‘Using the information that the sum of the radii of the two balls is 21 cm, and that the difference of their volumes is 1332n em?, we are able to form a pair of simultaneous equations, We can reduce the pair of simultaneous ‘equations to a cubic equation, which can be solved by ‘the factor theorem. In his chapter, you will learn how to: + solve two simultaneous equations where atleast one is a non-linear equation; + find the remainder when an expression is divided by a linear factor; « translate problems involving remainder and factor theorems into mathematical equations and solve them; + factorise cubic expressions or polynomials of higher degree using the factor theorem,=— 2.1 Simultaneous Linear Equations in Two Unknowns We have seen in Lower Secondary Mathematics that a set of simultaneous linear equations can be solved by either the method of elimination or substitution. Qe +3y=7 a ax+5y=I1 _— (2) " (1) x3: a (2) x 2: @ 9 vougnt a caer. 8 (4)- @) aesenoment oaks for $7. Substitute y = 1 into (1): een wa! s. the solution is x = 2 and y By substitution: From (1), we have substitute (5) into): 3{ Jesyeut © x2 21 = 9y + Wy =22 yoyel Substitute y = 1 into (5): x=2andy=1 Exercise 1. Solve the following simultaneous equations. 2, If.x=2 and y = 3 is the solution to the set of (a) 2x+3y= (by 3+ 4y=7 simultaneous equations x-y=13 Sx-Ty=39 2ax + 3by = 10 @ 4x+5y=8 Bax ~ 70: Sx + dy = 12 {find the possible values of a and b. (e) 2x + 3y~ (f) 3x-Sy-7= Art 3 = 2x ty 4 16 3. If @,~2)is the solution to the set of simultaneous equations pe-aqy=4 3px + 2qy = 22, find the values of p and g.simultaneous Linear and Non-Linear Equations in Two Unknowns srof linear and non-linear simultaneous equations are normally solved by using the dof substitution. We start wit the linear equation by expressing one variable in terms M he other. This, in turn, is substituted into the non-linear equation to obtain an equation ‘only one variable. Solve the following simultaneous equations: 7 2 + Sry =8 ——) yex42 Q) ‘Substitute (2) into (1): 2x? + (x + 2)? — Sx(x + 2) Dehetre ed Sx I = + 3xt (e+ Do+D=0 2or-1 (mn 820 AD the renowned Muslim inthamatian ad otro A Substitute x= 2 into Q); y=-2+2=0 howaraml wrote the algebraic tx entitled Atviabr Na-Al-Magseala (the science of cancelation and Substitute x= 1 into (2); y=-1+2=1 redoction)- which was about sohirg georaic equation, the solution is x =—1 and y = Lor x=—2 and y=0. Ati translation of he tox ater became know in Eure un title Aluabr. The word Algebra cores from she Arable word for resrion of boken parts, Al-labr Calculate the coordinates of the points of intersection of the line Sx — 3y = 12 and the curve 2% — ® = 1. ye Sx—3y=12 — sed —@® ye From (1): ye oe Be) 36x) _ 252-12) Substitute (3) into (2): oe Multiply both sides by (5x ~ 12)3x: 3x(9x) — 2(5x ~ 12)? = (Sx ~ 12)3x 2x8 — 2(25x2 ~ 120x + 144) = 15x? ~ 36x 27x — 50x? + 240x ~ 288 - 15x? + 36x = 0 38x? — 276x + 288 = 0 19x ~ 138x + 144 = 0 (19x = 24)(x = 6) = 0 x= orx=6 @Substitute x= 15 into): y= Substitute x= 6 into (3): Y= SO-12 6 {find the values ofa ard band then find the other solution tothe simultaneous ‘equations. Since (5) ) isa solution, x = 3h and y= + satisfy the simultaneous equations 1), a(t ie. (35) +0(3) =9 _— a) 1} 1), 19 = 20(34) 1 (st) + sa{ 1) +195 20(34) + 2a() Q) From (1) Ja+b=18 QB) From (2) 4a + 49b = 204 @ Solving (3) and (4) simultaneously, we have a = 2 and b=4 ‘Thus we have Qt dy=9 (5) 4x2 + 16)? + 19 = 20x + dy © From (5) 2x =9-4y —o Substitute (7) into (6) (9 - 4yy? + 16)? + 1 81 —72y + 16)? + 16)" + 19 = 90 40y + 4y 32y* - 36y + I 16" - 18y +5 =0 (@y- D@y-5)=0 storys 5 23 When y= §,2n09-4(3) x= 3 The other solution is (34, 3)Exerci 44, Solve te following: sets of simultaneous equations: (i) 3. @ @) 2x+3y=13 2Qnxy + Sy? = 4x2 = 41 5. (K) x-Ty=2 @ Sx-y=2 WeMy'+Ty-16 dye dxy— 42-1 =0 (m) 243x4+5y=20 (0) 3x¢+2x=y?-y+50 0 & x+3ysl Qw=y+5 (p) 3x+y=5 42; 3x-2y-2 7 () 2x+3y=8 8 110-37 © x1+2y) 9. y+ 3x)=5 2.3 Identities Consider the following equations (a) 24 4x=7x-2 (b) x84 4r= x44) @: (b): 44) Ba 3+ (= De-2) orx=2 se 3x=145y () Srtye1 x42)? = Bay 2+ Day +297 = 25 If.x=1 and y= 2is the solution to the simultaneous equations ax + by = 2 and bx + ay = 10, find the possible values of a and b. ‘The expression ax? + br + | takes the values 1 and 4 when x takes the values 2 and 3 respectively. Find the value of the expression when x takes the value 4. ‘The sum of the circumference of two circles is 38 ‘em and the sum of their areas is 1937rem?. Calculate the radii of the circles. ‘The sum and product of two numbers x and y are 3 and 1.25 respectively. Form two separate equations involving x and y and solve them to obtain the possible values of x and y. Solve the simultaneous equations 2y = 3x ~ 1, fey yo 15 ‘Two positive numbers differ by u and the sum of their squares is 9. Find the numbers. Solve the simultaneous equations ye4enye T= 20 © Solve the simultaneous equations xtysay, dyer? © ive. the equation 22 + 4x = 7x ~2 is true only when.x = 1 or x = 2. Let's take the right-hand side of the equation, x(x + 4), and expand it. We will get, 22+ 4x, which is the same as the left-hand side of the equation, i. x° + 4x is identical to x(r+4), They are exactly the same although expressed differently. In other words, &—_—— i “gh dy = x(x+ 4) is true forall values of x, We call this equation an identity and we ‘use the symbol = to denote it: ed x44) ‘Many mathematical formulae you have learnt are actually identities. For example, (ab) =a°# 2ab+b™ | (a+ bya-Baa-0 oom Given that 5x2 — 7x +3 = A(x I)fx- 2) + Blx~ 1) + Cor all values of x, find the values of A, B and C. Since 5x2 — 7x +3 = AGe-1)(x — 2) + BG ~ 1) + C for all values of x, we , can select any values of x 10 find the unknowns A, B and C. Let x= 1, then (1)*— 701) +3 = AQ = 0-2) + BU +E ie. cel Let x = 2, then 52)! 72) +3 = A2-D2-2)+B2-V)+h ie. B=8 Let x= 0, then 3 = A@- 10-2) + 8-H +1 i 2A-8+ Can you explain why taking x= 0, 1 and 2 to find the unknowns is better than using other numbers such as ~3, 5 and 7? For all values of x, 3x° + 49° — 17x- 11 P Find the values of A, B and C. Detx = 2, then 3(2)?+ 4(2)% 17(2) ~ 11 = {A(2) + 1} + BY2~2) + C ie. c Let x = 0, then 11 = (1)(B)-2) ~ 5 ie, Bo3 Let x= 1, then 3+4—-17-1 ie, -4A 4-5 =-21 A A+ 1d +3)(1-2)-5 @eMethod 2 ax +d? — 17 1 Ax Comparing coefficients we have A=3,B=3 and C=-5 Find the values of A and B in each of the following a a identities. (a) A(3x - 2) + BOS — x) = 1x 16 (b) AGe— 3) + 1) + Ble ~3) = 7x? ~ 17x ~ 12 (©) 30° +5x°413x+ 1 = Gr- Des 2+ A) +B (d) 6x? — 10x? + 5x +3 = Gx + I(Ax’ + Bx + 3) 2. Find the values of A, B and C in each of the following identities. (a) 4+ 3-7 (b) 9x + Sx—1 (0) 2 + 6 -2e + (d) 3x°-7x°— 181-2 (x Gr + 3) + BOr- 1) + C AGx=1)(x=2) + BUr-2)4C = (Ar+2)(- N(e-B)+C (Act 24 Bat D+ C 2.4 The Remainder Theorem = Ax + (4B 41-24)? (Ax+ D(r+ Bx 2) + = (Ar + Do? 2r+ Br 2Ax* + ABx* — 2ABx + x*-2x+ Bx-2B+C 2B) + C (Q24B+2-2)x-(2B-C) , AB+ 1 ~24=4, 24B+2~B~ 17 and(2B-C)=11 Qe Exercise (e) 60° - 11 + 6x45 = (Ax — D(Bx- D@- 1) +e (f) 2¢- Be + 19x44 5x41 = (r= 4YAr+ DOE + Bet 4c (®) 6x — 7x x +5 = (A+ B)Qc4 Ie 1)4C 3. Given that 3x°+ Sx + C=AGr+ 1)? + B+ 44. for all values of x, find the values of A, B and c 4. For all values of x, Bx + 5x8 4x — Find the values of A, B and C. (Ax 42)(x + BY 1) + C. © The following shows the process of long division for polynomials Y+3x+2 © quotient divisor > x1) 42—x+7 © dividend x (Can you remember this? 4 5 quent aivier 9135 87 Ae oF 6s eunnder 2 sa = 13 «45.62 ‘The process oflong division of polynomials is similar to the long division in arithmetic that you had learnt in primary school. In long division of arithmetic sums, for example, the number 587 can be expressed as the sum of 500 + 80 + 7. However we do have negative terms in long division in polynomials such asx°+2et—x +7, When the dividend x° + 2x* - x + 7 is divided by the divisor x idend by f(a), the quotient by OC) (x = 1) Q(x) + R, illustrated as follows: 22 + 3x-+ 2 and the remainder is 9. If we denote the di and the remainder by R, then f(x) = 1, the quotient is Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder 42rd 7 Sr FO) = (= DOG) +R Dot + 3x42) 49 &Bo Let x = 1 so that the divisor is zero and we have FG)=(1-@d) +R fay=R Now consider the polynomial f(x) = 2° + 2x*-x +7. Letx=1, f(ly= P+ 208-147 = 9 (which is the remainder when the polynomial is divided by the divisor x — 1.) Let us now use another divisor x~a, ie. f(x) = (¥~ a)OG@) +R. Substituting x = a so that the divisor x ~ a is 0, we have fla) = (a-a)Q{a) +R =0+ReR ‘Similarly if the divisor is (ax — b), then f(x) = (ax ~ B)Q() + R. Substituting x = % so that ax —b is 0, we have ()- 4 a(i)*® From the above, we can see that if we want to find the remainder when a polynomial is divided by a divisor, we need not use the tedious method of long division. Instead, what we creed toda is merely equate the divisor with zero, and then do the appropriate substitution in the polynomial. In other words, to find the remainder, we may use the Remainder Theorem which states that ‘when a polynomial a 8 divided by (— 4), the remainder if). mee Find the remainder when 4x3 ~ 2x2 + 7x4 is divided by (a) (x-1) (b) (x + 3) (c) (3x +2). ae (@) When f(2) is divided by (x — 1), the remainder R = f(1) ie. R= f(t) = 4) 20)? +70) -4=$ (0) When f(x) is divided by (« + 3), the remainder R = f(-3) ie. R= fC) = 4-3) - 263) + 10-3) - 4 = 151 (©) When f(@) is divided by (3x + 2), the remainder R = £2) Jag} 1Q ie.Find the value of k if 4x7 + Sx? 2kx? + 7k-4 has a remainder of 12 when "divided by (x + 1). Let f(x) = 4x7 + 5x? — 2k? + Th 4 Using the Remainder Theorem, f(-1) = 12 ie. ACA + SL? ~ 2-1) + Th -4-5-2k+Tk- ‘The expression 3x? + Ax? + Bx + 7 leaves a remainder of 18 when divided by (x + 1) and a remainder of 33 when divided by (x2). Find the values of A and B. Let f(x) = 3x + A + Bx +7 ‘Using the Remainder Theorem, f(-1) = 18 and f(2) = 33 ie. 3-1) + AC TY + BEL) +7 = 18 —— (1) 32) + AQ) + B2)+7= 33 ———. @) from (1) A-B=14 i) from (2) 4A +2B=2 Oo) Solving (3) and (4) simultaneously, we have A = 5 and B= Exercise 1. Find the remainder when: (b) 3° +x? k+ 4 has a remainder of 8 when (a) x - Sx’ + 3x +7 is divided by x- 1 divided by x2. (b) 2x! + 7x! - 6x + 9 is divided by x +1 (0) 2 + 4x4 6x? + 2k + 2 has a remainder of (0) Sx? + 13x + 6 is divided by x +2 6 when divided by x +2. (d) 3x — 2x + 5 is divided by x +2 (@) 7x3 + fo! + 3x! + 5x4 +7 has a remainder of (©) x + 2x-5 is divided by x +3 3 when divided by x + 1. (®) Sx°- 3x + 6 is divided by 2x +1 (©) Sx —4e' + (k+ Dx 5k has a remainder of (g) Sx + 4x" 6r + 7 is divided by x~2 -2 when divided by x +2. (h) 2x + 4x? — 6x + 7 is divided by 2x-1 *() Gx + RP + (x — 7) has a remainder of 33 when divided by x ~ 3. 3, The remainder obtained when 52° ~ 6x? + kx ~3 2, Find the value of k if: is divided by (x — 1) is equal to the remainder (a) ¥ = 3x2+ Ske + 5 has a remainder of 17 ‘obtained when the same expression is divided by when divided by x -3. (x2). Find the value of k. @&4, ‘The expression 2x° + fix? ~ 6x + I leaves @ 9. Given that y = 3x! + 7x? —48x + 49 and that y has remainder of 2k when divided by (x + 2) and the same remainder when itis divided by (& + &) when the same expression is divided by @~ 1), or (x ~ &), find all the possible values of k. the remainder obtained is k. Find the values of ft and k 10, The expression hx? — 5x? + 2kx + 6 leaves a remainder of 3 when it is divided by (x ~ 3) and a remainder of -22 when it is divided by (x + 2). Find the value of ft and of k. With these values of and k, find the remainder when the expression is divided by (2x + 1). 5, The expression 8x ~ 4x* + 2px ~ q leaves a remainder of -19 when divided by (x + 1) and a remainder of 2 when divided by (2x ~ 1). Find the values of p and g. 11. When the expression 2x + pr + 5x? +7 is *6. Given that when x? + ax + b and x + hx + kare divided by (& + 1)(x ~ 2), the remainder is divided by (x + p), their remainders are equal. (qx + 18). This result may be expressed as Express p in terms of a, b, hand k. De! 4 pe 4 Sk +7 = (x + Dee 2) OO) + (qx + 18), where Q(x) is the quotient. By ‘When the expression x + 2kx!— 2x + his divided substituting suitable values of x, find the values by (x + 2), the remainder is 9, When the same of p and 4. expression is divided by (x3) the remainder is +42, When the expression 3x°+ px? + gr +8 is divided 49. Find the values of hand k En CEES ee eee Gx + 6). by (2 ~ 3x + 2), the remainder is (5x + 6). Find the values of p and g. 8. When x°4 52° - px - q and px? ~ gx~ 1 are each divided by (x + 1), the remainders obtained are 7 and ~6 respectively. Find the values of p and q. (a) Factorize # - 3x + 2. (b) Find the remainders when x? ~ 3x + 2 is divided by x~ 1 and x— 2. (a) ¥-3x+2=(0-D@-D (x= 1) and (x ~ 2) are factors of x* ~ 3x +2 From the example above, we see that when the divisor is a factor of the dividend, the remainder is 0. We can use the Remainder Theorem to factorize polynomials. When the remainder theorem is used for this purpose, itis called the factor theorem. ‘The factor theorem states that if a polynomial flx) is divided by (xa), and that if fla) = 0, then (xa) is a factor of flx). Conversely, if (x —a) is a factor of f(x), then fla) = 0 and flx) is divisible by (x— a). Note: the sign «=» means “if and only if". ie. (a) isa factor off) << f@=0 (b) Let f(a) = P= 3x +2 When the divisor = x- 1, R=/(1) =1-3+2=0 When the divisor = x~ 2, R= f(@2)=4-6+2=0 sd @ | |Find the value of k for which (x~2) isa factor of f(3) = Bri 2 + Set ke | Hence find the remainder when f(x) is divided by (= + 3), fla) = 3x - 28+ Sx +k (=D) is a factor of f) = f(2) =0 ie. 302) ~ 20) +52) +k nfl) = 3x? — 2x? + Sx ~ 26 When f(x) + (x +3), remainder R = f(-3) ie R= 33) — 203) + 5-3) - 26 =-140. oe ‘The expression 3x! + hx? — 5x + kis exactly divisible by (+ 3) and leaves Saemainder of 4 when divided by (x + 1). Find the values of hand k ‘and, hence, factorize the expression completely. | Let f(x) = 3x? + ho? — Seth, | Since f(x) is divisible by (x + 3), f-3) = 3¢-3) + h(-3P - 5-3) +k | ie. 9h+ k= 66 —() | ‘Since fix) divided by (x + 1) leaves 2 remainder of 4, fel =4= 31+ Cl SCD +k ie. h+k=2 ——@ Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously, we have = 8 and k=6 | ofl) = 3x0 + 8 - 5x6 By long division, we have 3x7- x-2 (e+ 3))38 + 8x, -5x-6 3x 49x" ax -5x —v-3x 25-6 =2x-6 0 fs) 23x! + 82 ~ Sx— 6 = (443) BE ==?) = (e+ 3x DGe+2)Given that x?-5x +4 is a factor of find the values the expression 2x! + hx’ + ko? + 34x-24, ‘af h and k. Hence, factorize the expression completely. I year snr ose oraz Since x — 5x44 is a fact both factors of, ‘Thus, f(1) = 0 f(0) = 2) HEP RD? + 34(0) — 24 = 0 fA) From (1): From (2): ie. Solving (3) and (4) simultaneously, (25x44) =(e-DE-4) sor of f(2), it follows that (x — 1) and (x ~ 4) are £@). and f(4) = 0. a = (4)! + (ay? + MEA? + 34(4) ~ 24 = 0 2) j hek+2=0 ———®@) i 64h + 16k + 624 = i dh+k+39=0 ® we have h = -9 and k= -3 Now f(x) = 2x! ~ 92° ~ 3x? + 34x ~ 24 By long division, we have fo) = 2e+ x- 6 we - 5x44 )20- Oe — 3x24 34x-24 2a 10 + BF = Ie + 34x x= St 4x = 6x2 + 30x — 24 6x2 + 30x - 24 0 = 5x4 4)(20 +x-6) 5 (x DOr 42x - Be #2) Exe 1. Find the values of k for which: (a) x— 1 is a factor of 3x3 + 7x?— kee + 5 (b) x +2 is a factor of 2x? + ke? — 8x - 18 (©) x-3isa factor of 42° + 6x7 ~ 9x + 2k (@) x +4 is a factor of 2° + Sx? — kee + 48 {e) 2x— 1 is a factor of 4xé + 3x0 ~ Ta? + 14x + k (f) x= 3 is a factor of 23° — ke + 12 (g) x— 1 is a factor of xt — 3hoe +2 (hy x+2isa factor of @ + 1+ Gx + HY Given that x— 1 is a factor of the expression ip ke +2, find the value of k and the remainder ‘when the expression is divided by x - 2. [new sou Asotin wihemetes reise 3, Given that x? -x-2 and 2° + kx? ~ 10x + 6 have a common factor, find the possible values of k, Find the values of p and q for which x - 3 is a common factor of the expressions x + (p+ q)"—4 and 2x? + (p~ Dx +P +24). 5, Find the values of p and q for which x + 1 and ‘2x — 1 are factors of 4x4 + 2x? + (q+ Ix—9~ Pe If x—2and x + 3 are factors of the expression 3x! + 5x? + px? + qx + 6 find the values of p and 4. @\ Given that x + 2 is a common factor of ax? + (ar kox+ 6 and (kaa? + 44a, find the values ofa and k. Given that x + 2 and 3x ~ 1 are factors of the expression 3x°— 10x" + px + 4, find the values of p and q. Hence, find the third factor of the expression. Given that x + 1 and x ~ 3 are factors of the expression xt + px’ + 5x? +5x + q, find the values, fof p and q. Hence, find the other two factors of the expression. ‘The expression (a + I)x* + (2 3a)? - Ba- Lx + 2a - 13 has a factor x ~ 3. Find the value of a and hence find the other two factors of the expression. If (¢— Wis a factor of the expression ke? + Sx? Thx - 8, where k is a positive integer, find the Factorize x! =? - 4x + 4 am Lets 12. 13. 14. 15. numerical value of k. Hence find the other factors of the expression If 2x—3isa factor of the expression x! + px! + gx-81, find the values of p and q. Hence, factorize the expression completely. If x? 3x42 is a factor of the expression 2x! + px? +74 gr~ 12, find the values of p and q. Hence, factorize the expression completely. x4 2is a factor of flx) = a(x - 1)? + B(x - 1) +e ‘The remainders when fix) is divided by x +1 and x-1 are—11 and 9 respectively. Find the values of a, bandc. ‘The expression f(x) = 2x? + px*-3x + qhas a factor x= 1. When f(x) is divided by x2, the remainder is 20. Find the values of p and q and, hence, solve 0. the equation fU 2.6 Factorization of Cubic Expressions Since the polynomial in x is of the third degree, it will not have more than three linear factors. Suppose a, b and c are integers such that flax) = (x + a)(x + B)(x + c); then the product of the constant term of each factor is abc and this should be equal to 4; i.e. a, b and c are factors of 4. ‘Thus the possible factors of f(x) are (x + 1), (x 2) and (x4). Try (r+ 1), f(D =-1-1+444=6 (+ 1) is not a factor of fix) Try (@- 1), fl) =1-1-4+4=0 =, (e= 1) isa factor of f() ‘The other factors can be found by any of the following methods: Method 1: trial and error Try (r+ 2), f(-2)=-8-4+844=0 («+ 2) is a factor of f(x) Try (x- 2), fQ)=8-4-8+4=0 5. (&—2) isa factor of f(x) fa) = r= Dee +2) (x= 2) @Method 2: long division eo =4 xol)eae dead vox ~are4 = 4n 44 0 (x -1) (= 4) x= Dor + 2)(x= 2) . fee Method 3: inspect Since f(x) is of the third degree and x ~ 1 is one of the factors, the other factor must be of the second degree and of the form ax? + bx + ¢. Padres 4s (e- Dae + bro) 2 (x- 02 + bx 4) tT t and c are deduced by inspection _ Padre dae + beat be dnd =x (1 -b)-b +4) +4 Comparing coefficients, 1-b=1, or b+4=4 be 2 f@)=@- DE -4) = (x= 10 + 2-2) “The possible factors of f(x) are (2x + a), (e+ b) and (xc), where a,b and care integers. Try 1), f(l) #24 1-7-6 =0. 2. =) isa factor of f(x). 22+ 13x46 x-1)2P4lle- Tx-6 28- 22 W3e- 7x 13) 13x. 6x6 6x- 6 0 . fQ) = (x ~ DQe + 13x + 6) = (x- Ix + 1x + 6) when f(a) = 0, x= 1, -4 oF ~6. @ ew bus Aston VaterSolve the equation x! + 4x! 23x +6 = 0, giving solutions 10 2 decimal places where necessary. Let fx) = 2° + 4x2 23x + 6. The possible factors of f(x) are Gr 1), (x2) and (x £3). tryed: fil) 144-23 4640 (x1) is not a factor of f()- ‘Try (x - 3): fQ)= 3° + 43°) — 23) +6 =27+36-69+6=0 (x= 3) is a factor of f@). B+ Tx-2 x-3)P+4e= 2x46 fe fl) = (4-3) + 7x - 2) When f(x) = 0: (x= 3) 20 or + 7x-2=0 a+ {P40 20) x= 3 oF 0.27 of ~7.27 (comtect to 2 decimal places) xe3orx= Exercise 1. Factorize the following: (g) 5x3 - 26x + 35x-6=0 (a) 2v +2 = 22424 (b) 2P 1? x430 (h) 2x! ~ 192 + 61x? - T4x + 24 = 0 (© P= Sxt-x45 (@) 8-922 + 26x—24 (© 24 8-13x+6 — (f) P- 68x 430 (g) 12 - 8x = 3x +2 3, Solve the following equations, giving solutions to (h) x + 5x’ + 5x*- 5x-6 2 decimal places where necessary: (a) P= 98 + 11+ 6=0 2, Solve the following: (b) = 8° 16x 3 = 0 (a) 84 2x8-2-2=0 (©) P= 10K + 28x- 1 (b) 2 — 3x8 = 4 4 12=0 (@) 2x8 - 38 = 13x+7=0 (©) 42x - Te - 8x4 12=0 (@) 30-8 + 4x (@) 4e 48-2184) (©) 2x) -3x°= Lx + (f) 3x! = 16x" — 37x + 1 (f) 38-23 + 7x4 5=0 (g) 4x° = 16x? + 15x — (h) 6x! ~ 292° + 18x—Now abus Adios! Motematis Sa ‘efits a0: Comsat it of f(x). 5. If ax ¥ b, where a # 0, is 4 factor of the polynomial f(2), then s(t) zy, (fea) = 0, then x ¥ a is Conversely, it7 (#4) = 0, ax = bis a factor of 09. Review Problems 2 1. Solve the following simultaneous equations. , Sx-3y43=0 10x + 8y = : + ise Sy 1Gx+2y) by AEM a2, (b) xt $ @2 = 2. Solve the following simultaneous equations: (@) x42y=4,2-ayt2y=8 (b) wee ayet. x(3x—4y) = 8 (© 4r-yol4, Be a7 @ 4 ha 3h aeeyeT (@ x4 2y #5, 5x4 dy! 12v=29 (f) reyste eye @ Se=3y4 12, (h) xy =2, 15x? ~ L6xy = 15y* 14 _y20 xy (@ ay = 20, 2x11 =2y 1 GQ a-ytline 3y = 4x~ 15 intersects the curve 8x? = 45 + 27y* at the points A and B. Find the coordinates of A and B. 14, The line 2x + 3y = 2 intersects the curve 6x! + 94y~ ‘gy? = 2 at the points P and Q. Find the coordinates of P and Q. r ow the simultaneous equations. 44 %=4, Day =45 © ‘6. Find the values of A, B and C in each of the following identities: (a) 4x? — 13x +5 = AG 2)(e~3) + Boe 2) + C (b) 7x2 — Me + 13 = AC — Gx + 3) + BOE D+ C () 28 +38 - 14x 5 = (Ax + Bx + 3r+ + C (@) 12v' — 61x? + 4x + 16 = (Ax— DBr+ DO-O+ (e) 3x + 9x + Le + 10x + 15 = APO + W(x + 2) + Bxtx + 2) 4+ C () xt 10s? = 13x + Le + Art 3) DE 3) + Bet C 7, Find the remainder of each of the following: ? (a) (@+3r-4) + @ +3) (by GP 44x24 32-7) = 2) (© Ox 4384 7x-2) + &- 1 (@) Ge -4e +7) + +1) (e) Q8 4x + 7x5) = 2x1) (D Ge +3x8-5) + 2x4) (g) (Gx? - Tx +5) + 2x *3) (h) (Gx + 28 — 4x +9) + (x5) O Ge 6e 47843) FORD (PASE Ge SES EHD 8, Find the values of k for which (a) (x +2) is a factor of 2x' - 3x + ke + 18 (b) (2x — 1) is a factor of 2x8 + x — ke + 30 ve) (r—2) is a factor of 2x? + ka? + Hx - 2 (a) (+ 3) is a factor of (2x +5)? + Gx + WF Me) (Bx! ~ Tx2+ 15) + (x2) has remainder of 11 () Yet — ex - 11 + (x= 3) has remainder of 4 9, Factorize each of the following: (a) 20-78 +9 (b) 2 = 2x0 - 15x + 36 (©) 6x + 192? ~ 2dr — 16 (e) 6x9 + 31x + 3x- 10 (@) 6x9 + 5x*- 12x -6 (f) 120 + 288 - x5 Solve the following equations by factorization: (a) 2x9 - 30 - IIx +30=0 (¢) 2x Ta? - 10x + 24=0 (b) 6° + Hat dr-4=0 (d) 8x — 42x + 297 + 2x +B =O (pay save the following equations, giving solutions to 2 decimal places where nevessary: (a) P= 6x2 + 2x4 12=0 (©) 4x 37x" + 3Ix-7=0 (b) 2x? 31x + 292-7 (d) 60 + 5x? - 26x +1 12, When the expression 7x* ~ 5x" + axis divided by x + | the remainder is 2, Find the rmericel value of a. Hence find the remainder when the expression is divided byx-1 Given that y = 2° + 17? 48x + 29 and that y has the same remainder when divided by x- aor x +a, find the possible values of a. yea the yalues ofp and q for which the expression 12x + 168 + px? + gr — 1 is divisible by 4x*- 1. Hence, find the other factors of the expression. @15. The expression (px + qx — 1) + r+ 2) is equal to 12 for all values of x. By substituting Suitable values of x, or otherwise, find the value of p, of q and of r- 16. Find the values of p and q if 4x2 — 4x ~3 is a factor of the expression Bx' + px? + gx 4x43. Hence, factorize the expression completely. 17. Given that f(x) =~ (p + 1)x? + p where m and p are positive integers, show that 1 is a factor of f(x) for all values of p. When p = 4, find the value of n for which “x42 is a factor of f(x) and then factorize f(x) completely. ( 8) (a) Solve the equation 2x° - 7x? - Tx + 30 = 0. 7 (b) When the expression x2 + bx + c is divided by x ~ 2, the remainder is R. When the expression is divided by x + 1, the remainder is also R. (Find the value of b. (ii) When the expression is divided by x ~ 4, the remainder is 2R. Find the value of c and of R. (iii) When the expression is divided by x, the remainder is SR. Find the two possible values of f. ‘The sketch shows part of the graph of yewtpetgren where p, q and r are constants. ‘The points A, B and C have coordinates (-2, 0), (2, 0) and (4, 0) respectively. ‘The curve crosses the y-axis at D. Evaluate p, q and r, and state the coordinates of D. © 19. (a) Find the value of k for which x? + (k— I)x + ~ 16 is exactly divisible by x—3, but not divisible by x +4. (b) Given that 4x! — 9a%x? + 2(q? ~ 7)x ~ 18 is exactly divisible by 2x 3a, show that a’ —Ja—6 =0 and, hence, find the possible values of a (c) The expression 22° + bx? — ex + d leaves the same remainder when divided by x4 1orx—2or2x— 1. Evaluate b and c. Given, also, that the expression is exactly divisible by x + 2, evaluate d. © 20. (a), The expressions »° ~ ax + a? and ax? + x7 ~ 17 have the same remainder when divided by x—2. Find the possible values of @ a, Gi) the remainder. () Find the s-coordinate of each of the three points of intersection of the curves, y=6x—Sand y= 17x-$. (© Find the value of k for which x? ~3x + kis a factor of = Sx? + 12. o Given that (x2 ~ 4x + 3) isa factor of x* + fix? + kx — 15, find the values of ft and & With these values of ft and k factorise x‘ + hx? + kx ~ 15 completely. 22, Solve the simultaneous equations xtys5, xya4 @mas Soreoraec aE 5 @T OT OT @F z @F OF @F wT @ 3)" (-8}.10) OF OF WF OT = (oF @)T won 6@T OT OF @T (Je) OT OT @T MT 22 @F on (32. 7. @.0. (3 , FOF OT OT @F (©) 4.3) 0F20,35) Bxercise 2E 9 Disanacuteisosceles triangle a (6 22) orc L@ 1s & 42 © ~81 (a) -16 11.29 12.(@) 88 (b) 70 (©) 3 ©) @-Her(1 © “st ©) 22 @ 1or2 it 13. (@) 362. b) 327 Lael §) 1 14. (0) (3.5.7.1) . o(ba(bs 2 23:4 3, 14 or-i5 Bee aan wb dCi 6 ; @ 11.2468.9.10 2) (© 1,-2)or(38. 5} + S.psiqz0 © (4.6.8, 10, | Als 1 aa4ke7 © @Aor(4 6-5) 1. @BNAUCY ANC 7 & facsae_ olga @)PARNG — (OURor © (14) canoe @avanc — euUeNR Ors G+ @enqueanvenk wane: ong B03 Ne +3) 19.55,35 : 20. (a) 20% (b) 5256 (©) 17% @ A.A or( 1 q= 16, 2x + 3X ~ 1x2 nes wt 14, a=7,b= 24,029 22. (a) 66 0) 40 (©) 6 23. C= (1, 5} oF (1,4, 5} oF (1,2 5) 5 pedaeti-ae! ». Cis not unique. ie 9 _* 2 c(uemaactloiecny) | 4 rom item tare cimatu tig era 240049 xigecinriomrentin g seyneia(allaGhl) "Beggs 26, smallest = 144, lrgest=155;2 | anf? (© (D+ De-9) Roteasd wie < Gast ena 3 B 2a, 7 @) 3) - SD see con. ( Gu tise Noe 1 @) x=2y © GDoreit,-15) (h) Ge = DG + 2x + 3K + D aie 5 [ul] 2 trad wae unaes Or 203 bere 26 _ poase wae wxant © haar © 3. B=6 (d)A=2,B ni acgersse 1 1 @ $.20r3 Wh) 5.23004 3. (a) 2,741,~O41 (b) 3,4.79, 021 (6) 4,5.24,0.76 (a) 05, 3.19, -219 Exercise 28 @en (©) 1,185,-018 ~4,732, 068 3 wo-Deers tw f.amoran o 4.414036 © a. dor(2h--4) Review Problems 2 @ CL. 1or(5, 3) en L@ (-% ) (© @,5)or(53,-24} 1 @) 6 ©) 2 (0 @-~15 2 (3 1 © (2-2) (38 © 82 @ 51 @ St | a @ 6% 2@ ts 1 HS ORs (6. @-8 7 (G20 (44.24) o.9(4 8) a aretha!)2 ©) 1.3) (3.2 @ cine (2 ©) 9. 10rd, 9 5 (@) 6.600 (15. ~ : 3)0r(3.-1 © (a2$}oe(2 3 4 11 (3) 7. (a) -4 0) 2B @ 2 10 @o 0-8 @ 26 a9 @-2 8. G@)-5 (61 9 (@ 10 ©3 © lors 9. (@) (4 DQx-~3e=3) () (r= 3F + 4) (©) 2x +(x+ 4x4) (@) (x42) -3)Gr +1) (©) (+ 5)Gr +2) ~ 1) © Gx Der IGr+ 1D) 1 2 ‘ 10. @ 2 (@) 2.2.3) F.-2 5 3 (582 1 to © H24 alt © 24 @24 tt AL. (a) 2,5.16,-1.16 (b) +, 0.48, 14.52 L © 4,814,086 (@ 4,136,-269 7 3 4 DQe~ 32+ 1 Der r= 2) +2) 4,1 = 16; DO, 16) ) 2,-1.3 d= 22 19. (a) -5 BW. = 18, k= 32; (= 1 3K 5) 22. (1, 444, D to 455 . (2.22). 1A = 175 (84 SY 3) as 26, BL; (2 + 9)Ur + 3)r~ 3) mace 3B. @) Gr— 1x + 3)0~2) () (+ Ge + 292 +) 32 a= 3 he BM h=T, 3 35. (a) 21 @) -041,-2,241 (©) 6 Exercise 34, 1 @) VF OME © WT @ WT (WT) 16/F @® 2 we wtb © BE wor w 49485 (0) 30416 (a) 89-2445 (@) 188-2410, @) 1282 (@ 105-5 (124225 2 (@) 1.0605 @) 3468 ©) 2598 (@) 02236 (@) 1984 (9438, @) 6072 (a) 29.984 ( 61.28 3. @) V3-1 © $vT+2) © BE @ 5 © Reyer © Baa @ ES s-we @ MD BAgeS (ey) 5426 () SEAMS (m) 5-VE (a) 6 @4 ot @ 124503 © 8-AB-2-VO 4 6 64 Exercise 3B L@ 9 w4 @29 @ 096 ©7068 ®t we 2 We We 3! @ 4 wor We wal wal = ir + oF Dek we 1 aig? © Zate @& 3. (a) PIS" Gh) SHH CE) DSH (a) 2-8 (@) 243 () Des 2 1 6 4 (a) 22y mays ty @ © (@ 27 @) 3+ oy @ & @ By @y-% Oy Sa? wy way (@) by fe y © > ae Exercise 3C Lorore2 os t © -} ©2 @0 ws Ly oF Ot W304 2@3 2 @1 @4 (© 3or-1 © Lord 3. (@) 1 @)-1 @ Lor? (@) 1002 (@) 00rl ort @ tor-2 (h) 30-1 4 (@) x (b) o=3,b=5 Exercise 3D 1. @) log, 25=2 () log,,1 = 0 © tay 2843. @ bp, 1 (@ tm b=-3 O tg26-3 2 wae? moses @ bar @1=9 @ 67 (f) 1000 = 10" 3.@)0 5S (1 @-1 p25 3 7 1 L OF @2 mF 1 1 7 fm) 7 (a) Lord 25H 25 (m7 a 2 i) 4. G@) De) 2 5. (a) 51% (b) So 6 @) 3424 @) Le+0 (0,2 4,086 ‘ 0 wg @ bas 00 8