RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXTRAVERSION AND HAPPINESS OF COLLEGE

STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN- ILOILO

A Survey

Presented to

The Department of Psychology

University of San Agustin

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Fun Psychological Statistics

Carl Andrei Gevido King

Jasmine Grace Gomez Dela Peῆa

Johnica Diestro Della

Razel Edang Cabalse

Rochelle Golez Guzarem

Ma. Judiel Indencio Quintar

2019
 ABSTRACT

Past research about Extraversion and Happiness recommends that

extraverted people are more fulfilled with their lives. Extraversion is a personality trait

characterized by excitement-seeking and positive affect. The purpose of this study is to aim

the relationship between Extraversion and Happiness among the College Students of

University of San Agustin. Method: The study sample consist of the university students

(N=153), and the study used is Descriptive-Correlational. Tool: The assessment utilized for

Happiness is the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire with 29 statements, that was developed by

Michael Argyle and Peter Hills at Oxford University. For Extraversion, the assessment used

was The Big Five Inventory by Raymond Cattell, with only the 8 Extraversion questions

taken out. The study indicates that there is a significant relationship between Extraversion

and Happiness (r=.440, p=<0.01). It means that the higher level of extraversion tendencies,

the higher the happiness. Consequently, the lower level of extraversion, the lower the

happiness. The respondents of the study were limited to 180 students, with only 153 valid

data. The study is only limited to the College students enrolled in the University of San

Agustin.
 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Background of the Study...................................................................................................................3
Statement of the problem...................................................................................................................4
Hypothesis.........................................................................................................................................4
Theoretical Framework.....................................................................................................................4
Conceptual Framework.....................................................................................................................5
REVIEW OF LITERATURE............................................................................................................6
METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................................13
The Research Instrument.................................................................................................................13
Respondents....................................................................................................................................14
Validation of the Research Instrument............................................................................................14
Data Gathering Procedure...........................................................................................................16
Data Analysis Procedure................................................................................................................17
Discussion.......................................................................................................................................18
Limitations......................................................................................................................................18
Recommendations...........................................................................................................................19
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................21
APPENDICES...................................................................................................................................24
Appendix A:.....................................................................................................................................24
Appendix B:.....................................................................................................................................25
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INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Being happy is one of the common goals of a human being. It is an essential part of

growth, and human beings need to be in that state for some time in their lives. According to

Matthieu Ricard, “Happiness is a deep sense of flourishing, not a mere pleasurable feeling of

emotion but an optimal state of being”. By this, the researchers were able to know that

happiness can be influenced by external factors (Valleruex S., n.d.).

One of the common misconceptions in modern aspiring psychologists is the term,

Extraversion. Extraversion is described by the following traits: conviviality, ambitiousness,

talkativeness, and hyperactivity (Cherry K., 2019). Extraversion can define qualities of a

human person. It can make changes on social interactions and self-confidence of certain

subject.

Being an introvert and extrovert, has its advantages and disadvantages. Being an

extrovert, doesn’t exactly guarantee happiness of a certain person. There are theories that

suggest that being an extrovert has a higher percentage of happiness compared to an

introvert. This study aims to provide evidences and prove that extraversion does not have a

specific relationship with happiness.

The research will offer the readers a defined information in finding out the

relationship between Extraversion and Happiness, especially with college students,

specifically in the Philippines. The researchers are conducting this study to add to existing

literature that was already conducted by past researchers.

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Statement of the problem

The general objective of this study is to identify the relationship between

Extraversion and Happiness among CAS students of University of San Agustin. The

following objectives are anticipated to be accomplished in this study.

1. To find the correlation between Extraversion and Happiness among college students of the

University of San Agustin

2. To assess the level of Extraversion and Happiness among college students in the

University of San Agustin

Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between extraversion and happiness.

Theoretical Framework

Extraversion High Social

Happiness
Interactions

Figure 2. The relationship between extraversion and Introversion is based on the Situation-

Selection theory. According to this study, extrovert and introvert can experience happiness,
 5

but significantly extroverts are highly social interactive, while introverts have a low social

interactive. Furthermore, the theory supports that the positive effects to introverts and

extrovert (Clark & Watson, 1998)

This study is based on the Situational-Selection Model by Pavot, Diener, and Fujita. It

is stated in this theory that social exercises increment joy in both extraverts as well as

introverts. However, by ethicalness of inclination in extraverts to look for social exercises,

they are more likely to report more prominent bliss due to more visit scenes of support in

social exercises, when compared to contemplative people. Agreeing to this situation-selection

theory, cooperation in social circumstances intervenes the relationship between extraversion

and bliss. Subsequently, social circumstances make both self-observers and extraverts happy,

though extraverts look for these social circumstances essentially more frequently than

introverts. There is advance bolster for this hypothesis in that social movement has been

found to increase positive influence in both contemplative people as well as extraverts (Clark

& Watson, 1988). Other studies has shown that extraverts do in fact take part in social

exercises more often than contemplative people (Lucas, 2000). Alternately, Pavot et al.

(1990) found prove in a daily-diary think about which recommended that extraverts were

generally break even with to contemplative people in the amount of time went through taking

an interest in social exercises. The ponder assist found that extraverts still experienced higher

positive influence than thoughtful people indeed when barring the presence of others.

Conceptual Framework

EXTRAVERSION HAPPINESS
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Figure 1. This diagram shows that the relationship between Extraversion and Happiness.

Things such as social interaction, reward sensitivity, self-confidence and activity level of a

person can lead to happiness. Also, the intervening variables such as achievements,

relationships, social status and health condition could affect the dependent variable.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Happiness will always be part of human beings. It is an idea that every human desire

to have in their lives. Immanuel Kant said that, “The perception of happiness is such an

inconclusive idea that even though everybody wishes to acquire happiness, but the person

cannot say conclusively and constantly what he really desires and prefers”. In unison, many

say that Happiness cannot be described, but can only be felt by a person. According to the

study about Measuring Happiness conducted by Selin Beijersbergen and Shirley de Wit

(2015), their conclusion states that Happiness is too dismissed, and that in our modern

society, we are busy with growing in financial aspects that we disregard the notability of the

human person. Their study aims to take notice about the human person and how its happiness

is being neglected in some way that almost everybody forgets its importance. Majda Rijavec

and Dubravka Miljkovi’s (2009) study about, Approaches to Happiness, Life Goals and

Well-Being focuses on the examination of the connection between approaches to happiness,

intrinsic and extrinsic life goals, and psychological and subjective well-being. This study
 7

tries to prove that in studying happiness, there are external factors that are needed to be

considered to be able to understand its concept. Every study about this concept should have

a reliable variable that can describe why happiness is being felt.

Amanina Abdur Rahman and Ruut Veenhoven (2017) meanwhile, aims at studying

freedom and happiness in nations. Their conclusion states that using the research findings in

the World Database of Happiness, the researchers found out that the connection between

freedom and happiness in nations has always been positive. They found out that poor nations

have benefitted more from an increase in economic freedom, compared to rich countries. The

relationship between freedom and happiness appear to persevere even in countries that has

high levels of existing freedom. This means that freedom has still not reached its full

potential, at least from the perspective of happiness.

Lotta Uusitalo-Malmivaara (2014) study about, happiness decreasing during Early

Adolescence aims to prove that Happiness level can be changed or manipulated by the

changes of age and environmental causes. The researchers’ conclusion states that for many

adolescent students, school seemed like hard work. Academic success was highly regarded,

and the importance of having high grades was certainly recognized, especially by the women.

The approaching transition to upper secondary school education worried many. However,

decreased happiness was credited to school failure only by a small amount of people. This

study proves that happiness can be manipulated by certain factors and could also be

manipulated by behaviors like being extroverted.

Carr, (2004) believes that if based upon the relevant concepts of positive

feelings like happiness and enjoy, happiness is more likely understandable. He stated that it is
 8

possible to explain happiness with different experiences like a warm internal feeling

successful feeling, coordination and internal calmness, joyful experience and reduction or

lack of any problems. All people couldn’t explain their happiness in a single and special way.

Eyesenck used Stable Exterior Sign to describe happiness. He believes that positive

affection in happiness is related with easy social relations in the format of a natural and

satisfying relation.

World Happiness Report by John Helliwell, Richard Layard and Jeffrey Sachs is a

study that is conducted to report on the world’s current state of happiness. In their conclusion

they stated that there are ways it can be improved when it comes to steps in measuring

happiness in the field of study. This shows that there are a lot of alternative ways that the

researchers can measure with the right measuring materials and the right variables. And in

that we can put Extraversion in our study.

Extraversion is defined as the measure of how extroverted a certain person is. There

are certain types of measures that are widely available to measure the extent of being

extroverted. John Wilt and William Revelle’s (2008) study about Extraversion aims to show

the importance of studying each aspect of extraversion as it is important in discovering the

basic fundamentals of psychology. In conclusion the researchers found out that Greek

philosophers assimilated that the basic ways that people differed was their aptitude to act

bold, be talkative and be assertive. Similar to any other personality trait, extraversion is

expressed in a person’s differences in eachs’ characteristic patterns of feelings, actions,

thoughts, and goals. By this, the researchers of this study can corelate extraversion with any

fields of study in the field of psychology.

 9

A lot of theories have been proposed and several studies have emerged in an effort to

fully explain in detail the relationship between extraversion and happiness. A theory

proposed by Gary (1981, 1991) give the impression that extraverts are more sensitive to

rewarding encouragement than introverts. In his theory, an individual’s Behavioral

Activation System (BAS) tells their reaction to conditioned rewards and non-inflicting

stimulus. On the other hand, Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) tells an individual’s reaction

to conditioned penalty and non-inflicting stimulus. As stated by Gray, the greater happiness

described by extraverts may be because of their strong BAS pattern and their higher

sensitivity to rewarding stimuli than introverts.

Gray further explains that the higher sensitivity to rewarding stimuli may result to a

higher increased on happiness described by extraverts. Derryberry and Reed (1994) have

viewed extraverts quick to respond to positive stimuli than introverts. It was also shown in

their study that when subjects intentionally switch their attention away from the positive

stimuli, extraverts fall behind introverts. Another support for Gary’s theory was seen in a

study by Larsen and Rusting (1997), which states that extraverts were observed to react to

positive emotional stimuli in dissimilar kinds of ways that introverts. In return to displeasing

emotional stimuli, there is no notable difference between extraverts and introverts.

Hyunji Kim, Ulrich Schimmack, Shigehiro Oishi, and Yoshiro Tsutsui’s study about

Extraversion and life satisfaction, aims to prove that existing studies provide inflated effect

sizes as they were based on simple correlations. And that the authors try to provide better

estimates of the relationship between Extraversion and life satisfaction. In their respective

conclusion, the researchers were able to discover that Extraversion is a positive predictor of

life satisfaction. The reseachers were not able to discover a single study that has shown a
 10

negative relationship. Simple correlations in mono-method studies are overblown by shared

method factors such as a halo bias. The estimated effect sizes of Extraversion vary in the

range from .0 and .3. The relationship between Extraversion and life satisfaction may be

linient in nature,evidence is consistent, but the existing evidence is limited because most

studies have been limited to North American student samples and failed to take shared

method bias into account. The study proves that Extraversion can be a big factor in life

satisfaction and that it can also prove that Extraversion has a relationship with happiness and

can be corelated.

William Fleeson, Adriane B. Malanos, and Noelle M. Achille’s study about

Intraindividual Process Approach to the Relationship Between Extraversion and Positive

Affect is a study that aims to differentiate the approach of being a true Extrovert or acting

like an extrovert. Also, it studies to investigate whether the relationship between extraversion

and positive affect is evident within person over time. The conclusion of their study states

that in the present studies, we were able to provide a new knowledge and credibility to to the

extraversion–positive affect relationship with this approach by showing that it does

characterize the ongoing psychological functioning of individuals, despite intuitions to the

contrary, and that it is generally characteristic of possibly all individuals.

Pavot, Diener, and Fujita (1990) Situation-Selection Model is a theory that tries to

correlate the relationship of social interaction with the extraversion and introversion. One of

the key elements about the study is that it correlates the two variables of this research. The

model states that social activities increase happiness in both extraverts as well as introverts.

However, by nature and definition, extroverts tend to seek more social activities, so they are

more likely to report greater happiness due to more frequent sequences of participation in
 11

social activities, when compared to introverts. So, the study clearly states that extroverts

have a higher degree of happiness when compared to introverts which helps the researchers’

study even better.

Thomas L. Webb, Kristen A. Lindquist, Katelyn Jones, Aya Avishai & Paschal

Sheeran study about Situation selection being a particularly effective emotion regulation

strategy for people who need help regulating their emotions is a study about using the

situation selection as a model to regulate the emotion of an individual especially if the

emotions get worse. In their conclusion, the researchers concluded that situation selection

leads to improved emotional outcomes, and is particularly effective in improving emotional

outcomes among people who struggle to regulate their emotions effectively (emotionally

reactive people, individuals who see themselves as less competent at managing their feelings)

. It shows that this model can predict various emotions and can even modify or manipulate so

it can add reliability to the correlating theory of the study.

Self-confidence molds the person to be more highly productive. Having a low confidence

leads to loneliness, unhappy and low productivity. It can be the reason that may cause the

person to have a less motivation in achieving their goals. Self-confidence is considered as

one of the most influential motivators and regulators of behavior in people’s everyday lives

(Bandura, 1986). Some people have difficulties on constructing their self-confidence from

their past experiences that influences their present. According to Barbara G. Markway, Ph.

D., is a licensed clinical psychologist who said that, “The factors that contribute to low self-

confidence combine and interact differently for each person. Genes, cultural background,

childhood experiences and other life circumstances all play a role.”

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The researchers aim to provide the importance of self-confidence to nurture the self to

attain happiness. One of the major effects of low self-confidence can causes the individual to

be malfunction in working performance, destroy their relationship towards with other people.

(Marcus, 2017)

The benefits of self-confidence bring translate into an improved long-term well-being

and life satisfaction- that is, a state we often call “living the good life”- which, in turn, is

what gives us as sense of joy, peace with ourselves, excitement and gratitude. I.e. Happiness

(Marinoff,2018) A person with high self-confidence have an openness to communicate with

others, the good quality on performing things, not easily to be influenced by others opinion.

Unlike with low self-confidence is hardly to socialize with people that made them unhappy.

Self-confidence is the ability to take appropriate and effective action in any situation,

however challenging it appears to others. (Burton and Platts, 2016) Self-confidence is linked

to almost every element involved in a happy and fulfilling life, less fear and anxiety, greater

motivation, more resilience and improved relationships (Markway, 2018)

Lucas and Diener (2001) suggested that a careful examination of both social and

solitary situations which both extraverts and introverts consider pleasant, is important in

testing reward-sensitivity theory of extraversion. They suggested that some of the best

methodologies obtainable for studying circumstantial options and their corresponding

affective experiences in real world conditions are experience sampling methods, while some

methods such as hypothetical situational choice inventories can be used in a lab. Studies on

situation choice, Emmons, Diener, and Larsen (1986; Diener, Larsen, & Emmons, 1984, a

cited in Lucas, Diener, 2001) found a correlation between a time spent in social activities and
 13

a degree of extraversion. Nevertheless, few studies in the past have concentrated on how

pleasant and unpleasant conditions, both social and solitary, connect to extraversion.

The study showed that only when situations are pleasant, extraverts’ rates social and

solitary more positively than introverts. Another one of the interesting findings from the

study, instances where situations were unpleasant, there is no notable difference in the ratings

described by extraverts and introverts. Basically, only when there is something to be

positively happy about, extraverts are happier than introverts.

METHODOLOGY

The Research Instrument

This study used two standardized scales each representing a variable in the study. The

first questionnaire is taken from psychologists, Michael Argyle and Peter Hills at Oxford

University. The scale is named “Oxford Happiness Questionnaire”, a 29-item questionnaire

that measures the current happiness level of the respondent. The second questionnaire is

taken from the “Big Five Inventory”, it is a 44-item questionnaire that measures a respondent

on the Big Five Factors (dimensions) of personality (Goldberg, 1993). Although in this case,

the study only requires the “extraversion” measures to be included. Eight questions were

taken from the Big Five Inventory to measure the extraversion tendencies of the respondent.

The questionnaire was composed of series of questions formulated for an individual,

concerning several respondents for obtaining statistical information. The standardized

questionnaire includes two parts, the first part is the extraversion test where the respondents
 14

will answer the 8-question scale to measure extraversion. For the second part, respondents

will take the ‘Oxford Happiness Questionnaire” in which they will answer 29 items to

measure their current happiness. The researchers used the program “Statistical Package for

Social Sciences” (SPSS) in analyzing the correlation of the two variables being tested based

on the results found in the questionnaire. The data that were gathered were subjected to

statistical treatment.

Respondents

The respondents are taken from a sample of 180 from a population of College

Students in the University of San Agustin. Out of 180 respondents, 153 are within valid data.

With 153 respondents, 48 are male and 105 respondents are female. 68.63% of the sample

size are female respondents. While 31.37% of the sample are male respondents. This study is

only limited to college students in the University of San Agustin.

Validation of the Research Instrument

The instrument was subjected to content validation. The validity of the standardized

questionnaires was researched and been given validation by studies conducted by fellow

researchers internationally. The “Big Five Inventory” was a widely used test internationally

and the researchers are using Ong Choon Hee’s study in the “Validity and Reliability of the

Big Five Personality Traits Scale in Malaysia”. The study is comprised of 343 nurses in the

health tourism hospitals. Factor Analysis is used in determining the validity of the scale.
 15

For the Oxford Happiness Scale the researchers used Mohammad Javad Liaghatdar,

Ebrahim Jafari, Mohammad Reza Abedi, and Fatemeh Samiee’s study “Reliability and

Validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among University Students in Iran”.

Factor Analysis is used to determine the validity of the study.

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Data Gathering Procedure

After the validation of the instrument, the researchers acquired a written permit, with

the signature of the class adviser that is enough for the needed data on the chosen

respondents which is the students of University of San Agustin in all courses and levels.

After given permission, the researchers started gathering data. In providing the questionnaire,

the researchers used the time assigned for vacant to avoid disturbing others and create

distractions. Researchers explained the purpose of the study to the selected respondents and

then they made sure each participant corresponds to their prewritten criteria. The researchers

gathered the data by means of survey questionnaire that comprises their age, gender, and year
 17

level and name (optional). The papers are reviewed, calculated, analyzed and interpreted,

after the respondents took the test.

Data Analysis Procedure

Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics
Variable N Mean SD Min. Max.

Extraversion 153 3.124 .602 1 5

Happiness 153 3.946 .588 1 6

Data was gathered from a sample of college students (N= 153) in the University of

San Agustin in all courses and year levels. Their level of extraversion ranges from 1 to 5 (m=

3.124, SD= .602); While their happiness extended from 1 to 6 (m= 3.946, SD= .588).

Table 2.
Coefficient for Pearson Correlation Analysis between Extraversion and Happiness among
the College Students
N Pearson r P-value
153 .440** <.01
**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Pearson Correlation analysis utilizing SPSS version 21 was conducted to identify the

relationship between Extraversion and Happiness of the college students. The study reveals

that there is a significant relationship between Extraversion and Happiness (Pearson r= .440,

p value= <.01). The study suggests that the higher level of extraversion is correlated with

high level of happiness among college students. Consequently, lower level of extraversion is

associated with low level of happiness.

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Discussion

This section outlines the review of the findings of the study. The section centers on

the research objectives which were on relationship between extraversion and happiness. The

relationship between extraversion and happiness has a significant relationship which. The

relationship between extraversion and happiness is significant may be because extroverted

people are happier with their lives because they are most unlikely to have negative thoughts

and regrets and tend to hold on to positive things that causes greater life satisfaction. The

mean results indicate that most of the respondents in the study are happy and extraverted.

Results indicate a positive correlational relationship between the two variables. Indicating

that the higher the extraversion level, the higher the happiness. The null hypothesis is going

to be rejected as a result of the significance of the study. The Situational-Selection Theory

helps validate the findings as it is also stated in the theory that extrovert people has a higher

chance of being happy because of more social interactions. This research helps in validating

the theory of Pavot, Diener, and Fujita that the more extrovert a person is, the higher the

happiness tendencies.

Limitations

This study is limited by the number of valid respondents. From 180 respondents, only

153 are valid data. The study is only limited to a certain type of respondent which are college

students that are enrolled in the University of San Agustin only.

 19

Recommendations

It is well indicated that extraverts feel higher levels of positive affect than introverts

(Costa & McCrae, 1980; Lucas & Baird, 2004; Watson & Clark, 1992). Extraverts tend to

influence the condition, behavior and social judgement of those with who they interacted,

causing them to create a more positive social environment.

Future Researchers

 The researchers recommend that the future researchers would be able to use this study

and serve as a basis on how extraversion can greatly affect happiness.

 The future researchers are encouraged to be thorough when gathering data and giving

out questionnaires. It's important that that the respondents know the type of study we

are conducting.

 Lastly, the future researchers are encouraged to be optimistic and determined to study

the research.

Students

 The researchers encouraged the students to be more open and go out of their comfort

zone that would cause their environment to be more positive.

 The students are encouraged to spend time and socialize with their peers, as spending

time with family and friends creates a good influence in an their lives.
 20

 The researchers encouraged the students to be take the assessment, and use this study

to be able to know more about themselves.

Teachers

 The researchers of the study recommend the teachers to encourage the students to

practice their social skills in school, as it can have a positive affect with their

surroundings and their selves.

 The researchers encourage the teachers to conduct different activities in school that

can help enhance the student’s social self.

Parents/Guardians

 The researchers of the study recommend the parents and guardians to motivate their

children into participating in some social activities outside their home to practice their

social skills.

 As the study indicates, extraverts have higher levels of positive affect than introverts,

we encourage the parents, guardians to provide attention to their children's social

behavioral skills.
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APPENDICES

Appendix A:
Letter of Informed Consent to the Respondents
 25

Appendix B:
Oxford Happiness Questionnaire
26
 27

Big Five Inventory (Extraversion Scales Only):