In Jungian psychology, introversion and extraversion are

Select one:
a.
functions
b.
atitudes
c.
complexes
d.
archetypes

Question 2
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Rotter saw needs as

Select one:
a.
indicators of the direction of behavior.
b.
having two categories: social and physiological.
c.
reflecting a state of deprivation.
d.
reflecting certain conditions of arousal.

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To Adler, the core of maladjustment is
Select one:
a.
a pampered style of life.
b.
a neglected style of life.
c.
innate physical deficiencies.
d.
lack of social interest.

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A feeling of not being certain and that something remains hidden characterizes Erikson's
notion of

Select one:
a.
autonomy
b.
doubt
c.
guilt
d.
willfulness

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Horney saw neurotic behavior as a protection against

Select one:
 a.
self-hated
b.
low self-esteem
c.
basic anxiety
d.
psychoses

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A generalized expectancy held by an individual that the word, promise, oral or written
statement of another individual or group can be relied on is Rotter's definition of

Select one:
a.
external control of reinforcement
b.
social interest
c.
interpersonal trust
d.
gullibility

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To stop her 2-year-old daughter from crying, Sandy consistently gives the child a piece
of candy whenever she cries. Such behavior is

Select one:
 a.
both of these.
b.
neither one of these.
c.
negatively reinforcing for Sandy.
d.
positively reinforcing for the child.

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What condition did Rogers believe must be present in a relationship that leads to
psychological growth?

Select one:
a.
all of these are correct.
b.
unconditional acceptance
c.
genuineness
d.
empathy

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According to May, ______ is an intimate but nonsexual friendship between two people.

Select one:
 a.
philia
b.
eros
c.
sublimation
d.
agape

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Adler said that all humans are "blessed" at birth with

Select one:
a.
a well-developed sense of social interest.
b.
superior intellects.
c.
personality refers mostly to surface appearance.
d.
the need to become superior to other people.

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The great mother is Jung's archetype of

Select one:
a.
nourishment and destruction.
b.
thinking and opinions.
c.
farmers and ranchers.
d.
children.

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It allows clients to give expression to whatever enters his mind or awareness.

Select one:
a.
free association
b.
freudian slips
c.
projective tests
d.
dreams

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According to Rogers, the two subsystems of the self are the

Select one:
a.
self-system and the real self.
 b.
proprium and the ego.
c.
ego and the superego.
d.
self-concept and the ideal self.

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Which term should be most closely associated with the word theory?

Select one:
a.
science
b.
speculation
c.
philosophy
d.
taxonomy

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Maslow contended that people who have never received love

Select one:
a.
revert to satisfying more prepotent needs.
b.
may eventually devalue it.
c.
suffer from basic anxiety.
d.
seek it to the exclusion of all other needs.

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For May, the source of humanity's most intense pleasure and its most pervasive anxiety
is

Select one:
a.
sex
b.
care
c.
eros
d.
nonbeing

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For Allport, common traits

Select one:
a.
are more important than personal traits.
b.
are shared by several people.
 c.
All of these are correct.
d.
can be used for intraindividual comparisons.

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Rogers' basic assumption in therapy was that

Select one:
a.
self-concept and the ideal self.
b.
anxiety and threat must be extinguished within the therapeutic relationship before
psychological growth can take place.
c.
esteem needs
d.
satisfy physiological needs.

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Defense mechanisms protect the ego against

Select one:
a.
feelings of shame
b.
public disgrace
 c.
guilt
d.
anxiety

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According to Adler, two commonly used safeguarding tendencies are excuses and
aggression. A third is

Select one:
a.
early recollection
b.
withdrawal
c.
social interest
d.
fixation

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Mischel's personality model suggests that behavior is caused by

Select one:
a.
people's view of themselves in a particular situation.
b.
global personal traits acquired during infancy.
 c.
people's view of environmental reinforcers.
d.
a unifying master motive acquired during early adolescence.

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Puberty signals re-awakening of sexual aim.
Genital Period
Answer:

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Erikson suggested that the basic strength of the play age is

Select one:
a.
autonomy
b.
trust
c.
purpose
d.
initiative

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Any behavior that tends to reduce or avoid conditions that are detrimental to the
survival of the organism is

Select one:
a.
extinguished.
b.
punished.
c.
unpredictability
d.
negatively reinforced.

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Fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval are examples of

Select one:
a.
continuous schedules.
b.
schedules of punishment.
c.
intermittent schedules.
d.
slot machine payoffs.

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They are expected to live on their own and rely on themselves to become independent
and unique.

Select one:
a.
Eastern culture
b.
Western culture
c.
Individualistic culture
d.
collectivist culture

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Fixation in this stage occurs when the baby experience traumatic weaning or feeding
problems

Select one:
a.
oral stage
b.
latency stage
c.
phallic stage
d.
anal stage

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A theory can be defined as

Select one:
a.
an educated guess.
b.
a group of philosophical speculations concerning the nature of reality.
c.
an unverified hypothesis.
d.
a set of related assumptions that generate testable hypotheses.

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Freud called the mouth, anus, and genitals

Select one:
a.
the aim of the sexual instinct.
b.
the aim of the aggressive instinct.
c.
Oedipal strivings.
d.
erogenous zones.

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Maslow included the needs for self-respect, confidence, competence, and the respect of
others as

Select one:
a.
safety needs
b.
neurotic needs
c.
esteem needs
d.
love and belongingness needs

Question 31
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Psychologists are most likely to agree that

Select one:
a.
three personality traits can explain all human behavior.
b.
there is a single best definition of personality.
c.
none of the choices
d.
personality refers mostly to surface appearance.

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Archetypes are

Select one:
a.
components of the collective unconscious.
b.
images embedded in the personal unconscious.
c.
culturally acquired complexes.
d.
basic values acquired during childhood.

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With regard to traits, Allport held that they

Select one:
a.
have no psychological significance.
b.
are of two kinds: primary (inherited) and secondary (learned).
c.
are of two kinds: common and individual (personal).
d.
must be extracted through factor analysis.

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According to Fromm, submission, power, and love are the three basic modes of

Select one:
a.
relatedness
b.
transcendence
c.
frame of orientation
d.
existential dichotomies

Question 35
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This perspective believes that humans are born of everything already in place, this idea
of biological determinism that an individual’s personality is completely determined by
biological factors.

Select one:
a.
trait approach
b.
psychodynamic approach
c.
humanistic approach
d.
behavioral approach

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Jung believed that psychologically healthy people would

Select one:
a.
recognize their persona but not confuse it with the self.
b.
have no persona
c.
use their persona as a shield against self-realization.
d.
identify with their persona and use it as a guideline for effective interpersonal relations.

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Heather has a painful headache. She takes some aspirin and the pain stops. In the future
when she has a headache, she will also take aspirin. Skinner would say that the taking of
aspirin to reduce headache pain is

Select one:
a.
extinguished.
b.
successively approximated.
c.
positively reinforced.
d.
negatively reinforced.

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It emphasizes man’s basic goodness, freedom to make choices & potential for personal
growth & self-fulfillment.

Select one:
a.
humanistic approach
b.
trait approach
c.
behavioral approach
d.
psychodynamic approach

Question 39
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According to Allport's definition, personal dispositions

Select one:
a.
both initiate and guide behavior.
b.
render different stimuli functionally equivalent.
c.
have both a neurological and a psychological component.
d.
organismic self

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Skinner defines negative reinforcement as any condition that,

Select one:
a.
when removed from a situation, increases the probability that a given behavior will
occur.
b.
when added to a situation, increases the probability that a given behavior will occur.
c.
when added to a situation, decreases the probability that a given behavior will occur.
d.
when removed from a situation, decreases the probability that a given behavior will
occur.

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The ultimate value of a theory is its

Select one:
a.
usefulness.
b.
truthfulness.
c.
simplicity.
d.
logic.

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Adler believed that there are two general routes by which people strive. One is the path
of exaggerated personal superiority and the other is the road of

Select one:
a.
power
b.
social interest
c.
individuation
d.
masculine protest

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The “royal road to the unconscious.”

Select one:
a.
dreams
b.
projective tests
c.
accidents
d.
symbolic behavior

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Jung called the feminine side of males the

Select one:
a.
anima
b.
shadow
c.
animus
d.
persona

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According to Erikson, ______ is a feeling of self-consciousness, of being looked at and
exposed.

Select one:
a.
guilt
b.
shame
c.
autonomy
d.
doubt

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Introverted feeling types

Select one:
a.
rely on subjective evaluations rather than the opinions of others.
b.
frequently become accountants.
c.
rely on intuition and sensation.
d.
are strongly motivated by physiological needs.

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According to Jung, a person's first test of courage is to

Select one:
a.
acquire self-realization.
b.
actualize her animus.
c.
recognize the hero.
d.
realize her or his shadow.

Question 48
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The systematic withholding of reinforcement previously contingent upon a response
until the probability of the response diminishes to zero is Skinner's definition of

Select one:
a.
negative reinforcement
b.
punishment
c.
aversion
d.
extinction

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According to Rotter, individuals who set their goals too high

Select one:
a.
engage in avoidant behavior because of frustration.
b.
score high on internal control of reinforcement.
c.
quickly change to lower-level goals when they fail.
d.
develop correspondingly high expectancies of success.

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What is the relationship among theory, hypothesis, and observation?

Select one:
a.
Observations generate hypotheses, which in turn generate theories.
b.
Hypotheses generate theories, which then result in observations.
c.
Observations are practical tools; theories and hypotheses are impractical.
d.
Theories generate hypotheses that lead to observations that may alter the original
theory.