TLE 8 Dressmaking/Tailoring

Quarter
TLE 8 2
Dressmaking/Tailoring

_____________________________________________________

Name
 Objective:

What is the importance of dressmaking/tailoring and what is its great

contribution to the garments business in our economy?

Pre-assessment!

Read and analyse the following questions. Write your answer in a separate paper.
1. A machine that is run by foot which may also be converted to electric power
machine is known as __________.
a. hemmer machine b. high speed over edger
c. lockstitch machine d. over edging machine

2. The mechanism that sets the sewing machine in motion.

a. balance wheel b. belt
c. feed dog d. stitch regulator

3. The part of the sewing machine that controls the looseness and tightness of
Stitches.
a. bobbin b. thread guide
c. presser foot d. upper tension

4. The appropriate cutting tool used in cutting fabrics.

a. Trimming shears b. Pinking shears
c. Dressmaker bent handled shears d. buttonhole scissors

5. A flexible tape with different type of measurements essential for taking body
measurements.
a. ruler b. tape measure
c. yard stick d. hem gauge
6. It measures 12 -18 inches and can be used for drawing straight lines and cutting
lines
a. yardstick b. button hole scissor
c. ruler d. French curve

7. This is used to shape the depth of the neckhole and arrmhole of the pattern.
a. French curve b. ruler
c. tape measure d. trimming scissor

8. This is also called ―Domestic Sewing Machine‖.

a. Lockstitch sewing machine b. Double needle sewing machine
 c.. Hi-speed sewing machine d. Button holer machine

9. A small hard pitted cup worn for protection on the finger that pushes the needle
in sewing.
a. thimble b. sewing gauge
c. seam ripper d. fabric

10. This is used in reinforcing the opening and closing of pockets

a. Bartacking machine b. Embroidery machine
c. Hi-speed locked machine d. Sewing machine
 Lesson 1: Use of Sewing Tools

Let us Discuss It!

A Happy Day, dear Learner!

Sewing Tools and Equipment

Sewing equipment different tools are used in garment construction. The
skillful use of the different sewing equipment will help take body measurement
and drafting pattern with accuracy and speed.
Success in sewing calls for the right tools at the right time. All tools must be
appropriate in a proper order and one must know how to use them to save time and
produce the best result.
This lesson will provide knowledge and skills of the different tools and equipment
which are necessary in sewing. A complete set of sewing tools and equipment are
presented to help the students work faster.

MEASURING TOOLS

Tape Measure

A flexible measuring device used in

taking body measurements.
The front has the measurement of
150 centimeters and 60 inches on
the other side. Fiberglass tape is
commonly used by dressmakers.
Sewing Gauge

A small ruler with a sliding guide

and is about six inches long. This
gauge is used for measurements at
hem lines, button holes and areas
where other small measurements
require checking, such as pleats and
tucks. The gauge is usually made of
metal or plastic.
Rulers

A ruler measuring 12 inches or even

18 inches, either clear or solid. It is a
useful tool to have for measuring
and drawing straight seam lines and
cutting lines. It also aids in
connecting lines. A clear ruler is
also a good tool for marking
buttonholes.
Yardstick

A yardstick is made of smooth,

shellacked hardwood or metal. It is
used for marking hemlines and
checking grainlines when laying out
the pattern.

L-square

The tailor square or "L" is used to

transfer measurements to the draft
pattern. It also divides the garment
into the desired measurement. It has
perfect squares and is useful in
making straight lines and numbers.
It can also function as a tape
measure.
It has two arms connected
perpendicularly.
a.The longer arm is twenty-four (24)
inches long.
b. The shorter arm is fourteen (14)
inches long.
French Curve

This is used to shape the depth of

the neckhole and
armhole of the pattern.
CUTTING TOOLS

Cutting tools are instruments that serve well if properly maintained. Sharp
cutting tools make clean cuts and well-defined notches and they do not damage
fabric. On the other hand, dull tools slow the cutting process, and make your hand
and wrist tire easily. Sewing cutting tools should not be used for other household
task. Cutting tools must be sharpened regularly and the joints are oiled
occasionally for better use.

Bent-handled dressmaker’s shears

These are made of quality steel and hold a
sharp cutting edge. The blades move
easily and cut smoothly along the entire
length and the points should come
together. Shears have the length of 7- 12
inches and are satisfactory for most
apparel fabrics.
a. All steels, chrome-plated shears are for
heavy duty cutting
b. Stainless steel blades and plastic
handles are fine for lightweight fabrics
c. A serrated edge shears give maximum
cutting control and is used for synthetic
fibers and slippery knits
Pinking Shears

This is popular in zigzagging or scalloped

edge or for seam finishes. This is used to
finish seams and raw edges and to create
decorative edges on many types of fabric.
It cuts a ravel-resistant edge. This is not
satisfactory for straight cutting.
Cutting scissors

a. Trimming scissor
It is 3-4 inches long. It is used for
trimmings, clipping threads and snipping
slashes.
b. Embroidery scissor
It has 4-5 inches finely tapered blades.
Both points are sharp for use in working
with fine details in delicate fabrics and in
embroidery work.
 c. Buttonhole scissor
This is intended for making buttonholes.

Thread Clippers

Thread clippers are a handy little spring

loaded cutting tool that allows for the
snipping of threads. These clippers are
specifically used to snip threads and they
are not designed to cut fabric.

Seam Ripper

Seam rippers are specifically designed for

ripping out stitches from seams, either as
a result of an error or during alterations.
They should be used carefully to prevent
damage to the fabric.
Rotary Cutter and Mat

It is an adaptation of the giant rotary

cutter used by the garment industry. It
works like a pizza cutter and can be used
by left or right-handed sewers. The rotary
cutter is available in different sizes with
different blades. When using a rotary
cutter, work on a cutting mat to
protect the blade and the cutting surface.

MARKING TOOLS

Marking tools are required for transferring pattern markings to garment

fabric pieces and for making alterations on garments.

Chalk Pencils/Dressmaker pencil

This is available in white or pastel
shades.
This chalk pencil is used to make
fine lines on fabric.
It has an erasing brush at one end.
Liquid Marking Pen
Liquid marking pens come in two
types. There is one that washes out
and one that fades after 48 hours.
Those that wash out should not be
used on fabric that show water
marks. The mark should be removed
before pressing the fabric.

Tailor’s Chalk
This is essential as a marker for use
on materials.
Tailor‘s chalk is available in a range
of colors and is Removed by
brushing.
Wax chalk
This is available in black or white
and is used for woolen fabrics. Wax
can be removed by pressing.

Tracing Wheel
There are two types of tracing
wheels, those with a serrated edge
and those with a smooth edge. The
serrated edge wheel produces dots
on the fabric and is suitable for most
types of fabrics. The smooth edge
wheel is best for delicate fabrics and
unlike the serrated edge will not
pierce more delicate fabrics. The
smooth edge wheel creates a solid
line.
Dressmaker’s Carbon Paper
Dressmaker‘s carbon paper also
called dressmaker‘s tracing paper is
a specially waxed carbon paper that
transfer‘s the tracing wheel‘s
markings to the fabric. A color of
tracing paper should be chosen that
is close to the color of the fabric.
Different brands oftracing paper
have different instructions;
therefore, the instructions for the
particular brand that is purchased
should be followed.

PINNING AND SEWING TOOL

Pincushion
A pincushion holds the straight pins
and needles while working to
prevent accidents.

Hand Needle
Used in making temporary stitches
and buttonholes.
Sizes of 7 to 10 are for general hand
sewing.
Sewing Needle Threader
It aids in putting the thread to the
needle. It consists of two parts. The
handle and the wire. The end of the
wire that is away from the holder is
folded. Place the folded wire of the
needle threader through the eye of
the sewing needle.
 Thimble
A small hard pitted cup worn for
protection on the finger that pushes
the needle in sewing.

MATERIALS
Fabric

The Fabric is the cloth used in making

garments. The plain cotton fabrics, flour sack
or catcha is the most appropriate material for
beginners because these are very easy to
handle.

Thread

The thread is used in assembling or

constructing the parts of the garment. Threads
vary in sizes. Heavy fabrics need stronger
threads. Threads should have the same color
with that of the fabric used.
Types of Sewing Machines

Well-selected sewing machine is essential for achieving good results. It should be

used correctly in accordance with the job requirements.

1. Lockstitch Sewing Machine.

This is usually used in homes and
sometimes in school. This is also called
―Domestic Sewing Machine‖.
It is run by foot and may also be converted
to electric power machine.
2. Hi-Speed Lockstitch Sewing Machine.
This is sometimes called „straight stitching
machine‖ or industrial sewing machine. It
has automatic lubrication and is used by
tailors and dressmakers.
3. Over Edging Machine.
Other companies call it
―small machine‖. It finishes the raw edges
of the pattern for construction.

4. Embroidery Machine.
This is used in making fancy stitches and in
making different kinds of embroidery
stitches on fabrics for the Barong Tagalog,
pillow cases, linen, and other novelty
items.

5. Button Holer Machine.

This is used in making buttonholes on

garments.

6. Button Attachment Machine.

This is used in attaching buttons to the
garments.

7. Double Needle Machine.

This is used in the construction of the
different kinds of clothing especially for
the inseam, outseam and side seam.

8. Bartacking Machine. This is used in

reinforcing the opening and closing of
pockets

“Two Major Parts of the Lockstitch Sewing Machine”

The two major parts of the lock stitch sewing machine
are the upper and lower parts.

The Upper Parts is composed of:

1. Head is the complete sewing machine
without a cabinet or stand.
2. Arm is the curve part of the head
Containing mechanism for operating the
needle.
3. Bed is the flat portion of the machine and
beneath is the feed dog where it is mounted,
and the shuttle and lower thread are placed.

“Parts of the Sewing Machine in the Arm”

1. Spool Pin is the thread holder.

2. Thread Guide keeps the thread in position.
3. Thread Take up Lever releases the thread and interlocks with the bobbin
thread.
4. Presser bar lifter moves the presser foot.
5. Tension controls the looseness and tightness of stitches.
6. Needle Bar holds the needle in place.
7. Needle Clamp holds and tightens the needle.
8. Presser Foot holds the fabric in place while sewing.
9. Needle is a slender tool attached in the needle clamp used for sewing.
10. Bobbin Winder controls the bobbin while winding thread.
11. Stitch regulator checks the length of the stitches.
12. Balance Wheel sets the mechanism in motion.
13. Belt connects the balance wheel to the drive wheel.
14. Stop Motion Screw hinders moving when loosened and starts

Parts of Sewing Machine under the Bed

1. Feed Dog moves the fabric while sewing.

2. Throat plate is the windows of the feed dog and it is where the bobbin threads
come out.
4. Slide plate is a movable plate that covers the shuttle and bobbin case.
4. Shuttle holds the bobbin case while sewing.
5. Bobbin is a metal spool for winding thread.
6. Bobbin Case holds the bobbin.

The Lower Parts of the Lock Stitch Sewing Machine

The lower parts of the sewing machine are the cabinet and the stand. The cabinet
has drawers and screw on the hinges for the attachment of the head.

The following are the lower parts of the sewing machine and their uses:
1. Band Wheel leads the balance wheel through the belt connection.
2. Band Wheel Crank moves the band wheel.
3. Pitman Rod holds the treadle to band wheel crank.
4. Belt Guide holds the belt to its place.
5. Belt Shifter removes the belt from the wheel.
6. Dress Guard protects the dress from the wheel.
7. Treadle is where the feet are stationed to drive the band wheel through the
pitman rod.
8. Legs support the cabinet of the machine.
9. Cabinet holds the head of the machine by interlocking screw on the hinges.

Activity 1 Remember What You Learned!

Directions. Read the question carefully. Choose the correct answer and write the
letter that corresponds to your answer on the space provided.

_____1. Leads the balance wheel through the belt connection

a. band wheel c. Treadle
b. Bobbin d. Cabinet
_____2. It has 4-5 inches finely tapered blades. Both points are sharp for use in
working.
a. Scissor c. Sewing Gauge
b. Pinking Shears d. Embroidery scissor
_____3. A small ruler with a sliding guide and is about six inches long.
 a. Embroidery scissor c. Sewing Gauge
b. Pinking Shears d. Scissor
_____4. A flexible measuring device used in taking body measurements.
a. Tape Measure c. Pinking Shears
b. Seam Ripper d. Scissor
_____5. This is used to shape the depth of the neckhole and armhole of the pattern.
a. French Curve c. Ruler
b. Yard stick d. tape measure
_____6. This is available in black or white and is used for woolen fabrics.
a. charcoal c. Tailors Chalk
b. pencil d. Wax chalk
_____7. Also called dressmaker‘s tracing paper is a specially waxed carbon paper
that transfer‘s the tracing wheel‘s markings to the fabric.
a. Dressmaker‘s carbon paper c. manila paper
b. illustration board d. notebook
_____8. Holds the straight pins and needles while working to prevent accidents.
a. hand needle c. thimble
b. sewing machine d. pincushion
_____9. This is usually used in homes and sometimes in school.
a. Bartacking Machine. c. double needle machine
b. Button Attachment Machine. d. Lockstitch Sewing Machine.
_____10. This is used in attaching buttons to the garments.
a. Bartacking Machine. c. double needle machine
b. Button Attachment Machine. d. high speed machine

Activity 2: Thinking What You Learned!

Directions: Identify the parts of the lockstitch sewing machine. Write your answer
in your quiz notebook.
 Activity 3: Draw Me!

Directions: Draw the following tools in your lecture notebook.

1. Measuring Tools

2. Marking Tools

3. Cutting Tools

4. Drafting Tools

5. Pinning Tools

Lesson 2: Carry out measurements and

calculations
 Let’s Discuss It!

A Happy Day, dear Learner!

Parts of body to be measured can be taken in:
 Horizontal measurement
 Vertical measurement
 Circumferential measurement

1. The horizontal measurement is taken from the left of the figure to the right.
2. The vertical measurement is taken from the top of the body figure to its base.
3. Circumferential measurement is taken around the body.

Neck - Loosely measure around the circumference at the base of your neck.

Bust - Lift your arms to the side.

Measure around your body crossing over the
fullest part of your bust. (The tape measure must
run directly over your nipples and across your
shoulder blades on your back).

Bust to Bust - Measure from your one nipple to

your other nipple.

Upper Bust - Measure around the torso directly

above the bust line. From armhole to armhole +-
8cm down from neck.
Lower Bust - Measure around the torso directly
under the bustline.

Waist - Measure around the waist at the

narrowest natural waistline point, allowing 2
fingers between your waist and tape measure.
Hips - Measure around the fullest part of your
hips. As a guide, this is often 20cm below your
natural waistline. Stand with your knees
together.
1. 2.
Shoulder to Bust - Measure from tip of the
shoulder to the centre of bust (nipple).

Front Shoulder to Waist - Measure from tip of 3. 4.

shoulder over bust to natural waistline.

Shoulder to Shoulder - Measure across the back

of neck from socket of one shoulder to socket of
the other shoulder.
Shoulder to Neck - Measure from base of neck
along top of shoulder to the shoulder socket.

Down Center Back - Measure from nape of

neck to natural waist.

Back Shoulder to Waist - Measure from tip of

shoulder to natural waist line.

Across Back - Measure from armhole across

back to armhole positioning tape measure + -
8cm down from nape of neck.

Full Back - Measure from side seam, under

armpits to side seam across back, positioning
tape measure +- 4cm down under armpit.
Sleeve Hole - Measure around the shoulder
under the armpit.

Bicep - Measure around the fullest part of the

upper arm.

Elbow - Do a fairly loose measurement around

the bent elbow.

Under Arm - Measure from under the arm. Start

at the armpit to the wrist.

Over Arm - Measure from outer shoulder socket

on outside of arm, with a bent arm, to the wrist.
 Side Seam - Measure from under armpit to
natural waistline down.

Upper Arm – Measure from the outer shoulder

socket on outside of arm to crook of elbow.

MEN’S APPAREL

(Measurement)

A. Vertical Measurement

Shirt length - taken from the nape down the center

back to the desired length.

Sleeve length - taken from the shoulder tip point

down to the desired sleeve length.

Length of pants or shorts – measures along the

side below the waist band to the desired length of the pants.

Crotch or Rise – measured by placing

a ruler under the crotch then measuring
below the waistband down to the top of
the level of the ruler.
B. Horizontal Measurements

Shoulder - taken from one shoulder point to the

other.

Bust/Breast –
taken around the body with the tape
measure passing over the fullest
part of the shoulder blade at the
back and over to the apex.

Upper arm girth - taken around the fullest part of

the arm in line with the armpit.

Lower arm girth or sleeve width - taken around

The arm two to three inches below the armpit.

Neck measure – taken around the neckline.

Waist (w) - taken around the smallest

part of the waistline. Insert two fingers
under the tape measure for ease or allowance.
Hip or seat (H) - taken around the
fullest part of the hip (buttocks)
with two fingers inserted
under the tape measure.

Desired Bottom or Hem Circumference

or leg hole – taken around the fullest
part of the bottom.

C. Vertical Measurement

Shirt length - taken from the nape down the center

back to the desired length.

Sleeve length - taken from the shoulder tip point

down to the desired sleeve length.

Length of pants or shorts–

measured along the side below the waist
band to the desired length of the pants.

Crotch or Rise – measured by placing

a ruler under the crotch then measuring
below the waistband down to the top of
the level of the ruler.
D. Horizontal Measurements

Shoulder - taken from one shoulder point to the

other.

Bust/Breast - taken around the body with the tape

measure passing over the fullest
part of the shoulder blade at the
back and over to the apex.

Upper arm girth - taken around the fullest

part of the arm in line with the armpit.

Lower arm girth or sleeve width - taken

around the arm two to three inches below the
armpit.

Neck measure – taken around the neckline.

Waist (w) - taken around the smallest

part of the waistline. Insert two fingers
under the tape measure for ease
or allowance.

Hip or seat (H) - taken around the

fullest part of the hip (buttocks)
with two fingers inserted
under the tape measure.

Desired Bottom or Hem

Circumference
or leg hole – taken around the fullest
part of the bottom.
METRIC CONVERSION CHART
Simple calculation is an easy mathematical application used to determine the
accurate measurement of body parts, length and width of materials and cost needed
to create an apparel.
This is the process in which the four fundamental of operations (MDAS) is
involved.

Length and Width of Materials

In measuring the length and width of materials needed such as fabrics, we
also need
the use of the Metric measurement system.

Metric Conversion Chart for Fabric and Sewing

1/4 Inch = 0.25 Centimeters
1/2 Inch = 1.27 Centimeters
5/8 Inch = 1.59 Centimeters
3/4 Inch = 1.905 Centimeters
1 Inch = 2.54 Centimeters
1.5 Inches = 3.81 Centimeters
2 Inches = 5.08 Centimeters
2.5 Inches = 6.35 Centimeters
3 Inches = 7.62 Centimeters
3.5 Inches = 8.89 Centimeters
4 Inches = 10.16 Centimeters
4.5 Inches = 11.43 Centimeters
5 Inches = 12.7 Centimeters
5.5 Inches = 13.97 Centimeters
6 Inches = 15.24 Centimeters
6.5 Inches = 16.51 Centimeters
7 Inches = 17.78 Centimeters
7.5 Inches = 19.05 Centimeters
8 Inches = 20.32 Centimeters
8.5 Inches = 21.59 Centimeters
9 Inches = 22.86 Centimeters
9.5 Inches = 24.13 Centimeters
10 Inches = 25.4 Centimeters
10.5 Inches = 26.67 Centimeters
11 Inches = 27.94 Centimeters
11 Inches = 27.94 Centimeters
12 Inches = 30.48 Centimeters
1 Yard = 0.9144 Meters
2 Yards = 1.8288 Meters
3 Yards = 2.7432 Meters
4 Yards = 3.6576 Meters
5 Yards = 4.572 Meters
Example:
1. How many inches are there in a 100 centimeters width of fabric?
2. How many centimeters are there in a 60 inches length of fabric?
Answer:
a. Given: 1 inch = 2.54 cm
Width of fabric = 100 cm
Equivalent of an inch to cm = 2.54
Calculation: 100 cm = 39.37 inches
2.54 cm
b. Given: 1 inch = 2.54 cm
Length of fabric = 60 inches
Equivalent of a cm to an inch = 2.54 cm
Calculation: 60 inches
X 2.54 cm
152.4 cm
Cost Needed

Example:
You need to buy a 60 inches length of fabric to be used in making a dress to
your customer. You have known that the cost of the fabric that you are going to use
is P5.00 per centimeter. How much will you need to buy it?

Step I – Convert the 60 inches length of fabric into centimeters.

60 inches
X 2.54 cm
152.4 cm

Step II – Multiply the cost per centimeter to the length of fabric converted.
152.4 cm
X Php 5.00
Php 777.00

Activity 1 Remember What You Learned!

Read and analyse the following questions. Encircle your answer.

1. The system where the unit of measurement is centimeter
a. Metric System
b. English System
c. SI Measurement System
d. Decimal System
2. It measures across the back of neck from socket of one shoulder to socket of the
other shoulder
a. Shoulder
b. Shoulder to Shoulder
c. Shoulder to Neck
d. Shoulder to Back
3. Measure around your body crossing over the fullest part of your bust.
a. Waist
b. Bust
c. Upper Bust
d. Arm Hole
4. A 60‖ long tape. One side has inches one is metric with crotch piece or without
crotch piece.
a. Tailors Square or L-Square
b Use Dressmakers Ruler
c. Tape Measure
 d. Meter Stick
5. It is used on lapel, pants and skirt contours calibrated on both sides.
a. Tape Measure
b. Aluminum Tailors Curve
c Tailors Square or L-Square
d. Use Dressmakers Ruler

B. Fill in each blank to complete each statement.

1. Shirt length is taken from the nape down the center back to the_______.

2. _____ taken around the body with the tape measure passing over the fullest part
of the _____ at the back and over to the apex.

3. Upper _____ is taken around the fullest part of the arm in line with the armpit.

4. ______ is taken around the fullest part of the bottom.

5. Hip or _____ taken around the fullest part of the hip (buttocks) with two fingers
inserted under the tape measure.

Activity 2 Explain Me!

Instruction: Answer the following questions briefly.

1. Which measuring device is used to take the circumference of the body?
__________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. What are the types of measurements?
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. What are the tools used in obtaining measurements?
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4. How will you convert inches length of fabric into centimeters.
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
5. What are the four fundamental of operations?

Activity 3 Let’s Apply it!

Materials, Tools and Equipment: Measuring Tools

Procedure: Record all your measurements according to the following system.

My Measurements
NAME ___________________________________

MEASUREMENT NEEDED ENGLISH SYSTEM

Bust
Lower Bust
Shoulder to Bust
Front Shoulder to Waist
Waist
Shoulder to Shoulder
Across Back
Bicep
Elbow
Over Arm
Waist Circumference

Hip Circumference

Bottom Circumference
Crotch

Length of shorts

Activity 4 Let’s Compute!_________________________________

A. Directions: Read and understand the question. Write your answer in your quiz
notebook.
1. How many inches are there in 6.35 centimeters?
_______________________________________
2. What are the four fundamentals of operation?
_______________________________________
3. How many centimeters are there in 2 inches?
_______________________________________
4. The dressmaker needs to buy 100 inches length of fabric that cost Php15.00 per
centimeter. Find the total cost of the fabric.
_______________________________________
5. An electronic device used for speed computation.
 Lesson 3: CREATE DESIGN FOR A
SIMPLE PROJECT

Let us Discuss It!

A Happy Day, dear Learner!

I. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

The principles of designs are concepts used to organize or arrange the

structural
elements of design. These the ways in which these principles are applied the
affects the expressive content, or the message of the work.

Principles

Balance - According to this principle, from the centered of the dress, design should
be identified on both sides may be achieved ways:

a. Symmetrically or the formal balance - can be described as having equal

"weight" on equal sides of a centrally placed like a see saw. This is an easy
way of balancing but such balance lends monotony to the design.

b. Asymmetrically or the informal balance – When The structure decoration

and accessories are different both sides from the center of the design. In this
design attraction both sides is created by using different accessories.

.
c. Proportion - is the pleasing relationship of all parts of the object with one
another. Proportion refers to the relative size and scale of the various elements in a
design. The issue is the relationship between objects, or parts, of
a whole.

Emphasis – every pleasing design has one part that is more interesting than any
other. This is the emphasis or the center of interest.

Rhythm – these are smooth movement repeated again and again. Rhythm is an
important principle of art. It is created by repeated use of the design. If there is
rhythm in a design, the eye would move easily from one part to the other.

Rhythm can be created in three ways in a design:

a. Repetition of lines, colors, or accessories.
Parallel lines are formed by the use of seams, buttons, embroidery, lace, etc. which
helps uninterrupted eye movement.

B. Radiation. Rhythm can also be created by the radiated lines. These lines are
created by gathers Eyes can move easily from one part to the other on the small
lines created by gathers. Such lines can be seen in gathers on neckline, arm and
skirt.

C. Gradation. Rhythm can be created by gradual change of lines, shape or shade of

the color.
Harmony - means a relationship of different portion of a design. Harmony should
be achieved through judicious use of color, shape, and texture to give a feeling of
oneness.

COLOR THEORY

The first thing you usually notice about clothes or anything is their color.
Before you start studying which colors look best together, you should learn the
meaning of color terms and the rules that apply to colors.

The Color Wheel

Primary Colors – the sources of all colors, even though there are thousands and
thousands of colors in the world, they are all made up of these colors – red, blue
and yellow.

Secondary Colors – are produced when mixing two equal amount of primary
colors. If you mix equal amount or yellow and blue you will have green, equal
parts of red and blue will have violet, and red and yellow you will have orange.
Look at the color wheel you will find these colors – orange, green and violet.

Intermediate Colors – are produced by mixing two equal amount of primary and
secondary colors. Example, if you mix equal parts of yellow (primary color) and
green (secondary color) you will have yellow-green. Noticed that yellow-green is
found between yellow and green on the color wheel.

The intermediate colors are;

Yellow + green = yellow-green Red + violet = red-violet
Blue + green = blue-green Red + orange = red-orange
Blue + violet = blue-violet Blue + orange = blue-orange
Pure Colors – are the primary, secondary and intermediate colors because they
have no white, black and gray in them. Pure colors are also called ―normal, true
and basic colors‖.
Tints – when pure colors are mixed with white, they are made lighter. Example,
when white is added to red you have pink. In other words pink is a tint of red. The
more white you add, the lighter the pink will be. Tints are also called ―pastels‖.

Shades – when pure colors are mixed with black, they are made darker. Example,
when black is added to red you have maroon, a shade of red. The more black you
add, the more darker you have.

Grayed colors – most colors we used in clothes are grayed colors rather than
bright, pure colors you see on the color wheel. Grayed colors are also referred to as
―soft colors‖ or ―dull colors‖. The more gray you add, the more duller the color
will be.
Neutrals – are white, black and gray. They look well with another and with all
other colors.

The more grayed colors becomes, the more different colors it will harmonize with.

Warm and Cool Colors

Cool colors – are green, blue-green, blue, blue-violet, violet. Blue is the coolest
color. They are adjacent to one another in the color wheel.
Warm colors – are red, red-orange, orange, yellow-orange, and orange. Red is the
warmest color. They are also adjacent in the color wheel.

Qualities of Colors

Hue – is the family group name of a color. It is the name of a color. Ones they are
combined differently and given new names.

Value – refers to the lightness or the tint or the darkness of the shade. The scale of
the value colors are from the very lightest tint to the very darkest of the shade.

Intensity – means the brightness or dullness of a color. When you refer to a color
as ―bright‖ or ―very bright‖ or ―dull‖ or ―very dull‖ you are describing its
intensity.

Example, green peppers are bright yellow-green, while olives are dull yellow
green.

Color Schemes

The beauty of any color scheme depends upon how well the colors
harmonize. To harmonize, colors must appear to belong together.

1. One-color harmony (monochromatic color) – the easiest color scheme to follow

is one that uses the same color in different values and intensity. Example, dark
blue suit with very dark blue accessories and a light blue blouse.
2. Adjacent color harmony – or analogous color harmony. Since they are near each
other on the color wheel, neighbor color harmony. Example, yellow-orange,
orange, and yellow green are next to each other on the color wheel; therefore, a
pleasing adjacent color harmony may be made from them.

3. Complementary Color Harmony – these are colors that are opposite in the color
wheel. Using these colors may be very pleasing.
a. Complementary colors – directly opposite in the color wheel. Example, red
and green, blue and orange, yellow and violet.

b. Split complementary colors – a variation of the complementary color scheme.

In addition to the base color, it uses the two colors adjacent to its complement.

c. Triad - A triadic color scheme uses colors that are evenly spaced around the
color wheel. Triadic color harmonies tend to be quite vibrant, even if you use pale
or unsaturated versions of your hues.
II. Produce simple project

BASIC HAND STITCHES

Sewing the basic hand stitches are very easy if you learn each step
thoroughly before you start practicing the next step. Sewing by hand is a skill that
most, if not all, people should probably attempt to master at some point.

Back Stitch
Make one running stitch, then take a back stitch to the
beginning of the first stitch, thus overlapping each
running stitch. Resembles machine stitching and is
used to strengthen a seam made by hand.
Basting
Basting is quite important in successful sewing. This is
used to hold fabric temporarily in place, until
permanently stitched. There are four types of basting;
hand basting, machine basting, pin basting and
basting edges with an iron.
Running Stitch
To make this stitch, push point of needle in and out of
fabric until you have several stitches on the needle.
Hold fabric taut with left hand, pull the needle
through. Practice until you make fine even stitches.
Outline Stitch
This stitch is similar to the back stitch but it is slanted.
Make one slanted backstitch in front of another letting
each one overlap the one before it just a little bit, until
the design is filled.

Blanket Stitch
Put your needle in 1/4 inch from the edge of the fabric,
put the thread under the point of the needle and pull
through.

Catch Stitch
This is used for a flat finish next to fabric, such as
seam binding on a hem. Hold open hem edge away
from you, work from left to right, Take a stitch in the
hem, then a tiny stitch to the right just beyond
edge of hem with the point of needle to the left. This
 makes diagonal lined that cross each other.
Chain Stitch
Insert the needle in and out of the fabric (as in the
running stitch). Bring the thread under the tip of the
needle while still in the fabric, then pull the needle
through.

Activity 1: Remember What You Learned!

Direction: Choose your answer in the box. Write your answer in your notebook.

proportion emphasis formal balance informal balance rhythm

harmony
balance gradation repetition radiation

1. It is the pleasing relationship of all parts of the object with one another.
2. It can be described as having equal "weight" on equal sides of a centrally placed
like a see saw.
3. When the structure decoration and accessories are different both sides from the
centre of the design.
4. It refers to the relative size and scale of the various elements in a design. The
issue is the relationship between objects, or parts, of a whole.
5. This is an easy way of balancing but such balance lends monotony to the dress.
6. It is the center of interest.
7. These are smooth movement repeated again and again.
8. A kind of rhythm can also be created by the use of radiated lines.
9. It means a relationship of different portion of a design.
10. Eyes can move easily from one part to the other on the small lines created by
gathers.

Activity 2: Remember What You Learned!

Identify the following;

1. Primary colors are red, yellow and _________.

2. _______ is a color formed by mixing yellow and blue.

3. When red is mix with orange, the color is ________.

4. Tint of red is _______.
5. Maroon is ________ of red.

6. Analogous or adjacent color of blue is _______ and ______.

7. Complement of red is ________.

8. Split complement of yellow is _______ and _______.

9. Triad of orange is _______ and ________.

10. Neutral colors are ______, _______ and _______.

Activity 3: Let’s Identify!

Direction: Identify the different pictures

1. ___________________

2. ______________

3. _______________

4. _______________

5. _______________

6. _______________

7. _______________

8-11 What are the four types of basting stitch?

8._________________, 9._________________,
10._______________, 11. _________________.

Activity 4: Arrange Me!

Direction: Arrange the steps in assembling the organizer by numbering 1-8.

_____ Remove hanging threads.

_____ Zigzag raw edges of the pockets.

_____ Fold and baste of the organizer before sewing in the sewing machine.

_____ Press.

_____ Lay the pockets, pin, baste then machine stitch.

_____ Put labels for each pockets as marking tools, measuring tools and
cutting tools.

_____ Sew the handles for hanging.

_____ Work on the pockets by putting designs applying the principles of

designs.

Activity 5: Let’s Create!

Direction: Make a sample of the different basic hand stitches in a 3‖ x 3‖ plain

cloth and compile them in a short bond paper. Label them and write their
descriptions.

Lesson 4: PERFORM BASIC MAINTENANCE

 Let us Discuss It!

A Happy Day, dear Learner!

Setting of Sewing Machine and Its Troubles

A treadle sewing machine works by foot action and doesn't require any
electricity. If taken care of properly, an antique treadle sewing machine can sew a
better stitch than its modern counterpart can. It takes some practice to keep your
treadle machine sewing smoothly, but once you've mastered the foot action, you
can enjoy sewing and getting a little exercise at the same time.

Treadle Sewing Machine Picture Tour

View of the cabinet with the machine

closed

Cabinet open and the machine in the

up position

The machine for more details be sure

to see the manual.
Close up of the bobbin winder. Note
the heavy brass and the number of
connections in this mechanism,
compared to today's machines.
View of the end of the machine.
Tension mechanism and tread guides.
View of the back of the machine
Close up of the back access panel. This
has been damaged by rust but shows
the detail.
Close up of the decal. Note the area in
the red circle. The japanning has
remained in tack but the decal has
peeled away leaving bare metal.
 Metal Singer emblem and the machine
serial number.

SETTING OF SEWING MACHINES

Perfect machine stitching is easy to achieve if you set the machine properly.
This involves threading the upper and lower parts of the sewing machine. The
beginner in dressmaking must learn how to thread the head of the sewing machine
as one of the first steps in becoming a competent operator.

THREADING THE MACHINE

Each part of the threading mechanism on the head of a sewing machine has a
definite purpose in guiding the thread from the spool to the needle. The thread
must pass through the various guides in a given order so that the machine will sew
properly the formed stitches.

A. ORDER OF THREADING IN THE UPPER PART

1. Spool Pin
2. Upper thread guide
3. Between metal disc of tension
4. Thread take up lever
5. Lower thread guide
6. Needle

STEPS:
1. Put the spool of thread on the spool pin.
2. Bring the thread to the thread guide .
3. Pull the thread between the metal disc of the tension.
4. Bring the thread up to the thread take up lever and raise it as it goes.
5. Pull the thread down to the thread guide.
6. Pull it through the lower thread guide.
7. Thread the needle.

B. THREADING THE LOWER PART OF LOCKSTITCH SEWING

MACHINE/ or TREADLE SEWING MACHINE

STEPS:
1. Remove the bobbin case by pulling on the bobbin case latch.
2. Remove the bobbin from the case and wind the thread .
3. Put the bobbin back to the bobbin case and pull the thread through the little slot
at least 4 inches.
4. Be sure that you hear the bobbin case inside the shuttle.
5. Start the mechanism by rolling the balance wheel forward to get the thread of
the bobbin through the needle.
6. Pull the upper and lower thread together by 4 inches.
As you enjoy using your sewing machine , problems cannot be avoided , but
knowing its causes is another challenging skill to develop. How can you classify
these problems or troubles ?

CLASSIFICATIONS OF SEWING MACHINE TROUBLES

 If the sewing machine in your laboratory are kept in good condition and are
carefully adjusted and properly threaded , not too many things can go wrong. But
there are certain difficulties that occur during an operation so often , so you should
know these minor and common problems their causes and remedies. There are two
classifications of sewing machine troubles, namely :

1. Minor sewing machine trouble

This refers to problems that arise involving incorrectly attached accessories
or supplies , unadjusted tensions , or that requires a little dusting or oiling.

2. Major sewing machine trouble

This involves replacing or removing damage spare parts that made the
sewing machine not totally functioning.

STANDARDS FOR SEWING MACHINE OPERATIONS

Observe while using / running sewing machine and list the things that you
have noticed. By following correct procedures you will make your work easier,
more interesting and challenging. Here are some pointers that you have to follow
in the manipulation of your sewing machine:

1. Start with the right tools and supplies.

Have your needle, thread, screw driver,
pins and scissors ready for use. With
tools at hand, you can start working
continuously on your machine.

2. Always maintain good working posture.

Sit on your back slightly leaning forward.
It can prevent body pains after working
on your machine.

3. Thread the sewing machine correctly. You

can follow the guide book if you have. This
will save your time to get a correct threading.
Refer to someone to check if you have
threaded it properly.

4. Be sure that the needle is properly set

According to the directions for specific models.
A properly attached needle will make your
Work without any trouble.
5. Set the stitch regulator according to project
specifications and test the stitches for
possible adjustments.

6. Check tension dials and adjust according to

project requirement of the stitches. A correct
adjustment on the tension dials will make
perfectly sewn garment.

7. Turn power off (for motorized/electric machines )

when the sewing machine is not in use. This
will save electricity and avoid possible minor
accidents.

8. Keep sewing tools. Dust the sewing machine

Then put a little amount of machine oil in slots.
This will make the sewing machine available for
the next user.

Take Note:

The control of the sewing machine lie on your feet not in your hand so learn
to start and stop the sewing machine instantly at a given point using this control.
Lower the presser foot while sewing but be sure to insert a piece of paper or fabric
swatches so that the feed dog will not be worn out.
Getting to stitch Before you start, make sure the two threads are back
between the two toes of the presser foot .

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD STITCHES

1. The length of stitch is proportioned to the texture of the fabric.

2. The stitches are the same in length.
3. The stitches appear the same on both right and wrong sides of the fabric.
4. The stitching follows the intended line smoothly and accurately.
5. There are no skipped or broken gaps in stitching.
6. When retraced, it appears as one line of stitching.
7. The stitching has no tangles.

HOW TO MAKE ADJUSTMENT ON THE MACHINE

 There are two tension adjustments on the sewing machine the upper and the
lower. The upper tension controls the thread from the needle, while the lower
tension controls the thread from the bobbin case. These tensions must be adjusted
to suit various fabrics. If the tensions on both threads are properly adjusted, the
threads will lock at the center of the material and form a correct stitch.

The size of the stitches varies with the type of work being sewed. Thin
materials require a short stitch, a light thread, a fine needle, and a tight tension.
Heavier materials require a longer stitch, a coarser thread, a larger needle, and less
tension.

Sewing machine needles become dull through hard usage and also through
ordinary wear; sometimes, they become bent by improper use. The condition of the
needle should be checked when sewing difficulties occur. A defective needle
should be replaced by a new needle of proper size. A dull needle will show a flat
shiny spot at the very tip when rotated between the fingers. The straight of a needle
can be tested byrolling the larger end on a flat surface; bent needles will wobble
and straight needles will roll true.

A. HOW TO ADJUST TENSION ON THE NEEDLE THREAD

The stitch tension control determines the amount of tension on the thread as they
pass through the machine.

1. Correcting a Loose Top Stitch

When the needle thread tension is too tight, the thread will lie straight along the
upper surface.
 Lower the presser foot
 Turn the small thumb nut at the front of the tension discs to the left ( counter
clockwise ) to decrease the tension.

2. Correcting a Loose Bottom Stitch

When the needle tension is too loose , the thread will lie along theunderside of the
material.
 Lower the presser foot
 Check to make sure that the thread is between the tension discs.
 Turn the small thumb nut at the front of the tension disc (clockwise ) to increase
the tension.
 Check the stitch on pieces of scrap material.

B. HOW TO ADJUST TENSION ON BOBBIN THREAD

1. Checking Bobbin Case
 Remove the bobbin from the bobbin case.
 Clean the inside of the bobbin case.
Remove all particles of lint and dust with a small point stick.
Note : If the tension spring is bent away from the
bobbin case , or if the ends of the spring near the delivery
eye are damaged, they should be replaced.
Consult your teacher if defective parts are discovered.

2. Adjusting Tension Spring on Bobbin Case

The tension on the bobbin thread is controlled
by adjusting the tension spring on the outside of
the bobbin case. It is seldom necessary to change
this adjustment once the tension has been properly
set . The operator will usually be able to correct
the stitch by varying the tension on the needle thread

a. Correcting a loose bobbin thread

If the tension on the bobbin thread is too loose, the needle thread will
lie straight along the upper surface of the material.
 Tighten the tension
 Turn the regulating screw in the tension spring to the right.
 Test the tension. Thread the bobbin case. Hold the end
of The thread and allow the case to hang freely.
 Check stitch on pieces of scrap material
b. Correcting a Tight Bobbin Thread
If the tension on the bobbin thread will
lie straight along the underside of the material.
 Loosen the tension. Turn the regulating
Screw in the tension spring slightly to the
left.
 Thread the bobbin case and test the tension.
 Check stitches on pieces of scrap material.

HOW TO REGULATE THE LENGTH OF THE STITCH

The length of the stitch is regulated by the stitch regulator on the front side of the
head.
 Move the stitch regulator downward to lengthen stitch
 Move the stitch regulator upward to shorten stitch.
 Check the length of stitch on pieces of scrap material.
Note: For normal stitching, set the regulator at 10 to 12 stitches per inch, or at the
number 3 for metric scale machines.

HOW TO REGULATE THE PRESSURE ON THE MATERIAL

The pressure on the material is regulated by adjusting screw on the top of the
machine.
 Turn the adjusting screw to the right to increase the pressure.
 Turn the adjusting screw to the left to decrease the pressure.
 Check the pressure by stitching on pieces of scrap material of the same weight .

II. Care of Sewing Machine

How to Clean and Oil Your Sewing Machine

Cleaning and oiling your sewing machine is basic maintenance that bits of
lint, thread, dust and even fabric can get stuck in your machine. These make work
harder and can even jam your sewing machine. Clean your machine to fix these
help the machine to last longer and perform more smoothly. If you sew regularly,
problems and use sewing machine oil to help the moving parts function smoothly.
You should clean and oil your machine after finishing any large project as well as
any time you suspect it is having a problem.

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Prepare the needed tools and supplies in cleaning the sewing machine.
2. Remove the needle if there is any. This will prevent the cleaner from pricking
fingers during the cleaning process.
Face Plate (presser bar, needle bar, thread take up lever, lifter).
 Unscrew face plate and keep it in the drawer while cleaning.
 Brush dust away then put a little amount of oil while rotating the balance wheel
to inner parts can be accessed.
 Put back the Face Plate in place.
Cleaning and oiling your sewing machine is basic maintenance that can help the
machine to last longer and perform more smoothly. If you sew regularly, bits of
lint, thread, dust and even fabric can get stuck in your machine. These make work
harder and can even jam your sewing machine.
Clean your machine to fix these problems and use sewing machine oil to help the
moving parts function smoothly. You should clean and oil your machine after
finishing any large project as well as any time you suspect it is having a problem.

What Do You Need To Know?

UPPER TENSION ( DISC SPRING AND DIAL )

 Remove outer bolt , tension dial , discs and disc spring.
 Lay each part in your front table following its disassembling for easier
assembling.
 Brush dust and wipe with absorbent cloth with oil.
 Assemble by following the laid parts in your table.

LOWER MECHANISM ( ROTARY OSCILLATING HOOK )

 Remove bobbin case.
 Fasten sides of oscillating hook.
 Remove dust with lint brush.
 Put a little amount of machine oil on moving parts.
 Return spare parts in place.

OTHER MINOR PARTS

 Remove entangled threads between head and balance wheel.
 Brush accumulated dust in the treadle joints connecting the band wheel.
 Clean gummy dust on the band wheel.
 After all parts were dusted, lubricate all joints and oil slots with good quality oil.
 Wipe off all surplus oil then put a piece of absorbent cloth under the presser foot
for dripping oil.
Note : When the machine has thoroughly cleaned and oiled, run it slowly for
several minutes to allow the oil to work on its moving parts. Place a scrap of fabric
under the presser foot and lower the needle to absorb excess oil.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY PROCEDURE IN SEWING

MACHINE MAINTENANCE

Cleaning and lubricating a sewing machine is quite a messy task. Personal

care should be observed during this activity. The following health and safety
precautions should be practiced at the shop or at home.

1. Wear personal protective equipment. This prevents your clothing from being
tarnished by oil and dirt .Be sure to wear gloves to avoid accumulation of oil and
dirt in your nails and palms.
( Wearing of protective eye glasses is optional ).
2. Remove the upper belt or turn power off before oiling the sewing machine.
3. When a chemical or small spare parts get into your eyes, call the attention of
your teacher at once.
4. Do not remove any safety device from any machine.
5. Be sure that all screws are well-lightened before starting the machine.
6. Make sure that no screws or tools are left on the floor to avoid slipping7. Wipe
dry spilled oils on the floor to avoid accidents.
8. Assign colored tags for a newly maintained sewing machine
9. Provide a small bin for your garbage when performing this job.
10. Have a separate cabinet or storage for tools and supplies for sewing machine
maintenance.
11. Always refer to the sewing machine service manual for accurate application of
procedure.
Note: A sewing machine is an equipment that needs care and cleaning. Keep it
dusted and lubricated at least once a week or more often if the machine is in
constant use.

Activity 1: Remember What You Learned!

Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully and choose the letter of the best
answer from the options below. Write your answers in your quiz notebook.
1. The upper part of the sewing machine head being driven by hand when starting
the machine
a. balance sheet
b. band wheel
c. stop motion screw
d. treadle
2. The control of sewing machine lies on the:
a. balance sheet
b. band wheel
c. belt
d. treadle
3. The part of the sewing machine that controls the looseness and tightness of
stitches is:
a. bobbin
b. presser foot
c. thread guide
d. upper tension
4. A machine problem when there is incorrect size of needle or thread is:
a. fabric jams
b. needle break
c. seam pucker
d. skipped stitches
5. The part of the sewing machine that controls the stroke of the fee dog is:
a. face plate
b. feed dog
c. slide pucker
d. stitch regulator
6. The oil that lubricates and gives the machine longer life .
a. baby oil
b. coconut oil
c. crude oil
d. machine oil
7. The correct cloth used in wiping spilled oils during cleaning .
a. damp cloth
b. dry cloth
c. oiled cloth
d. any of the above
8. The part of the sewing machine that should be avoided during the application of
oil.
a. bobbin winder
b. rubber ring
c. stitch regulator
d. stop motion screw
9. The cleaning material that maintains moving parts of a sewing machine in
smooth operation.
a. absorbent cloth
b. lint brush
c. lubricant
d. water
10. A good practice of cleaning and lubricating the sewing machine .
a. every two weeks
 b. once a week
c. once a month
d. twice a week
11. In wiping spilled oils during cleaning, the correct cloth is ___________.
a. Damp cloth
b. Dry cloth
c. Oiled cloth
d. Any of the above
12. The part of the sewing machine that should be avoided when oiling is
__________.
a. Bobbin winder
b. Rubber ring
c. Stitch regulator
d. Stop motion screw
13. The part of sewing machine that can be considered a safety device since it
covers the lower mechanism and is important during garment construction is
_________.
a. bobbin winder
b. slide plate
c. tension disc
d. throat plate
14. The cleaning material that maintains moving parts of sewing machine in
smooth operation is ____________.
a. absorbent cloth
b. lint brush
c. lubricant
d. water
15. The good practice of cleaning and lubricating the sewing machines
____________.
a. Every two weeks
b. Once a week
c. Once a month
d. Twice a week

Activity 2: Arrange Me!

I .Directions: Write check ( / ) if the statement is a good characteristic of stitches

and cross ( X ) if it is not. Write your answer in your quiz notebook.

________1. The stitches have no tangles.

________ 2. The stitching follows the intended line smoothly and accurately.
________ 3. The length of stitch is not proportioned
________ 4. There are skipped or broken gaps in stitching.
________ 5. The stitches appear on both right and wrong sides of the fabric.

II. Directions: Arrange the steps in threading the upper and lower parts of the
sewing machine. Write number 1 for the first step, 2 for the second step, and so on.
Write your answer in your quiz notebook.

A. STEPS IN THREADING THE UPPER PART

_____ Thread the needle
_____ Pull it through the lower thread guide
_____ Pull the thread down on the thread guide.
_____ Bring thread to the thread guide.
_____ Pull the thread between the metal disc of the tension.
_____ Bring the thread up to the lower thread take up lever and raise it as it goes.

B. STEPS IN THREADING THE LOWER PART

_____Remove the bobbin case by pulling on the bobbin case latch.
_____ Pull the upper and lower thread together by four inches.
_____ Remove the bobbin from the case and wind the thread.
_____ Start the mechanism by rolling the balance wheel forward to get the thread
of the bobbin through the needle.
_____ Be sure that you hear the case being locked upon inserting the bobbin case
inside the shuttle.
_____ Put the bobbin back to the bobbin case and pull the thread through the
little slot at least four inches.

Activity 3: Let’s Arrange!________________________________________

Direction: Arrange the following steps in chronological order. Mark the first step
as a, second as b and so on. Write your answer on a separate of paper.

A. Face Plate (presser bar, needle bar, thread take up lever, lifter).
_____1. Put back the Face Plate in place
_____2. Unscrew face plate and keep it in the drawer while cleaning.
_____3. Brush dust away then put a little amount of oil while rotating the balance
wheel to inner parts can be accessed.

B. Lower mechanism ( rotary oscillating hook )

_____1. Put a little amount of machine oil on moving parts
_____2.Remove dust with lint brush
_____3. Fasten sides of oscillating hook
_____4. Return spare parts in place
_____5. Remove bobbin case.

C. Upper tension (Disc Spring and Dial)

_____1. Brush dust and wipe with absorbent cloth with oil
_____2. Remove outer bolt , tension dial , discs and disc spring
_____3. Assemble by following the laid parts in your table
_____4. Lay each part in your front table following its disassembling for easier
assembling.

Activity 4: Answer Me!________________________________________

Direction: Answer the following questions. Write your answers in your
assignment notebook.

1. Why is it necessary to keep the machine clean and lubricated ?

2. What is the importance of removing the needle before attempting to clean the
machine ?

3. What parts of the machine are to be cleaned and lubricated ?

4. What materials are needed in cleaning the machine properly ?

5. What kind of oil is to be used in lubricating the treadle machine ?

 PRACTICE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
Lesson 5: HEALTH

Let us Discuss It!

A Happy Day, dear Learner!

What is a hazard?

A hazard is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects

on something or someone under certain conditions at work.
Basically, a hazard can cause harm or adverse effects (to individuals as
health effects or to organizations as property or equipment losses). Sometimes a
hazard is referred to as being the actual harm or the health effect it caused rather
than the hazard. For example, the disease tuberculosis (TB) might be called a
hazard by some but in general the TB-causing bacteria would be considered the
"hazard" or "hazardous biological agent".

What are examples of a Hazard?

Workplace hazards can come from a wide range of sources. General

examples include any substance, material, process, practice, etc that has the ability
to cause harm or adverse health effect to a person under certain conditions. See
Table 1.
Table 1
Examples of Hazards and Their Effects

Workplace Hazard Example of Hazard Example of Harm

Caused
Thing Knife Cut
Substance Benzene Leukemia
Material Asbestos Mesothelioma
Source of Energy Electricity Shock, electrocution
Condition Wet floor Slips, falls
Process Welding Metal fume fever
Practice Hard rock mining Silicosis

As shown in Table 1, workplace hazards also include practices or conditions

that release uncontrolled energy like:

 an object that could fall from a height (potential or gravitational energy),

 a run-away chemical reaction (chemical energy),
 the release of compressed gas or steam (pressure; high temperature),
 entanglement of hair or clothing in rotating equipment (kinetic energy), or
 contact with electrodes of a battery or capacitor (electrical energy).

What is Risk?

Risk is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience

an adverse health effect if exposed to a hazard. It may also apply to situations with
property or equipment loss.

For example: The risk of developing cancer from smoking cigarettes could
be expressed as "cigarette smokers are 12 times (for example) more likely to die of
lung cancer than nonsmokers".

Another way of reporting risk is "a certain number ,"Y", of smokers per
100,000 smokers will likely develop lung cancer" (depending on their age and how
many years they have been smoking). These risks are expressed as a probability or
likelihood of developing a disease or getting injured, whereas hazards refer to the
possible consequences (e.g., lung cancer, emphysema and heart disease from
cigarette smoking).

Factors that influence the degree of risk include:

 how much a person is exposed to a hazardous thing or condition,

 how the person is exposed (e.g., breathing in a vapor, skin contact), and
 how severe are the effects under the conditions of exposure.

What is a risk assessment?

Risk assessment is the process where you:

 identify hazards,
 analyze or evaluate the risk associated with that hazard, and
 determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard.
The OSH Answers Risk Assessment has details on how to conduct an assessment
and establish priorities.

What is an adverse health effect?

A general definition of adverse health effect is "any change in body function

or the structures of cells that can lead to disease or health problems".

Adverse health effects include:

 bodily injury,
 disease,
 change in the way the body functions, grows, or develops,
 effects on a developing fetus (teratogenic effects, fetotoxic effects),
 effects on children, grandchildren, etc. (inheritable genetic effects)
 decrease in life span,
 change in mental condition resulting from stress, traumatic experiences,
exposure to solvents, and so on, and  effects on the ability to accommodate
additional stress.

Will exposure to hazards in the workplace always cause injury, illness or

other adverse health effects?
Not necessarily. To answer this question, you need to know:
 what hazards are present,
 how a person is exposed (route of exposure, as well as how often and how much
exposure occurred),
 what kind of effect could result from the specific exposure a person experienced,
 the risk (or likelihood) that exposure to a hazardous thing or condition would
cause an injury, or disease or some incidence causing damage, and
 how severe would the damage, injury or harm (adverse health effect) be from
the exposure.

The effects can be acute, meaning that the injury or harm can occur or be felt
as soon as a person comes in contact with the hazardous agent (e.g., a splash of
acid in a person's eyes). Some responses to may be chronic (delayed). For example,
exposure to poison ivy may cause red swelling on the skin two to six hours after
contact with the plant. On the other hand, longer delays are possible:
mesothelioma, a kind of cancer in the lining in the lung cavity, can develop over 20
years or more after exposure to asbestos.

Once the hazard is removed or eliminated, the effects may be reversible or

irreversible. For example, a hazard may cause an injury that can heal completely
(reversible) or result in an untreatable disease (irreversible).

Types of Hazard

1. Chemical - A chemical hazard is any substance that can cause harm, primarily
to people. Chemicals of all kinds are stored in our homes and can result in serious
injuries if not properly handled. Household items such as bleach can result in
harmful chlorine gas or hydrochloric acid if carelessly used. Gasoline fumes from
containers for lawnmowers or boats can result in major health hazards if inhaled.

2. Electrical - An electrical hazard can be defined as a dangerous condition

where a worker could make electrical contact with energized equipment or a
conductor, and from which the person may sustain an injury from shock; and/or,
there is potential for the worker to receive an arc flash burn, thermal burn, or blast
injury.

Working near an electrical hazard is dangerous and can be fatal. Any work
on or near energized equipment must be done only when measures are in place to
provide protection from electric shock and burn. With adequate safety measures in
place, every electrical injury and fatality can be prevented.

An electric hazard is considered to be removed when protective measures are

put in place at the source (remove hazard or de energize), or along the path
(place electrical insulation/barrier between the worker and the electrical hazard).
Where PPE is relied upon for worker protection, an electrical hazard is
considered to remain and it is still necessary to address safety requirements for
other workers in the area.

3. Ergonomic - Ergonomic hazards impact employers and workers and their

families. Poor workplace design, awkward body mechanics or postures, repetitive
movements, and other ergonomic hazards induce or contribute to a staggering
number of cumulative trauma disorders.
 Cumulative trauma disorders (CTD) affect hands, wrists, elbows, arms,
shoulders, the lower back, and the cervical spine area. Structures involved include
tendons, muscles, bones, nerves, and blood vessels. One can plan strategies for
abatement by learning to recognize the hazards that contribute to CTD.

OSHA has published the Ergonomic Program Management Guidelines.

OSHA has also given Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for an Ergonomic
Standard that will affect all industries.

A company wide ergonomic assessment should be developed, followed by a

well written ergonomic plan. Ergonomic abatement will decrease the costs
associated with CTD and ultimately impact the corporate "bottom line."

4. Psychological - The psychosocial hazard has recently been acknowledged in

legislation as a workplace hazard. This type of hazard relates to mental health
and behavioural disorders.

5. Radiation - Radiation Hazard (RADHAZ) describes the hazards of

electromagnetic radiation to fuels, electronic hardware,
ordinance, and personnel. In the military these hazards are segregated as
follows:

1) Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Personnel (HERP)

2) Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance (HERO)
3) Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Fuel (HERF)

6. Biological - A biological hazard, or biohazard, is anything coming from living

organisms (i.e. pollen, fungi, animals, insects, bacteria and viruses) that could be
a threat to someone's health. It is represented by ☣, the biohazard symbol, which
is used everywhere in the world. When people see this sign they know to take
precautions, and to follow proper conduct for science labs.

7. Physical - Physical hazards are those substances which threaten your physical
safety. The most common types of physical hazards are:

* Fire
* Explosion
* Chemical Reactivity

Hazards may be encountered when using the sewing machine include :

 Cuts and injuries from sharp edges , knife blades, scissors and pins
- Finger injuries while sewing
 Back injury from poor posture and improper lifting procedures
- Eye strain from poor lighting

Safe operating procedure in using the sewing machine

1. Do not use machine unless you had instruction and training in its safe use and
operation.
2. Teacher permission must be given to operate the sewing machine .
3. Read and understood the instruction sheet, completed the safety test with
100 %score ,and demonstrated competence and safe use.
Pre- operational Safety

1. Always check that the sewing machine and its cord are in good working order.
2. Check all adjustments and settings carefully before commencing any sewing
operation.
3. The workplace should be clean and free of equipment ,rubbish and other
obstacles.

Operating Safety Precautions

 Make sure all other students keep away from the workplace at all times.
 One person only is to operate a sewing machine at any time .
 Do not touch a sewing machine while another person is sewing.
 Do not wear loose clothing ,especially long sleeves and neck ties.
 Turn the power off when making adjustments to the sewing machine such as
changing the presser foot and needle .
 Never race the sewing machine at high speed .
 Take care not to machine over pins .
 Make sure the take- up lever is in the upper position before pulling out the fabric
and cutting threads .
 It is important to keep the machine as free of lint as possible .
 Do not push or pull the fabric while sewing .Let the machine do the work –your
hands should guide the fabric without forcing it .

II. ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH AND PROTOCOL

Will exposure to hazards in the workplace always cause injury, illness or

other adverse health effects?

Not necessarily. To answer this question, you need to know:

 what hazards are present,
 how a person is exposed (route of exposure, as well as how often and how much
exposure occurred),
 what kind of effect could result from the specific exposure a person experienced,
 the risk (or likelihood) that exposure to a hazardous thing or condition would
cause an injury, or disease or some incidence causing damage, and
 how severe would the damage, injury or harm (adverse health effects) be from
the
exposure.
The effects can be acute, meaning that the injury or harm can occur or be felt as
soon as a person comes in contact with the hazardous agent (e.g., a splash of acid
in a person's eyes). Some responses to may be chronic (delayed). For example,
exposure to poison ivy may cause red swelling on the skin two to six hours after
contact with the plant.
On the other hand, longer delays are possible: mesothelioma, a kind of cancer in
the lining of the lung cavity, can develop over 20 years or more after exposure to
asbestos.
Once the hazard is removed or eliminated, the effects may be reversible or
irreversible. For example, a hazard may cause an injury that can heal completely
(reversible) or result in an
untreatable disease (irreversible).
Hazards and risks in the textiles sector

The textiles sector contains many hazards and risks to workers, ranging from
exposure to noise and dangerous substances, to manual handling and working with
dangerous machinery. Each processing stage — from the production of materials
to the manufacturing, finishing, colouring and Occupational safety and health in
the textiles sector packaging —poses risks for workers, and some of these are
particularly dangerous for women‘s health.

Exposure to chemical agents

Many different groups of chemical substances are used in the textiles sector,
including dyes, solvents, optical brighteners, crease-resistance agents, flame
retardants, heavy metals, pesticides, and antimicrobial agents. They are used in
dyeing, printing, finishing, bleaching, washing, dry cleaning, weaving
slashing/sizing, and spinning. Respiratory and skin sensitizers can be found in the
textiles industry, for example textiles fibres, reactive dyes, synthetic fibres, and
formal dehyde. The textile industry has been evaluated as a sector with an
increased carcinogenic risk. Several studies have showed an increased risk of
nasal, laryngeal and bladder cancer in women.

Exposure to dusts and fibres

The exposure of workers to dusts from material such as silk, cotton, wool,
flax, hemp, sisal, and jute can occur during weaving, spinning, cutting, ginning,
and packaging. Division of tasks along gender lines may mean that women are
exposed to organic dusts more than men, with respiratory diseases being diagnosed
more often in women than men. Exposure to fibres and yarns may cause nasal or
bladder cancer .

Exposure to biological agents

In some activities, such as carding and willowing, workers may be exposed

to biological agents such as anthrax, clostridium tetanus (the causative agent for
tetanus), and coxiella burnetti (which causes Q fever). Exposure to biological
agents can result in allergies and respiratory disorders.

Exposure to physical agents

Workers may be exposed to noise and vibrations, for example during

weaving, spinning, sewing, twisting, and cutting. Exposure to loud noise can result
in permanent hearing damage such as noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitus.
Exposure to vibration, particularly together with risk factors for MSDs, can lead to
long-term harm. Electromagnetic fields may also be found in some workplaces in
the textiles sector. Accidents in the textiles sector. The textiles sector has many
hazards that can cause injury to workers, from transport in the workplace (lift
truck), dangerous large work equipment and plant, to the risk of slips from a wet
working environment. Workers being struck by objects, such as moving machinery
parts and vehicles are a significant cause of injury in the sector. There also exists
the risks of fire and explosions, for example from heating plants used for vapour
generation.
Hazard Management

One of the most important duties required by OHS law of all workers,
including volunteers, is to keep the workplace as safe as possible. A good way to
do this is to use the 4 ‗SAFE‘ steps:

Spot the hazard

Assess the hazard
Fix the hazard
Evaluate the result

Activity 1: Remember What You Learned!

Direction: Read each item carefully and choose the letter of the best answer from
the choices below. Write your answer in your quiz notebook.

1. Any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or

someone under certain conditions at work.
a. Hazard
b. Psychological
c. Risk
d. Chemical
2. The chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse
health effect if exposed to a hazard. It may also apply to situations with property or
equipment loss.
a. Psychological
b. Risk
c. Ergonomics
d. None of the above
3. Any substance that can cause harm, primarily to people
a. Substance
b. Hazard
c. Chemical
d. Psychological
4. It has recently been acknowledged in legislation as a workplace hazard.
a. Risk
b. Ergonomics
c. Psychological
d. Chemical
5. Which of the following is an example of hazard?
a. Wet floor
b. Flower
c. Cake
d. baby
II. Directions: Identify if it is hazards or risks

_____________1. Electricals ____________6. Pricks

_____________2. Trips ____________7. Knife
_____________3. Spillage of wet substance ____________8. Cutting cloth
_____________4. Falls ____________9. Cloth dust
_____________5. Scissor ___________10. Fire

Activity 2: Let’s Supply!

Direction: A. The garments sector has many hazards that can cause injury to
workers. Supply the missing letters to complete the set of word/s.

1. D_ei_g
2. B _l_d_ e_ cancer
3. S_ _st_ _ce_
4. _ _ro_ _c
5. S _e_ _i_ _

C. Identify if it is hazards or risks

_____________6.. Electricals
_____________7. Pricks
_____________8. Trips
____________ 9. Knife
____________10. Fire

Activity 4: Let’s Answer!

Direction: Answer the following questions: Write your answer on the space below.

1. How to avoid injury using a sewing machine?

2. How can the risks posed by health hazards be controlled?

3. What should you do to your machine before using the lint brush to clean out
thread fibers?

4. When sewing where do you place your fingers?

5. Where should you place pins and needles when not using them?

6. Why do we need to be aware in safety measures while working in Sewing Area?

Activity 5: Let’s Create!

Direction: Sew a small rags that can be use indoors.

Materials Needed:
1. Unused Clothes
2. Hand Needle
3. Thread
4. Scissor
5. Pencil and Ruler

Example:

Let us Recap!___________________________________________
Let us see if you still remember our lesson.

 Why do we need to be aware in safety and health protocol?

 How will you apply your knowledge in dressmaking in the future?

 Post Assessment!

Direction: Read and analyse the following questions. Write your answer in a
separate paper.
1. A machine that is run by foot which may also be converted to electric power
machine is known as __________.
a. hemmer machine b. high speed over edger
c. lockstitch machine d. over edging machine

2. The mechanism that sets the sewing machine in motion.

a. balance wheel b. belt
c. feed dog d. stitch regulator

3. The part of the sewing machine that controls the looseness and tightness of
Stitches.
a. bobbin b. thread guide
c. presser foot d. upper tension

4. The appropriate cutting tool used in cutting fabrics.

a. Trimming shears b. Pinking shears
c. Dressmaker bent handled shears d. buttonhole scissors

5. A flexible tape with different type of measurements essential for taking body
measurements.
a. ruler b. tape measure
c. yard stick d. hem gauge
6. It measures 12 -18 inches and can be used for drawing straight lines and cutting
lines
a. yardstick b. button hole scissor
c. ruler d. French curve

7. This is used to shape the depth of the neckhole and arrmhole of the pattern.
a. French curve b. ruler
c. tape measure d. trimming scissor

8. This is also called ―Domestic Sewing Machine‖.

a. Lockstitch sewing machine b. Double needle sewing machine
c.. Hi-speed sewing machine d. Button holer machine

9. A small hard pitted cup worn for protection on the finger that pushes the needle
in sewing.
a. thimble b. sewing gauge
c. seam ripper d. fabric

10. This is used in reinforcing the opening and closing of pockets

a. Bartacking machine b. Embroidery machine
c. Hi-speed locked machine d. Sewing machine

Congratulations Learner! God bless 