6-54
6.6.1 TYPES......................................................................................................................6-56
[Link] Post and Plank Walls.....................................................................................6-56
[Link] Sheet Pile Walls ............................................................................................6-56
[Link].1 Steel Sheet Piles .........................................................................................6-56
[Link].2 Concrete Sheet Piles...................................................................................6-56
[Link] Reinforced Concrete Walls ...............................................................................6-57
[Link] Proprietary Retaining Walls ..............................................................................6-57
6.7 APPROACH ROADWAY EMBANKMENT..............................................................6-58
6.7.1 SETTLEMENT ........................................................................................................6-58
6.7.2 SLOPE STABILITY ................................................................................................6-60
6.7.3 SLOPE AND BANK PROTECTION......................................................................6-62
[Link] General ..........................................................................................................6-62
[Link] Geosynthetics ....................................................................................................6-63
[Link] Rock Riprap.......................................................................................................6-63
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6.7.4 MISCELLANEOUS.................................................................................................6-64
6.8 ARCHITECTURAL TREATMENTS..........................................................................6-64
6.9 SUBSTRUCTURE DRAINAGE..................................................................................6-64
Chapter Seven - Culvert, Rigid Frame and Arch Design
7.1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................7-1
7.2 GENERAL POLICY ......................................................................................................7-1
7.2.1 CULVERT HYDRAULICS.......................................................................................7-4
7.2.2 FOUNDATION DESIGN ..........................................................................................7-4
7.2.3 HEADWALLS ...........................................................................................................7-4
7.2.4 WINGWALLS ...........................................................................................................7-4
7.2.5 CUTOFF WALLS......................................................................................................7-5
7.2.6 SCOUR APRONS......................................................................................................7-5
7.2.7 GUARDRAIL ATTACHMENTS..............................................................................7-5
7.2.8 MISCELLANEOUS...................................................................................................7-5
7.3 CONCRETE CULVERTS..............................................................................................7-5
7.3.1 MATERIALS .............................................................................................................7-5
7.3.2 DESIGN .....................................................................................................................7-6
7.3.3 REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX CULVERTS......................................................7-6
[Link] Precast Box Culverts ...........................................................................................7-6
[Link] Cast-In-Place Box Culverts.................................................................................7-7
7.3.4 Rigid Frames ............................................................................................................7-11
7.3.5 CONCRETE PIPE CULVERTS..............................................................................7-16
[Link] Material .............................................................................................................7-16
[Link] Design................................................................................................................7-16
7.3.6 CONCRETE ARCHES ............................................................................................7-16
[Link] MATERIALS ....................................................................................................7-16
[Link] DESIGN ............................................................................................................7-16
[Link] THICKNESS .....................................................................................................7-17
[Link] CONCRETE COVER .......................................................................................7-17
7.3.7 PRECAST PROPRIETARY STRUCTURES .........................................................7-17
7.4 METAL CULVERTS ...................................................................................................7-17
7.4.1 CORRUGATED METAL PIPES ............................................................................7-17
7.4.2 STRUCTURAL PLATE PIPE STRUCTURES ......................................................7-18
7.4.3 STRUCTURAL PLATE BOX CULVERTS ...........................................................7-18
7.5 HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE PLASTIC PIPES .............................................7-18
7.5.1 MATERIAL .............................................................................................................7-18
7.5.2 DESIGN ...................................................................................................................7-18
Chapter Eight - Timber Structures Design
8.1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................8-1
8.1.1 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TIMBER BRIDGES....................8-1
8.1.2 TIMBER AS A BRIDGE MATERIAL .....................................................................8-1
[Link] TIMBER BEAM SUPERSTRUCTURE ............................................................8-2
[Link] LONGITUDINAL DECK SUPERSTRUCTURES............................................8-2
8.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER ...........................................8-3
8.2.1 LUMBER SPECIES...................................................................................................8-3

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8.2.2 DIRECTION OF GRAIN...........................................................................................8-3
8.2.3 MOISTURE CONTENT............................................................................................8-3
8.2.4 DENSITY...................................................................................................................8-4
8.2.5 KNOTS.......................................................................................................................8-4
8.2.6 DURABILITY ...........................................................................................................8-4
8.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES .....................................................................................8-4
8.3.1 SAWN LUMBER GRADING ...................................................................................8-4
[Link] Grading Rules......................................................................................................8-5
[Link] Specifying Allowable Timber .............................................................................8-5
8.3.2 LUMBER SIZES........................................................................................................8-7
8.3.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER (GLULAM) .8-7
[Link] Product Standards................................................................................................8-7
[Link] Adhesives ............................................................................................................8-8
[Link] Joints....................................................................................................................8-8
[Link] Quality Control....................................................................................................8-8
8.3.4 TABULATED DESIGN VALUES ...........................................................................8-8
[Link] Allowable Stress Values for Glulam Timber ......................................................8-9
[Link] Adjustments to Tabulated Values .......................................................................8-9
8.4 PRESERVATIVE TREATMENTS..............................................................................8-10
8.4.1 TYPES OF WOOD PRESERVATIVES .................................................................8-10
[Link] Creosote.............................................................................................................8-10
[Link] Pentachlorophenol (Penta) ................................................................................8-11
[Link] Waterborne Preservatives..................................................................................8-11
[Link] Copper Naphthenate ..........................................................................................8-11
8.4.2 TREATED TIMBER SPECIFICATIONS...............................................................8-11
[Link] Design Considerations.......................................................................................8-12
8.5 HARDWARE ...............................................................................................................8-12
8.6 SUPERSTRUCTURE DESIGN CRITERIA................................................................8-13
8.6.1 LOADS.....................................................................................................................8-13
[Link] Load Distribution ..............................................................................................8-14
[Link] Impact................................................................................................................8-14
[Link] Buoyancy...........................................................................................................8-14
8.6.2 DEFLECTION .........................................................................................................8-14
8.7 LONGITUDINAL DECK DESIGN.............................................................................8-14
8.8 RAILING FOR TIMBER DECKS ...............................................................................8-23
8.9 HOT-MIX WEARING SURFACES FOR TIMBER DECKS .....................................8-24
8.10 SUBSTRUCTURE DESIGN......................................................................................8-24
8.10.1 TIMBER ABUTMENTS .......................................................................................8-24
8.10.2 TIMBER BENTS ...................................................................................................8-25
8.10.3 TIMBER FENDERS ..............................................................................................8-25
Chapter Nine - Rehabilitation of Existing Bridges
9.1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................9-1
9.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS ..................................................................9-2
9.2.1 REPAINTING ............................................................................................................9-2
9.2.2 RECYCLING .............................................................................................................9-3
9.2.3 DEMOLITION...........................................................................................................9-3
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9.3 BRIDGE DECKS............................................................................................................9-3
9.3.1 CONCRETE DECKS.................................................................................................9-3
[Link] Condition Survey.................................................................................................9-3
[Link].1 Visual Inspection..........................................................................................9-3
[Link].2 Chloride Content Analysis ...........................................................................9-4
[Link].3 Freeze-Thaw Test .........................................................................................9-5
[Link].4 Half-Cell Analysis........................................................................................9-6
[Link].5 Delamination Survey....................................................................................9-7
[Link].6 Coring...........................................................................................................9-7
[Link].7 Petrographic Analysis ..................................................................................9-7
[Link] Deck Condition Evaluation .................................................................................9-7
[Link] Concrete Removal ...............................................................................................9-9
[Link] Concrete Deck Rehabilitation .............................................................................9-9
[Link].1 Patching......................................................................................................9-10
[Link].1.1 Repair by Patching ..............................................................................9-10
[Link].2 Overlay .......................................................................................................9-11
[Link].3 Waterproofing ............................................................................................9-12
[Link] Concrete Deck Replacement .............................................................................9-12
[Link].1 Cast-in-Place Concrete ...............................................................................9-12
[Link].2 Precast Concrete .........................................................................................9-12
[Link].3 Orthotropic Decks ......................................................................................9-13
9.3.2 STEEL GRID DECKS .............................................................................................9-13
[Link] Steel Grid Deck Evaluation...............................................................................9-13
[Link].1 Connection Failure .....................................................................................9-14
[Link].2 Reduced Skid Resistance ...........................................................................9-14
[Link].3 Fatigue Evaluation......................................................................................9-14
[Link].4 Corrosion....................................................................................................9-14
[Link].5 Delamination of Surfacing .........................................................................9-14
[Link] Steel Grid Deck Replacement ...........................................................................9-14
9.3.3 TIMBER DECKS.....................................................................................................9-15
[Link] Timber Deck Survey and Evaluation ................................................................9-15
[Link] Timber Deck Replacement................................................................................9-15
9.3.4 DECK PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS...........................................................................9-15
[Link] Waterproofing ...................................................................................................9-15
[Link] Cathodic Protection ...........................................................................................9-15
[Link] Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing Steel.......................................................................9-16
[Link] Overlays ............................................................................................................9-16
9.3.5 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS ...............................................................................9-16
9.4 RAILINGS....................................................................................................................9-16
9.5 JOINT REPAIR/REPLACEMENT ..............................................................................9-17
9.6 APPROACH SLABS....................................................................................................9-18
9.7 BEAMS AND GIRDERS .............................................................................................9-18
9.7.1 CONVENTIONALLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS ..............................9-18
[Link] Concrete Beam Repairs.....................................................................................9-18
[Link] Repair Materials ................................................................................................9-19
[Link] Surface Preparation ...........................................................................................9-19

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[Link] Surface Patching................................................................................................9-20
[Link] Deep Repairs .....................................................................................................9-20
[Link] Pneumatically Placed Concrete .........................................................................9-22
[Link] Pressure Injection ..............................................................................................9-22
9.7.2 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS ..................................................................9-22
[Link] Damage Evaluation ...........................................................................................9-22
[Link] Repairs...............................................................................................................9-24
[Link] Preloading..........................................................................................................9-24
[Link] Beam Replacement............................................................................................9-28
9.7.3 STEEL BEAMS AND GIRDERS ...........................................................................9-28
[Link] In-Depth Investigation.......................................................................................9-28
[Link] Corrosion...........................................................................................................9-29
[Link] Brittle Fracture ..................................................................................................9-29
[Link] Fatigue Cracks...................................................................................................9-29
[Link] Fire Damage ......................................................................................................9-29
[Link] Collision Damage ..............................................................................................9-30
9.7.4 REMEDIAL MEASURES .......................................................................................9-30
[Link] Cleaning and Painting .......................................................................................9-30
[Link] Cathodic Protection ...........................................................................................9-31
[Link] Strengthening ....................................................................................................9-31
[Link] Crack Repair......................................................................................................9-32
[Link] Peening ..............................................................................................................9-32
[Link] Bolting Splice Plates .........................................................................................9-32
[Link] Heat Straightening.............................................................................................9-32
[Link] Member Replacement .......................................................................................9-33
9.7.5 BEARINGS ..............................................................................................................9-33
[Link] Types of Problems.............................................................................................9-33
[Link] Seismic Requirements .......................................................................................9-33
[Link] Bearing Rehabilitation Methods........................................................................9-33
[Link].1 Cleaning and Painting ................................................................................9-34
[Link].2 Jacking and Resetting.................................................................................9-34
[Link].3 Lubrication .................................................................................................9-34
[Link] Bearing Replacement ........................................................................................9-34
9.8 FOUNDATION AND SUBSTRUCTURE...................................................................9-35
9.8.1 CRACK REPAIR.....................................................................................................9-35
9.8.2 REPLACEMENT OF DETERIORATED CONCRETE .........................................9-35
9.8.3 BEARING SEAT REPAIR ......................................................................................9-35
9.8.4 REPAIR OF CONCRETE SUBSTRUCTURES OVER WATER ..........................9-40
[Link] Underwater Repairs...........................................................................................9-40
[Link] Splash Zone Repairs..........................................................................................9-40
[Link] Above-Water Repairs ........................................................................................9-43
9.8.5 PILE REPAIRS ........................................................................................................9-43
[Link] Timber Pile Rehabilitation ................................................................................9-43
9.8.6 SCOUR AND UNDERMINING .............................................................................9-46
[Link] Riprap (Stone or Sacked Concrete)...................................................................9-46
[Link] Bagged Concrete ...............................................................................................9-47
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[Link] Sheeting and Filling ..........................................................................................9-48
9.8.7 STABILIZATION AND UNDERPINNING...........................................................9-48
[Link] Driven Piling and Needle Beams ......................................................................9-49
[Link] Structural Frames ..............................................................................................9-50
[Link] Tie Backs and Deadmen....................................................................................9-50
9.8.8 UNDERDRAIN REPAIR ........................................................................................9-50
9.8.9 SLOPE PAVING......................................................................................................9-50
9.9 RETAINING WALLS ..................................................................................................9-55
9.9.1 REINFORCED CONCRETE...................................................................................9-55
9.9.2 PROPRIETARY WALLS........................................................................................9-55
9.9.3 GRAVITY WALLS .................................................................................................9-55
9.9.4 STEEL SHEET PILING ..........................................................................................9-55
9.9.5 GABIONS ................................................................................................................9-56
9.10 MAINTENANCE AND PROTECTION OF TRAFFIC ............................................9-56
9.11 UTILITIES..................................................................................................................9-56
Chapter Ten RESERVED
Chapter Eleven RESERVED
Chapter Twelve Computer Applications
12.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................12-1
12.2 SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS..................................................................................12-1
12.2.1 SOFTWARE APPROVAL ....................................................................................12-1
12.3 COMMON STANDARDS .........................................................................................12-2
12.4 COMPUTER FILE ADMINISTRATION..................................................................12-2
12.4.1 FILE MANAGEMENT..........................................................................................12-2
12.4.2 AS-BUILT PLANS ................................................................................................12-2
12.4.3 ARCHIVES ............................................................................................................12-2
12.4.4 CONSULTANT CADD REQUIREMENTS .........................................................12-3
12.5 MISCELLANEOUS RESOURCES ...........................................................................12-3
12.5.1 OFFICE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (OIT) ........................................12-3
12.5.2 SPECIAL PROVISIONS .......................................................................................12-3
12.5.3 PLANNING ...........................................................................................................12-3
[Link] Mapping ..........................................................................................................12-3
[Link].1 Geographic Information System (GIS) INFORM....................................12-4
Chapter Thirteen Construction Coordination
13.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................13-1
13.2 DELDOT CONSTRUCTION.....................................................................................13-1
13.2.1 CONSTRUCTION GROUP ..................................................................................13-1
13.3 MATERIALS AND RESEARCH SECTION ............................................................13-2
13.4 DESIGN......................................................................................................................13-2
13.5 SAFETY SECTION....................................................................................................13-3
13.6 DELDOT CONSTRUCTION MANUAL ..................................................................13-3
13.7 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS ..............................................................................13-3
13.8 NEW PRODUCT EVALUATION.............................................................................13-3

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13.9 CONSTRUCTION SUPPORT ...................................................................................13-3
13.9.1 PRECONSTRUCTION MEETING.......................................................................13-3
13.9.2 KEY CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY MEETINGS...............................................13-4
13.9.3 TEST PILE DRIVING ...........................................................................................13-4
13.9.4 PRE-DECK POUR MEETING..............................................................................13-4
13.9.5 SEMI-FINAL INSPECTION .................................................................................13-4
13.9.6 UNFORESEEN OR CHANGED CONDITIONS .................................................13-4
13.9.7 CONSULTANT CONSTRUCTION SUPPORT...................................................13-5
13.9.8 AS-BUILT PLANS ................................................................................................13-5
13.10 CONTRACTOR SUBMISSIONS ............................................................................13-5
13.10.1 WORKING DRAWING SUBMISSIONS...........................................................13-6
13.10.2 MATERIAL SUBMISSIONS..............................................................................13-6
13.10.3 CONSTRUCTION LOADS.................................................................................13-6
13.11 PLAN CHANGES ....................................................................................................13-7
13.11.1 PLAN REVISIONS..............................................................................................13-7
13.11.2 FIELD CHANGES...............................................................................................13-7
13.11.3 COST ANALYSIS...............................................................................................13-7
13.11.4 CONSTRUCTION CLAIMS...............................................................................13-7
Chapter Fourteen RESERVED
Appendix A Design References
A.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ A-1
A.2 DESIGN REFERENCES.............................................................................................. A-1

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FIGURES
No. Title

Page

2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7
2-8
2-9

Example Evaluation Matrix ............................................................................ 2-6

Sample Construction Project Estimate Form ....................................2-18 to 2-24
Sample FS-1 Form Project Authorization and Funding............................. 2-25
Sample Combined Project Initiation and Project Number Request Form .... 2-26
Sample Survey Request Form....................................................................... 2-28
Sample CEE Report ..........................................................................2-36 to 2-47
Design Exception Request Form................................................................... 2-51
Project Design Control Checklist Form ........................................................ 2-52
Design Criteria Form..................................................................................... 2-53

3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8

Hydraulic Assessment Checklist for Drainage Design .........................3-4 to 3-7

Design Frequency Criteria ............................................................................ 3-11
Frequencies for Coincidental Occurrence..................................................... 3-11
Scupper Downspout Support Bracket Elevation........................................... 3-17
Scupper Downspout Support Bracket Details............................................... 3-18
Sample Scour Project Note ........................................................................... 3-21
Typical Riprap Detail.................................................................................... 3-23
Typical Section Along Stream ...................................................................... 3-26

4-1a
4-1b
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5

Sample Load Rating Plan Sheet Note (Bridges Required To Be Rated) ........ 4-3
Sample Load Rating Plan Sheet Note (Bridges Not Required To Be Rated) . 4-3
Safe Load Posting Decision Flow Chart ......................................................... 4-4
Enforcement Levels ........................................................................................ 4-5
Typical BRASS Load Rating Data Set ........................................................... 4-9
Axle Loadings and Spacings.............................................................4-10 to 4-12

5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-7
5-8
5-9
5-10
5-11
5-12
5-13
5-14
5-15
5-16
5-17a

Crashwall Details ............................................................................................ 5-4

Railroad Clearances ........................................................................................ 5-5
Stay-in-Place Form Details ............................................................................. 5-8
Typical Precast Deck Slab ............................................................................ 5-11
Typical Precast Panel to Beam Connections................................................. 5-12
Dimensions of Precast Deck Slab ................................................................. 5-12
Dimensions of Precast Deck Panels.............................................................. 5-13
Joint at Fixed Bearing ................................................................................... 5-15
Transverse Strip Seal Joint Details ...................................................5-17 to 5-18
Finger Joint Details ....................................................................................... 5-19
Longitudinal Strip Seal Joint Details ............................................................ 5-20
Cold Construction Joint Details .................................................................... 5-21
F-Shape Barrier Details................................................................................. 5-23
Pedestrian Railing with Tube Handrail Details............................................. 5-24
Open Ornamental Barrier Details.................................................................. 5-25
Aesthetic Stone-Faced Barrier without Handrail .......................................... 5-26
Handrail Design Guidelines .......................................................................... 5-27

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5-17b
5-18
5-19
5-20
5-21
5-22
5-23
5-24
5-25
5-26
5-27

Handrail Details ............................................................................................ 5-28

Screening Details ..............................................................................5-30 to 5-31
Shield Details ................................................................................................ 5-32
Shear Developer Steel Beams .................................................................... 5-36
Intermediate and Bearing Stiffener Details Steel Beams...............5-37 to 5-38
Cross Frame Details Steel Beam Example ................................................ 5-39
End Cross Frame Details Steel Beam Example .............................5-40 to 5-41
Connection Plate Details Steel Beam Example .............................5-42 to 5-43
Lateral Bracing Details Steel Beam Example............................................ 5-44
Rolled Beam Intermediate Diaphragm Detail Example....................5-45 to 5-46
Longitudinal/Transverse Stiffener Intersection Details
Steel Beams..............................................................................5-48 to 5-49
5-28 Typical Camber Diagram for Steel Beams .......................................5-51 to 5-52
5-29 Composite Details for Concrete Beams ........................................................ 5-55
5-30 Shear Connection Details for Adjacent Concrete Box Girders..................... 5-56
5-31 Typical Camber Diagram for Concrete Beams............................................. 5-58
5-32 Notes for Bearings ............................................................................5-60 to 5-61
5-33 Elastomeric Bearing Details..............................................................5-62 to 5-63
5-34 Neoprene Bearing Details ............................................................................. 5-64
5-35 Steel Bearings Expansion...............................................................5-65 to 5-66
5-36 Steel Bearings Fixed ......................................................................5-67 to 5-68
5-37a,b Expansion High-Load Multi-Rotational Bearing Detail Example....5-69 to 5-70
5-37c Fixed High-Load Multi-Rotational Bearing Detail Example........................ 5-71
5-37d High-Load Multi-Rotational Bearing Detail Example.................................. 5-72
5-38 Pot Bearing Details ....................................................................................... 5-73
5-39 Approach Slab Design Details ..........................................................5-76 to 5-78
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-5
6-6
6-7
6-8
6-9
6-10
6-11
6-12
6-13
6-14
6-15
6-16
6-17
6-18
6-19
6-20

Boring Request Form ...................................................................................... 6-3

N-Value Correction Factors for Granular Soils ....................................6-5 to 6-6
Relationship Between Corrected N-Values and .......................................... 67
Engineering Classification for In Situ Rock Quality ...................................... 6-8
Sample Boring Log ...........................................................................6-10 to 6-13
Sample Summary of Boring Log Soil Analysis Tests ......................6-14 to 6-15
AASHTO Soil Classification System ........................................................... 6-17
Foundation Types and Applicable Soils Conditions.................................... 6-20
Principal Situations Where Piles May Be Needed........................................ 6-22
Typical Precast-Prestressed Concrete Pile Details........................................ 6-24
Typical Splice Detail Fluted Steel Shell .................................................... 6-26
Typical Pile Reinforcement Pile Shell ....................................................... 6-27
Typical Splice Detail Pipe Pile Shell ......................................................... 6-28
Design Criteria for Piles Timber ................................................................ 6-31
Design Criteria for Piles Steel H-Sections ................................................. 6-32
Design Criteria for Piles Precast-Prestressed Concrete ............................. 6-33
Design Criteria for Piles Cast-in-Place Concrete....................................... 6-34
Design Criteria for Piles Drilled Shafts ..................................................... 6-35
Guide to Pile Type Selection for Subsurface Conditions ............................. 6-36
Guide to Pile Shape Effects .......................................................................... 6-36

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6-21
6-22
6-23
6-24
6-25
6-26
6-27
6-28
6-29
6-30
6-31
6-32

Cantilever Abutment Detail Example ........................................................... 6-45

Stub Abutment Detail Example .................................................................... 6-46
Seismic Reinforcement for Columns ................................................6-49 to 6-50
Reinforced Concrete Pier Example...................................................6-51 to 6-53
Point of Fixity ............................................................................................... 6-55
Recommended K Values............................................................................... 6-55
Surcharge Settlement vs. Time ..................................................................... 6-59
Wick Drains .................................................................................................. 6-59
Circular Arc Failure ...................................................................................... 6-60
Sliding Block Failure .................................................................................... 6-61
Lateral Squeeze of Foundation Soil .............................................................. 6-61
Slope Stability Software Applications .......................................................... 6-62

7-1a
7-1b
7-2
7-3
7-4
7-5
7-6
7-7

Box Culvert Example Section...................................................................... 7-2

Box Culvert Example Elevation................................................................... 7-3
Wingwall to Culvert and Wingwall to Wingwall Connection Details............ 7-8
Typical CIP Cutoff Wall ................................................................................. 7-9
Typical Precast Cutoff Wall.......................................................................... 7-10
Post Tensioning Components Details ...............................................7-12 to 7-13
Rigid Frame Detail Example......................................................................... 7-14
Rigid Frame Shear Key Detail Example....................................................... 7-15

8-1
8-2
8-3
8-4
8-5a
8-5b,c
8-6a
8-6b,c
8-7
8-8a
8-8b
8-9
8-10a
8-10b

Typical Lumber Grade Mark .......................................................................... 8-6

Custom Glulam Product Quality Mark ........................................................... 8-9
Typical Lateral and Withdrawal Connections for Timber ............................ 8-15
Types of Fasteners Used for Timber Bridges ............................................... 8-15
Nailing and Uplift Spike Details ................................................................... 8-16
Allowable Withdrawal Load .............................................................8-17 to 8-18
Common Washer Types for Timber Connections ........................................ 8-19
Allowable Lateral Load.....................................................................8-20 to 8-21
Transverse Bending and Shear...................................................................... 8-22
Typical Timber Bridge Rail and Stressing Rod Layout Example................. 8-26
Typical Timber Bridge Rail .......................................................................... 8-27
Pile Supported Abutment Detail ................................................................... 8-28
Pile Supported Bent Example ....................................................................... 8-29
Typical Shear Developer Detail .................................................................... 8-30

9-1
9-2
9-3
9-4
9-5
9-6
9-7
9-8
9-9
9-10
9-11

Chloride Concentration Criteria...................................................................... 9-5

Corrosion Evaluation Criteria ......................................................................... 9-6
Bridge Deck Evaluation Criteria..................................................................... 9-8
Full Depth Deck Repair ................................................................................ 9-11
Concrete Beam Patching Details................................................................... 9-21
Post-Tensioning Method ............................................................................... 9-25
Internal Splicing ............................................................................................ 9-26
Metal Sleeve Splice....................................................................................... 9-27
Jacking Details ..................................................................................9-37 to 9-39
Substructure Repairs .........................................................................9-41 to 9-42
Pile Repairs ................................................................................................... 9-44

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9-12
9-13
9-14
9-15
9-16
9-17
9-18
9-21

Timber Pile Repair Detail Example .............................................................. 9-45

Foundation Repairs Bagged Concrete........................................................ 9-47
Sheeting and Filling ...................................................................................... 9-48
Underpinning with Driven Piles and Needle Beams..................................... 9-49
Structural Frames Top Support .................................................................. 9-51
Structural Frames Bottom Support............................................................. 9-52
Jumper Bridge ............................................................................................... 9-53
Tie Backs and Deadmen................................................................................ 9-54

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