744 Chapter 22 Gauss’s Law

Solution
bridging Problem electric Field inSide a hydrogen atom

A hydrogen atom is made up of a proton of charge +Q = 22.29 The charge distribution in a hydrogen atom.
1.60 * 10-19 C and an electron of charge -Q = - 1.60 *
10-19 C. The proton may be regarded as a point charge at r = 0,
the center of the atom. The motion of the electron causes its charge Proton:
point charge +Q
to be “smeared out” into a spherical distribution around the proton
(Fig. 22.29), so that the electron is equivalent to a charge per unit
volume of r1r2 = -1Q>pa032e-2r>a0, where a0 = 5.29 * 10-11 m
is called the Bohr radius. (a) Find the total amount of the hydro-
gen atom’s charge that is enclosed within a sphere with radius r
Electron:
centered on the proton. (b) Find the electric field (magnitude and charge -Q “smeared out”
direction) caused by the charge of the hydrogen atom as a function in a spherical distribution
of r. (c) Make a graph as a function of r of the ratio of the electric-
field magnitude E to the magnitude of the field due to the proton
alone.
4. The total electron charge within a radius r equals the integral
of r1r′2dV from r′ = 0 to r′ = r. Set up this integral (but
don’t solve it yet), and use it to write an expression for the total
SolUtIon GUIde charge (including the proton) within a sphere of radius r.
IdentIfy and Set Up
1. The charge distribution in this problem is spherically symmet- execUte
ric, as in Example 22.9, so you can solve it with Gauss’s law. 5. Integrate your expression from step 4 to find the charge within
2. The charge within a sphere of radius r includes the proton radius r. (Hint: Integrate by substitution: Change the integration

parts to calculate the integral 1 x 2e-x dx, or you can look it

charge +Q plus the portion of the electron charge distribution variable from r′ to x = 2r′>a0 . You can use integration by
that lies within the sphere. The difference from Example 22.9
is that the electron charge distribution is not uniform, so the up in a table of integrals or on the Web.)
charge enclosed within a sphere of radius r is not simply the 6. Use Gauss’s law and your results from step 5 to find the electric
charge density multiplied by the volume 4pr 3>3 of the sphere. field at a distance r from the proton.
Instead, you’ll have to do an integral. 7. Find the ratio referred to in part (c) and graph it versus r.
3. Consider a thin spherical shell centered on the proton, with (You’ll actually find it simplest to graph this function versus
radius r′ and infinitesimal thickness dr′. Since the shell is so the quantity r>a0 .)
thin, every point within the shell is at essentially the same
radius from the proton. Hence the amount of electron charge evalUate
within this shell is equal to the electron charge density r1r′2 8. How do your results for the enclosed charge and the electric-
at this radius multiplied by the volume dV of the shell. What is field magnitude behave in the limit r S 0? In the limit r S q?
dV in terms of r′? Explain your results.

Problems For assigned homework and other learning materials, go to MasteringPhysics®.

., .., ...: Difficulty levels. CP: Cumulative problems incorporating material from earlier chapters. CALC: Problems requiring calculus.
DATA: Problems involving real data, scientific evidence, experimental design, and/or statistical reasoning. BIO: Biosciences problems.

dIScUSSIon QUeStIonS Q22.4 A certain region of space bounded by an imaginary

Q22.1 A rubber balloon has a single point charge in its interior. closed surface contains no charge. Is the electric field always zero
Does the electric flux through the balloon depend on whether or everywhere on the surface? If not, under what circumstances is it
not it is fully inflated? Explain your reasoning. zero on the surface?
Q22.2 Suppose that in Fig. 22.15 both charges were positive. Q22.5 A spherical Gaussian surface encloses a point charge q.
What would be the fluxes through each of the four surfaces in the If the point charge is moved from the center of the sphere to a
example? point away from the center, does the electric field at a point on the
Q22.3 In Fig. 22.15, suppose a third point charge were placed surface change? Does the total flux through the Gaussian surface
outside the purple Gaussian surface C. Would this affect the elec- change? Explain.
tric flux through any of the surfaces A, B, C, or D in the figure? Q22.6 You find a sealed box on your doorstep. You suspect
Why or why not? that the box contains several charged metal spheres packed in
 Exercises 745

insulating material. How can you determine the total net charge exerCises
inside the box without opening the box? Or isn’t this possible?
Section 22.2 Calculating Electric Flux
Q22.7 A solid copper sphere has a net positive charge. The .
22.1 A flat sheet of paper of area 0.250 m2 is oriented so that
charge is distributed uniformly over the surface of the sphere, and
the normal to the sheet is at an angle of 60° to a uniform electric
the electric field inside the sphere is zero. Then a negative point
field of magnitude 14 N>C. (a) Find the magnitude of the electric
charge outside the sphere is brought close to the surface of the
flux through the sheet. (b) Does the answer to part (a) depend on
sphere. Is all the net charge on the sphere still on its surface? If
the shape of the sheet? Why or why not? (c) For what angle f
so, is this charge still distributed uniformly over the surface? If it
between the normal to the sheet and the electric field is the mag-
is not uniform, how is it distributed? Is the electric field inside the
nitude of the flux through the sheet (i) largest and (ii) smallest?
sphere still zero? In each case justify your answers.
Explain your answers.
Q22.8 If the electric field of a point charge were proportional
to 1>r 3 instead of 1>r 2, would Gauss’s law still be valid? Explain
22.2 .. A flat sheet is in the shape of a rectangle with sides of
lengths 0.400 m and 0.600 m. The sheet is immersed in a uni-
your reasoning. (Hint: Consider a spherical Gaussian surface
form electric field of magnitude 90.0 N>C that is directed at 20°
centered on a single point charge.)
from the plane of the sheet (Fig. E22.2). Find the magnitude of
Q22.9 In a conductor, one or more electrons from each atom are
the electric flux through the sheet.
free to roam throughout the volume of the conductor. Does this
contradict the statement that any excess charge on a solid conduc-
tor must reside on its surface? Why or why not? Figure E22.2
Q22.10 You charge up the Van de Graaff generator shown S
E
in Fig. 22.26, and then bring an identical but uncharged hollow
conducting sphere near it, without letting the two spheres touch. 20°
Sketch the distribution of charges on the second sphere. What is 0.400 m
the net flux through the second sphere? What is the electric field 0.600 m
inside the second sphere?
Q22.11 A lightning rod is a rounded copper rod mounted on top
of a building and welded to a heavy copper cable running down 22.3 . You measure an electric field of 1.25 * 106 N>C at a dis-
into the ground. Lightning rods are used to protect houses and tance of 0.150 m from a point charge. There is no other source of
barns from lightning; the lightning current runs through the copper electric field in the region other than this point charge. (a) What
rather than through the building. Why? Why should the end of the is the electric flux through the surface of a sphere that has this
rod be rounded? charge at its center and that has radius 0.150 m? (b) What is the
Q22.12 A solid conductor has a cavity in its interior. Would the magnitude of this charge?
presence of a point charge inside the cavity affect the electric field 22.4 . It was shown in Example 21.10 (Section 21.5) that the
outside the conductor? Why or why not? Would the presence of a electric field due to an infinite line of charge is perpendicular to
point charge outside the conductor affect the electric field inside the line and has magnitude E = l>2pP0 r. Consider an imaginary
the cavity? Again, why or why not? cylinder with radius r = 0.250 m and length l = 0.400 m that
Q22.13 Explain this statement: “In a static situation, the electric has an infinite line of positive charge running along its axis. The
field at the surface of a conductor can have no component parallel charge per unit length on the line is l = 3.00 mC>m. (a) What is
to the surface because this would violate the condition that the the electric flux through the cylinder due to this infinite line of
charges on the surface are at rest.” Would this statement be valid charge? (b) What is the flux through the cylinder if its radius is
for the electric field at the surface of an insulator? Explain your increased to r = 0.500 m? (c) What is the flux through the cylin-
answer and the reason for any differences between the cases of a der if its length is increased to l = 0.800 m?
conductor and an insulator. 22.5 .. A hemisphericalS
surface with radius r in a region of uni-
S
Q22.14 In a certain region of space, the electric field E is uni- form electric field E has its axis aligned parallel to the direction
form. (a) Use Gauss’s law to prove that this region of space must of the field. Calculate the flux through the surface.
be electrically neutral; that is, the volume charge density r must 22.6 . The cube in Fig. E22.6 has sides of length L = 10.0 cm.
be zero. (b) Is the converse true? That is, in a region of space The electric field is uniform, has magnitude E = 4.00 * 103 N>C,
S
where there is no charge, must E be uniform? Explain. and is parallel to the xy-plane at an angle of 53.1° measured
Q22.15 (a) In a certain region of space, theS volume charge den- from the + x-axis toward the + y-axis. (a) What is the electric
sity r has a uniform positive value. Can E be uniform in this flux through each of the six cube faces S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, and S6?
region? Explain. (b) Suppose that in this region of uniform posi- (b) What is the total electric flux through all faces of the cube?
S
tive r there is a “bubble” within which r = 0. Can E be uniform
within this bubble? Explain. Figure E22.6
Q22.16 A negative charge - Q is placed inside the cavity of a z
hollow metal solid. The outside of the solid is grounded by con- S2 (top)
necting a conducting wire between it and the earth. Is any excess S1
S6 (back)
charge induced on the inner surface of the metal? Is there any (left
side)
excess charge on the outside surface of the metal? Why or why S3 (right
not? Would someone outside the solid measure an electric field side)
L
due to the charge - Q? Is it reasonable to say that the grounded y
conductor has shielded the region outside the conductor from the L
effects of the charge -Q? In principle, could the same thing be L
x
done for gravity? Why or why not? S5 (front) S4 (bottom)
746 ChaptEr 22 Gauss’s Law

Section 22.3 Gauss’s Law 22.16 . Some planetary scientists have suggested that the planet
22.7 . BIO As discussed in Section 22.5, human nerve cells Mars has an electric field somewhat similar to that of the earth,
have a net negative charge and the material in the interior of the producing a net electric flux of -3.63 * 1016 N # m2>C at the
cell is a good conductor. If a cell has a net charge of -8.65 pC, planet’s surface. Calculate: (a) the total electric charge on the
what are the magnitude and direction (inward or outward) of the planet; (b) the electric field at the planet’s surface (refer to
net flux through the cell boundary? the astronomical data inside the back cover); (c) the charge density
22.8 . The three small spheres shown in Fig. E22.8 carry on Mars, assuming all the charge is uniformly distributed over the
charges q1 = 4.00 nC, q2 = -7.80 nC, and q3 = 2.40 nC. Find planet’s surface.
the net electric flux through each of the following closed surfaces 22.17 .. A very long uniform line of charge has charge per unit
shown in cross section in the figure: (a) S1 ; (b) S2 ; (c) S3 ; (d) S4 ; length 4.80 mC>m and lies along the x-axis. A second long uniform
(e) S5 . (f) Do your answers to parts (a)–(e) depend on how the line of charge has charge per unit length -2.40 mC>m and is par-
charge is distributed over each small sphere? Why or why not? allel to the x-axis at y = 0.400 m. What is the net electric field
(magnitude and direction) at the following points on the y-axis:
Figure E22.8
(a) y = 0.200 m and (b) y = 0.600 m?
22.18 .. The electric field 0.400 m from a very long uniform
S3 line of charge is 840 N>C. How much charge is contained in a
2.00-cm section of the line?
22.19 .. A hollow, conducting sphere with an outer radius of
q2 Surface What it encloses
q1
S1 q1
S1 S2 0.250 m and an inner radius of 0.200 m has a uniform surface
S2 q2
q3 S3 q1 and q2 charge density of +6.37 * 10-6 C>m2. A charge of -0.500 mC
S4 S5 S4 q1 and q3 is now introduced at the center of the cavity inside the sphere.
S5 q1 and q2 and q3 (a) What is the new charge density on the outside of the sphere?
(b) Calculate the strength of the electric field just outside the
sphere. (c) What is the electric flux through a spherical surface
22.9 .. A charged paint is spread in a very thin uniform layer just inside the inner surface of the sphere?
over the surface of a plastic sphere of diameter 12.0 cm, giving 22.20 . (a) At a distance of 0.200 cm from the center of a
it a charge of -49.0 mC. Find the electric field (a) just inside the charged conducting sphere with radius 0.100 cm, the electric field
paint layer; (b) just outside the paint layer; (c) 5.00 cm outside is 480 N>C. What is the electric field 0.600 cm from the center
the surface of the paint layer. of the sphere? (b) At a distance of 0.200 cm from the axis of a
22.10 . A point charge q1 = 4.00 nC is located on the x-axis at very long charged conducting cylinder with radius 0.100 cm, the
x = 2.00 m, and a second point charge q2 = - 6.00 nC is on the electric field is 480 N>C. What is the electric field 0.600 cm from
y-axis at y = 1.00 m. What is the total electric flux due to these the axis of the cylinder? (c) At a distance of 0.200 cm from a large
two point charges through a spherical surface centered at the origin uniform sheet of charge, the electric field is 480 N>C. What is the
and with radius (a) 0.500 m, (b) 1.50 m, (c) 2.50 m? electric field 1.20 cm from the sheet?
22.11 . A 6.20@mC point charge is at the center of a cube with 22.21 .. The electric field at a distance of 0.145 m from the sur-
sides of length 0.500 m. (a) What is the electric flux through one face of a solid insulating sphere with radius 0.355 m is 1750 N>C.
of the six faces of the cube? (b) How would your answer to part (a) (a) Assuming the sphere’s charge is uniformly distributed, what is
change if the sides were 0.250 m long? Explain. the charge density inside it? (b) Calculate the electric field inside
22.12 . Electric Fields in an Atom. The nuclei of large atoms, the sphere at a distance of 0.200 m from the center.
such as uranium, with 92 protons, can be modeled as spherically 22.22 .. A point charge of - 3.00 mC is located in the center of
symmetric spheres of charge. The radius of the uranium nucleus a spherical cavity of radius 6.50 cm that, in turn, is at the center of
is approximately 7.4 * 10-15 m. (a) What is the electric field this an insulating charged solid sphere. The charge density in the solid
nucleus produces just outside its surface? (b) What magnitude of is r = 7.35 * 10-4 C>m3. Calculate the electric field inside the
electric field does it produce at the distance of the electrons, which solid at a distance of 9.50 cm from the center of the cavity.
is about 1.0 * 10-10 m? (c) The electrons can be modeled as 22.23 .. CP An electron is released from rest at a distance of
forming a uniform shell of negative charge. What net electric field 0.300 m from a large insulating sheet of charge that has uniform
do they produce at the location of the nucleus? surface charge density +2.90 * 10-12 C>m2. (a) How much work
is done on the electron by the electric field of the sheet as the
electron moves from its initial position to a point 0.050 m from
Section 22.4 Applications of Gauss’s Law and the sheet? (b) What is the speed of the electron when it is 0.050 m
Section 22.5 Charges on Conductors from the sheet?
22.13 .. Two very long uniform lines of charge are parallel and 22.24 .. Charge Q is distributed uniformly throughout the vol-
are separated by 0.300 m. Each line of charge has charge per unit ume of an insulating sphere of radius R = 4.00 cm. At a distance
length + 5.20 mC>m. What magnitude of force does one line of of r = 8.00 cm from the center of the sphere, the electric field
charge exert on a 0.0500-m section of the other line of charge? due to the charge distribution has magnitude E = 940 N>C. What
22.14 .. A solid metal sphere with radius 0.450 m carries a net are (a) the volume charge density for the sphere and (b) the electric
charge of 0.250 nC. Find the magnitude of the electric field (a) at a field at a distance of 2.00 cm from the sphere’s center?
point 0.100 m outside the surface of the sphere and (b) at a point 22.25 . A conductor with an inner cavity, like that shown in
inside the sphere, 0.100 m below the surface. Fig. 22.23c, carries a total charge of +5.00 nC. The charge within
22.15 .. How many excess electrons must be added to an iso- the cavity, insulated from the conductor, is -6.00 nC. How much
lated spherical conductor 26.0 cm in diameter to produce an elec- charge is on (a) the inner surface of the conductor and (b) the outer
tric field of magnitude 1150 N>C just outside the surface? surface of the conductor?
 problems 747

22.26 .. A very large, horizontal, nonconducting sheet of 22.33 .. CP A small sphere with Figure P22.33
charge has uniform charge per unit area s = 5.00 * 10-6 C>m2. mass 4.00 * 10-6 kg and charge
(a) A small sphere of mass m = 8.00 * 10-6 kg and charge q is 5.00 * 10-8 C hangs from a thread
placed 3.00 cm above the sheet of charge and then released from near a very large, charged insulating
rest. (a) If the sphere is to remain motionless when it is released, sheet (Fig. P22.33). The charge density
what must be the value of q? (b) What is q if the sphere is released on the surface of the sheet is uniform u
1.50 cm above the sheet? and equal to -2.50 * 10-9 C>m2. Find
22.27 . Apply Gauss’s law to the Gaussian surfaces S2 , S3 , and the angle of the thread.
S4 in Fig. 22.21b to calculate the electric field between and outside
the plates.
22.28 . A square insulating sheet 80.0 cm on a side is held hori-
zontally. The sheet has 4.50 nC of charge spread uniformly over
its area. (a) Calculate the electric field at a point 0.100 mm above 22.34 .. A cube has sides of length L = 0.300 m. One corner is
the center of the sheet. (b) Estimate the electric field at a point at theS origin (Fig. E22.6). The nonuniform electric field is given
100 m above the center of the sheet. (c) Would the answers to parts by E = 1-5.00 N>C # m2xdn + 13.00 N>C # m2z kn . (a) Find the
(a) and (b) be different if the sheet were made of a conducting electric flux through each of the six cube faces S1, S2, S3, S4, S5,
material? Why or why not? and S6 . (b) Find the total electricScharge inside the cube.
22.29 . An infinitely long cylindrical conductor has radius R 22.35 . The electric field E in
Figure P22.35
and uniform surface charge density s. (a) In terms of s and R, Fig. P22.35 is everywhere parallel to
the x-axis, so the components E y and z
what is the charge per unit length l for the cylinder? (b) In terms
of s, what is the magnitude of the electric field produced by the E z are zero. The x-component of the
charged cylinder at a distance r 7 R from its axis? (c) Express field E x depends on x but not on y
3.0 m
the result of part (b) in terms of l and show that the electric or z. At points in the yz-plane (where
x = 0), E x = 125 N>C. (a) What is y
field outside the cylinder is the same as if all the charge were on
I
the axis. Compare your result to the result for a line of charge in the electric flux through surface I in
S
Example 22.6 (Section 22.4). Fig. P22.35? (b) What is the electric 2.0 m II E
22.30 . Two very large, nonconducting plastic sheets, each flux through surface II? (c) The vol-
10.0 cm thick, carry uniform charge densities s1, s2, s3, and ume shown is a small section of a
O x
s4 on their surfaces (Fig. E22.30). These surface charge densi- very large insulating slab 1.0 m thick. 1.0 m
ties have the values s1 = - 6.00 mC>m2, s2 = +5.00 mC>m2, If there is a total charge of - 24.0 nC
s3 = + 2.00 mC>m2, and s4 = + 4.00 mC>m2. Use Gauss’s law to within
S
the volume shown, what are the magnitude and direction of
find the magnitude and direction of the electric field at the follow- E at the face opposite surface I? (d) Is the electric field produced
ing points, far from the edges of these sheets: (a) point A, 5.00 cm by charges only within the slab, or is the field also due to charges
from the left face of the left-hand sheet; (b) point B, 1.25 cm from outside the slab? How can you tell?
the inner surface of the right-hand sheet; (c) point C, in the middle 22.36S .. CALC In a region of space there is an electric
of the right-hand sheet. field E that is in the z-direction and that has magnitude E =
3964 N>1C # m24x. Find the flux for this field through a square
Figure E22.30 in the xy-plane at z = 0 and with side length 0.350 m. One side of
the square is along the + x-axis and another side is along the
s2 s3 s4 + y-axis.
22.37 .. The electric field E1 at Figure P22.37
s1 S

one face of a parallelepiped is uniform S

E2
over the entire face and is directed
A B C
out of the face. AtS the opposite face, 6.00
the electric field E2 is also uniform cm
over the entire face and is directed 5.00
S
E1 30°
into that face (Fig. P22.37). The cm
10 cm 12 cm 10 cm
two faces in question are inclined at
30.0°
S
from
S
the horizontal, while
S
both
E1 and E 2 are horizontal; E 1 has a magnitude of 2.50 * 104 N>C,
proBleMs S
and E2 has a magnitude of 7.00 * 104 N>C. (a) Assuming that no
22.31 .. CP At time t = 0 a proton is a distance of 0.360 m other electric field lines cross the surfaces of the parallelepiped,
from a very large insulating sheet of charge and is moving parallel determine the net charge contained within. (b) Is the electric
to the sheet with speed 9.70 * 102 m>s. The sheet has uniform field produced by the charges only within the parallelepiped, or is
surface charge density 2.34 * 10-9 C>m2. What is the speed of the field also due to charges outside the parallelepiped? How can
the proton at t = 5.00 * 10-8 s? you tell?
22.32 .. CP A very small object with mass 8.20 * 10-9 kg and 22.38 . A long line carrying a uniform linear charge density
positive charge 6.50 * 10-9 C is projected directly toward a very + 50.0 mC>m runs parallel to and 10.0 cm from the surface of
large insulating sheet of positive charge that has uniform surface a large, flat plastic sheet that has a uniform surface charge den-
charge density 5.90 * 10-8 C>m2. The object is initially 0.400 m sity of -100 mC>m2 on one side. Find the location of all points
from the sheet. What initial speed must the object have in order where an a particle would feel no force due to this arrangement of
for its closest distance of approach to the sheet to be 0.100 m? charged objects.
748 ChaptEr 22 Gauss’s Law

22.39 . The Coaxial Cable. A long coaxial cable consists of +2q, and the outer shell has charge S
+ 4q. Figure P22.45
an inner cylindrical conductor with radius a and an outer coaxial (a) Calculate the electric field E (magni-
cylinder with inner radius b and outer radius c. The outer cylin- tude and direction) in terms of q and the
der is mounted on insulating supports and has no net charge. The distance r from the common center of the a
inner cylinder has a uniform positive charge per unit length l. two shells for (i) r 6 a; (ii) a 6 r 6 b; b
Calculate the electric field (a) at any point between the cylinders (iii) b 6 r 6 c; (iv) c 6 r 6 d; (v)Sr 7 d. c
a distance r from the axis and (b) at any point outside the outer Graph the radial component of E as a
cylinder. (c) Graph the magnitude of the electric field as a function function of r. (b) What is the total charge d
of the distance r from the axis of the cable, from r = 0 to r = 2c. on the (i) inner surface of the small shell;
(d) Find the charge per unit length on the inner surface and on the (ii) outer surface of the small shell; (iii) in-
outer surface of the outer cylinder. ner surface of the large shell; (iv) outer surface of the large shell?
22.40 . A very long conducting tube (hollow cylinder) has inner 22.46 . Repeat Problem 22.45, but now let the outer shell have
radius a and outer radius b. It carries charge per unit length +a, charge - 2q. The inner shell still has charge +2q.
where a is a positive constant with units of C>m. A line of charge 22.47 . Negative charge - Q is distributed uniformly over
lies along the axis of the tube. The line of charge has charge per the surface of a thin spherical insulating shell with radius R.
unit length +a. (a) Calculate the electric field in terms of a and the Calculate the force (magnitude and direction) that the shell exerts
distance r from the axis of the tube for (i) r 6 a; (ii) a 6 r 6 b; on a positive point charge q located a distance (a) r 7 R from the
(iii) r 7 b. Show your results in a graph of E as a function of r. center of the shell (outside the shell); (b) r 6 R from the center of
(b) What is the charge per unit length on (i) the inner surface of the shell (inside the shell).
the tube and (ii) the outer surface of the tube? 22.48 . A solid conducting sphere with radius R carries a posi-
22.41 . A very long, solid cylinder with radius R has positive tive total charge Q. The sphere is surrounded by an insulating
charge uniformly distributed throughout it, with charge per unit shell with inner radius R and outer radius 2R. The insulating shell
volume r. (a) Derive the expression for the electric field inside has a uniform charge density r. (a) Find the value of r so that the
the volume at a distance r from the axis of the cylinder in terms net charge of the entire system is zero.
S
(b) If r has the value found
of the charge density r. (b) What is the electric field at a point in part (a), find the electric field E (magnitude and direction) in
outside the volume in terms of the charge per unit length l in the each of the regions 0 6 rS 6 R, R 6 r 6 2R, and r 7 2R. Graph
cylinder? (c) Compare the answers to parts (a) and (b) for r = R. the radial component of E as a function of r. (c) As a general rule,
(d) Graph the electric-field magnitude as a function of r from the electric field is discontinuous only at locations where there is
r = 0 to r = 3R. a thin sheet of charge. Explain how your results in part (b) agree
22.42 . A Sphere in a Sphere. A solid conducting sphere with this rule.
carrying charge q has radius a. It is inside a concentric hollow con- 22.49 ... CALC An insulating hollow sphere has inner radius a
ducting sphere with inner radius b and outer radius c. The hollow and outer radius b. Within the insulating material the volume charge
sphere has no net charge. (a) Derive expressions for the electric- density is given by r 1r2 = a/r, where a is a positive constant.
field magnitude in terms of the distance r from the center for (a) In terms of a and a, what is the magnitude of the electric field
the regions r 6 a, a 6 r 6 b, b 6 r 6 c, and r 7 c. (b) Graph at a distance r from the center of the shell, where a 6 r 6 b?
the magnitude of the electric field as a function of r from r = 0 to (b) A point charge q is placed at the center of the hollow space,
r = 2c. (c) What is the charge on the inner surface of the hollow at r = 0. In terms of a and a, what value must q have (sign and
sphere? (d) On the outer surface? (e) Represent the charge of the magnitude) in order for the electric field to be constant in the
small sphere by four plus signs. Sketch the field lines of the system region a 6 r 6 b, and what then is the value of the constant field
within a spherical volume of radius 2c. in this region?
22.43 . A solid conducting sphere with radius R that carries 22.50 .. CP Thomson’s Model of the Atom. Early in the
positive charge Q is concentric with a very thin insulating shell 20th century, a leading model of the structure of the atom was that
of radius 2R that also carries charge Q. The charge Q is distrib- of English physicist J. J. Thomson (the discoverer of the electron).
uted uniformly over the insulating shell. (a) Find the electric field In Thomson’s model, an atom consisted of a sphere of positively
(magnitude and direction) in each of the regions 0 6 r 6 R, charged material in which were embedded negatively charged elec-
R 6 r 6 2R, and r 7 2R. (b) Graph the electric-field magnitude trons, like chocolate chips in a ball of cookie dough. Consider such
as a function of r. an atom consisting of one electron with mass m and charge -e,
22.44 . A conducting spherical shell with Figure P22.44 which may be regarded as a point charge, and a uniformly
inner radius a and outer radius b has a positive charged sphere of charge +e and radius R. (a) Explain why the
point charge Q located at its center. The total a electron’s equilibrium position is at the center of the nucleus.
b
charge on the shell is - 3Q, and it is insulated (b) In Thomson’s model, it was assumed that the positive material
from its surroundings (Fig. P22.44). (a) Derive Q -3Q provided little or no resistance to the electron’s motion. If the elec-
expressions for the electric-field magnitude E tron is displaced from equilibrium by a distance less than R, show
in terms of the distance r from the center for the regions r 6 a, that the resulting motion of the electron will be simple harmonic,
a 6 r 6 b, and r 7 b. What is the surface charge density (b) on and calculate the frequency of oscillation. (Hint: Review the defi-
the inner surface of the conducting shell; (c) on the outer surface nition of SHM in Section 14.2. If it can be shown that the net force
of the conducting shell? (d) Sketch the electric field lines and the on the electron is of this form, then it follows that the motion is
location of all charges. (e) Graph E as a function of r. simple harmonic. Conversely, if the net force on the electron does
22.45 . Concentric Spherical Shells. A small conducting not follow this form, the motion is not simple harmonic.) (c) By
spherical shell with inner radius a and outer radius b is concen- Thomson’s time, it was known that excited atoms emit light waves
tric with a larger conducting spherical shell with inner radius c of only certain frequencies. In his model, the frequency of emit-
and outer radius d (Fig. P22.45). The inner shell has total charge ted light is the same as the oscillation frequency of the electron(s)
 problems 749

in the atom. What radius would a Thomson-model atom need for where r0 is a positive constant. (a) Find the total charge contained
it to produce red light of frequency 4.57 * 1014 Hz? Compare in the charge distribution. Obtain an expression for the electric
your answer to the radii of real atoms, which are of the order field in the region (b) r Ú R; (c) r … R. (d) Graph the electric-
of 10-10 m (see Appendix F). (d) If the electron were displaced field magnitude E as a function of r. (e) Find the value of r at
from equilibrium by a distance greater than R, would the elec- which the electric field is maximum, and find the value of that
tron oscillate? Would its motion be simple harmonic? Explain maximum field.
your reasoning. (Historical note: In 1910, the atomic nucleus 22.57 . (a) An insulating sphere with Figure P22.57
was discovered, proving the Thomson model to be incorrect. An radius a has a uniform charge density r. The
atom’s positive charge is not spread over its volume, as Thomson sphere
S
is not centered at the origin but at
supposed, but is concentrated in the tiny nucleus of radius 10-14
S
r = b. Show that the electric field inside the
S S R
to 10-15 m.)
S
sphere is given by E = r1r − b2>3P0 . (b) An a
22.51 . Thomson’s Model of the Atom, Continued. Using
b
insulating sphere of radius R has a spherical Charge density r
Thomson’s (outdated) model of the atom Figure P22.51 hole of radius a located within its volume and
described in Problem 22.50, consider an centered a distance b from the center of the
atom consisting of two electrons, each of +2e sphere, where a 6 b 6 R (a cross section of
charge -e, embedded in a sphere of charge the sphere is shown in Fig. P22.57). The solid part of the sphere
+ 2e and radius R. In equilibrium, each has a uniform volume chargeSdensity r. Find the magnitude Sand
d d
electron is a distance d from the center of direction of the electric field E inside the hole, and show that E is
-e -e
the atom (Fig. P22.51). Find the distance d uniform over the entire hole. [Hint: Use the principle of superposi-
R
in terms of the other properties of the tion and the result of part (a).]
atom. 22.58 . A very long, solid insulating cylinder has radius R;
bored along its entire length is a cylindrical hole with radius a.
The axis of the hole is a distance b from the axis of the cylinder,
22.52 .. (a) How many excess electrons must be distributed where a 6 b 6 R (Fig. P22.58). The solid material of the cylin-
uniformly within the volume of an isolated plastic sphere 30.0 cm der has a uniform volume chargeSdensity r. Find the magnitude
in diameter to produce an electric field of magnitude 1390 N>C and
S
direction of the electric field E inside the hole, and show that
just outside the surface of the sphere? (b) What is the electric E is uniform over the entire hole. (Hint: See Problem 22.57.)
field at a point 10.0 cm outside the surface of the sphere?
22.53 .. CALC A nonuniform, but spherically symmetric, dis-
Figure P22.58
tribution of charge has a charge density r1r2 given as follows:

r
r1r2 = r0 a1 - b for r … R
R
R b
r1r2 = 0 for r Ú R a
Charge
density r
where r0 = 3Q>pR3 is a positive constant. (a) Show that the total
charge contained in the charge distribution is Q. (b) Show that the
electric field in the region r Ú R is identical to that produced by a 22.59 .. DATA In one experiment the electric field is measured
point charge Q at r = 0. (c) Obtain an expression for the electric for points at distances r from a uniform line of charge that has
field in the region r … R. (d) Graph the electric-field magnitude E charge per unit length l and length l, where l W r. In a second
as a function of r. (e) Find the value of r at which the electric field experiment the electric field is measured for points at distances r
is maximum, and find the value of that maximum field. from the center of a uniformly charged insulating sphere that
22.54 . A Uniformly Charged Slab. A slab of insulating has volume charge density r and radius R = 8.00 mm, where
material has thickness 2d and is oriented so that its faces are par- r 7 R. The results of the two measurements are listed in the
allel to the yz-plane and given by the planes x = d and x = -d. table, but you aren’t told which set of data applies to which
The y- and z-dimensions of the slab are very large compared to d; experiment:
treat them as essentially infinite. The slab has a uniform positive
charge density r. (a) Explain why the electric field due to the slab r 1cm2 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
is zero at the center of the slab 1x = 02. (b) Using Gauss’s law,
Measurement A               
find the electric field due to the slab (magnitude and direction) at
all points in space.   E 1105 N>C2 2.72 1.79 1.34 1.07 0.902 0.770 0.677
22.55 . CALC A Nonuniformly Charged Slab. Repeat Prob- Measurement B               
lem 22.54, but now let the charge density of the slab be given by
  E 1105 N>C2 5.45 2.42 1.34 0.861 0.605 0.443 0.335
r1x2 = r01x>d22, where r0 is a positive constant.
22.56 . CALC A nonuniform, but spherically symmetric, distri-
bution of charge has a charge density r1r2 given as follows: For each set of data, draw two graphs: one for Er 2 versus r and
one for Er versus r. (a) Use these graphs to determine which data
4r set, A or B, is for the uniform line of charge and which set is for
r1r2 = r0 a1 - b for r … R the uniformly charged sphere. Explain your reasoning. (b) Use the
3R
graphs in part (a) to calculate l for the uniform line of charge and
r1r2 = 0 for r Ú R r for the uniformly charged sphere.
750 ChaptEr 22 Gauss’s Law

22.60 .. DATA The electric field is measured for points at dis- Here a is a positive constant having units of C>m3. (a) Determine
tances r from the center of a uniformly charged insulating sphere a in terms of Q and R. (b) Using Gauss’s law, derive an expression
that has volume charge density r and radius R, where r 6 R for the magnitude of the electric field as a function of r. Do this
(Fig. P22.60). Calculate r. separately for all three regions. Express your answers in terms
of Q. (c) What fraction of the total charge is contained
S
within the
Figure P22.60 region R>2 … r … R? (d) What is the magnitude of E at r = R>2?
(e) If an electron with charge q′ = -e is released from rest at
E (104 N>C)
any point in any of the three regions, the resulting motion will be
8
oscillatory but not simple harmonic. Why?
7
6
5
4 passage proBleMs
3
Space Radiation Shielding. One of the hazards facing
2
humans in space is space radiation: high-energy charged particles
1 emitted by the sun. During a solar flare, the intensity of this radia-
r (mm) tion can reach lethal levels. One proposed method of protection
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
for astronauts on the surface of the moon or Mars is an array of
large, electrically charged spheres placed high above areas where
22.61 .. DATA The volume charge density r for a spherical people liveS and work. The spheres would produce a strong elec-
charge distribution of radius R = 6.00 mm is not uniform. tric field E to deflect the charged particles that make up space
Figure P22.61 shows r as a function of the distance r from the radiation. The spheres would be similar in construction to a Mylar
center of the distribution. Calculate the electric field at these val- balloon, with a thin, electrically conducting layer on the outside
ues of r: (i) 1.00 mm; (ii) 3.00 mm; (iii) 5.00 mm; (iv) 7.00 mm. surface on which a net positive or negative charge would be
placed. A typical sphere might be 5 m in diameter.
Figure P22.61 22.63 Suppose that to repel electrons in the radiation S
from a
solar flare, each sphere must produce an electric field E of mag-
r (mC>m3)
nitude 1 * 106 N>C at 25 m from the center of the sphere. What
10.0
net charge on each sphere is needed? (a) - 0.07 C; (b) - 8 mC;
8.0
(c) -80 mC; (d) -1 * 10-20 C. S
6.0 22.64 What is the magnitude of E just outside the surface of
4.0 such a sphere? (a) 0; (b) 10 N>C;S(c) 107 N>C; (d) 108 N>C.
6
2.0 22.65 What is the direction of E just outside the surface of such
0 r (mm) a sphere? (a) Tangent to the surface of the sphere; (b) perpendicu-
2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00
-2.0 lar to the surface, pointing toward the sphere; (c) perpendicular to
the surface, pointing away from the sphere; (d) there is no electric
field just outside the surface. S
22.66 Which statement is true about E inside a negatively
Challenge proBleM charged sphere as described here? (a) It points from the center of
22.62 ... CP CALC A region in space contains a total positive the sphere to the surface and is largest at the center. (b) It points
charge Q that is distributed spherically such that the volume charge from the surface to the center of the sphere and is largest at the
density r1r2 is given by surface. (c) It is zero. (d) It is constant but not zero.
r1r2 = 3ar>2R for r … R>2
2
r1r2 = a 31 - 1r>R2 4 for R>2 … r … R
r1r2 = 0 for r Ú R
 answers 751

Answers

Chapter opening Question ?

(iii) The electric field inside a cavity within a conductor is zero, know the flux through this Gaussian surface (by Gauss’s law, it’s
so there would be no electric effect on the child. (See Section 22.5.) ΦE = Q>P0), the direction of the electric field need not be per-
pendicular to the surface and the magnitude of the field need not
test Your understanding Questions
flux integral A E# dA, and we can’t calculate the electric field.
be the same at all points on the surface. It’s not possible to do the
22.1 (iii) Each part of the surface of the box will be three
times farther from the charge +q, so the electric field will be Gauss’s law is useful for calculating the electric field only when
1 13 2 2 = 19 as strong. But the area of the box will increase by a fac- the charge distribution is highly symmetric.
tor of 32 = 9. Hence the electric flux will be multiplied by a factor 22.5 no Before you connect the wire to the sphere, the presence
of 1 19 2 192 = 1. In other words, the flux will be unchanged. of the point charge will induce a charge - q on the inner surface
22.2 (iv), (ii), (i), (iii) In Seach case the electric field is uni- of the hollow sphere and a charge q on the outer surface (the net
S
form, so the flux is ΦE = E ~ A. We use the relationships for charge on the sphere is zero). There will be an electric field out-
the scalar products of unit vectors: nd ~ nd = ne ~ ne = 1, nd ~ ne = 0. In side the sphere due to the charge on the outer surface. Once you
case (i) we have ΦE = 14.0 N>C216.0 m22dn ~ ne = 0 (the electric touch the conducting wire to the sphere, however, electrons will
field and vector area are perpendicular, so there is zero flux). In flow from ground to the outer surface of the sphere to neutralize
case (ii) we have ΦE = 314.0 N>C2dn + 12.0 N>C2en4 ~ 13.0 m22en = the charge there (see Fig. 21.7c). As a result the sphere will have
12.0 N>C2 # 13.0 m22 = 6.0 N # m2>C. Similarly, in case (iii) we no charge on its outer surface and no electric field outside.
have ΦE = 314.0 N>C2dn −12.0 N>C2en4 ~ 313.0 m22dn +17.0 m22en4 =
14.0 N>C213.0 m22 - 12.0 N>C217.0 m22 = - 2 N # m2>C, and Bridging problem
in case (iv) we have ΦE = 314.0 N>C2 nd − 12.0 N>C2en4 ~ (a) Q1r2 = Qe-2r>a0 321r>a022 + 21r>a02 + 14
313.0 m2 2dn − 17.0 m2 2en 4 = 14.0 N>C213.0 m22 + 12.0 N>C2 #
17.0 m22 = 26 N # m2>C. kQe-2r>a0
(b) E = 321r>a022 + 21r>a02 + 14
22.3 S2 , S5 , S4 , S1 and S3 (tie) Gauss’s law tells us that the r2
flux through a closed surface is proportional to the amount
(c) E>Eproton
of charge enclosed within that surface. So an ordering of these
surfaces by their fluxes is the same as an ordering by the 1.00
amount of enclosed charge. Surface S1 encloses no charge,
0.80
surface S2 encloses 9.0 mC + 5.0 mC + 1- 7.0 mC2 = 7.0 mC,
surface S3 encloses 9.0 mC + 1.0 mC + 1- 10.0 mC2 = 0, sur- 0.60
face S4 encloses 8.0 mC + 1- 7.0 mC2 = 1.0 mC, and surface
S5 encloses 8.0 mC + 1- 7.0 mC2 + 1- 10.0 mC2 + 11.0 mC2 + 0.40
19.0 mC2 + 15.0 mC2 = 6.0 mC.
0.20
22.4 no You might be tempted to draw a Gaussian surface that
is an enlarged version of the conductor, with the same shape and 0.00 r>a0
placed so that it completely encloses the conductor. While you 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00