Sana’a University
Faculty Of Engineering
Mechatronics Department
Third Year
Hydraulic Valves
Directed By:
Dr. Eng Hamoud Al-nahary
Zakaria-Hisham-Ala'a-Ahmed
INTRODUCTION
One of the most important considerations in any fluid
power system is control.
Fluid power is controlled primarily through the use of
control devices
called valves.
The selection of these valves involves not only the type
but also the
size, actuating technique, and remote-control capability
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The three basic types of valves
1. Directional control valves.(DCV)
2. Pressure control valves.(PCV)
3. Flow control valves.(FCV)
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Learning Objectives
1. Describe the purpose, construction, and operation of
various directional control valves.
2. Differentiate among two-way, three-way, and four-way
directional control valves.
3. Identify the graphic symbols used for directional,
pressure, and flow control valves.
4. Explain how valves are actuated using manual,
mechanical, fluid pilot, and electric solenoid methods.
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Directional control valves
DCVs are one of the most fundamental parts of hydraulic
and pneumatic systems.
DCVs allow fluid flow (hydraulic oil, water or air) into
different paths from one or more sources.
DCVs will usually consist of a spool inside a cylinder which
is mechanically or electrically actuated. The position of
the spool restricts or permits flow, thus it controls the
fluid flow.
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Directional control valves
The number of ports on a directional control valve (DCV) is identified using
the term way. Thus, for example, a valve with four ports is a four-way valve.
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Directional control valves.
1. Check Valve
2. Pilot-Operated Check Valve
3. Three-Way Valves
4. Four-Way Valves
5. Manually Actuated Valves
6. Mechanically Actuated Valves
7. Pilot-Actuated Valves
8. Solenoid-Actuated Valves
9. Center Flow Path Configurations for Three-Position,
Four-Way Valves
Shuttle Valves
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10.
Check Valve
The simplest type of direction control valve.
is a two-way valve because it contains two ports.
The purpose of a check valve is to permit free
flow in one direction and prevent any flow in the
opposite direction.
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Check Valve
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Check Valve
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Check Valve
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Pilot-Operated Check Valve
• A second type of check
valve
• This type of check valve
always permits free flow
in one direction but
permits flow in the
normally blocked
opposite direction only if
pilot pressure is applied
at the pilot pressure port
of the valve
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Three-way Valves:
Three-way directional control valves
Contain three ports, are typically of the spool design rather
than poppet design.
What is spool design :
Is a circular shaft containing lands that are large diameter
sections machined to slide in a very close fitting bore of the
valve body.
These valves are designed to operate with two or three
unique positions of the spool.
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Three-way Valves cont.
The spool can be positioned manually,
mechanically, by using pilot pressure, or by
using electrical solenoids.
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Three-way Valves cont.
A three-way valve is use two positions of
the spool.
The two position are :
Spool Position 1:
Flow can go from pump port P (the
port connected to the pump discharge
pipe) to outlet port (A) as shown by
the straight line and arrow in the left
envelope.
In this spool position, tank port T
(the port connected to the pipe
leading to the oil tank) is blocked.
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Three-way Valves cont.
Spool Position 2:
Flow can go from port A to port T. Port P
is blocked by the spool.
Note that the three ports are labeled for
only one of the two envelopes of the
graphic symbol.
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Four-Way Valves:
The flow paths through a four-way, two-
position directional control valve.
Fluid entering the valve at the pump port can be
directed to either outlet port A or B.
The description of the flow paths through this
four-way valve is :
Spool Position 1:
Flow can go from P to A and B to T.
Spool Position 2:
Flow can go from P to B and A to T.
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Four-Way Valves:
Four-way valves are typically
used to control the flow
directions to and from double-
acting cylinders, as shown in
Figure.
Fig . Four-way DCV controlling flow
directions to and from a double-acting
cylinder
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Manually Actuated Valves
spring-centered, three-position
directional control valve.
spring offset, two-position,
four-way valve.
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spring-centered, three-position
directional control valve.
when the valve is
unactuated (no hand force
on lever), the valve will
assume its center position
due to the balancing
opposing spring forces, this
position where all ports are
closed.
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spring-centered, three-position
directional control valve.
Graphical symbol:
the graphic symbol that the ports
are labeled on the center
envelope, which represents the
flow path configuration in the
spring-centered position of the
spool.
observe the spring and lever
actuation symbols used at the ends
of the right and left envelopes.
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spring offset, two-position, four-
way valve.
In this case the lever shifts the spool, and the spring
returns the spool to its original position when the lever is
released.
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spring offset, two-position, four-way
valve.
Graphical symbol:
There are only two unique operating
positions, as indicated by the
graphic symbol.
Note that the ports are labeled at
the envelope representing the
neutral (spring offset or return) or
unactuated position of the spool.
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Mechanically Actuated Valves
Figure 8-12 shows a two-position, four-way, spring-offset valve
that is mechanically rather than manually actuated. with the
spool end containing a roller that is typically actuated by a cam-
type mechanism.
Graphical symbol:
(the circle represents the cam-driven roller
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Pilot-Actuated Valves
Directional control
valves can also be
shifted by applying
air pressure against a
piston at either end
of the valve spool.
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Pilot-Actuated Valves
Graphical symbol:
the dashed lines
represent pilot
pressure lines.
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Solenoid-Actuated Valves
Turning Electrical Power into Mechanical
Work
when the electric coil (solenoid) is
energized, it creates a magnetic force that
pulls the armature into the coil. This causes
the armature to push on the push pin to
move the spool of the valve.
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Solenoid-Actuated Valves
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Solenoid-actuated, three-position
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Single solenoid-actuated, four-way, two-
position
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Solenoid-controlled, pilot-operated
directional control valve.
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Center Flow Path Configurations
for Three-Position, Four-Way Valves
Most three-position valves have a variety of
possible flow path configurations.
Each four-way valve has an identical flow
path configuration in the actuated position
but a different spring-centered flow path
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Center Flow Path
Configurations
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Center Flow Path
Configurations
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Shuttle Valves
A shuttle valve is another type of directional control
valve.
It permits a system to operate from either of two fluid
power sources.
One application is for safety in the event that the main
pump can no longer provide hydraulic power to operate
emergency devices.
The shuttle valve will shift to allow fluid to flow from a
secondary backup pump.
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Shuttle Valves
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