One Love. One Future.

Fundamentals of
Intrumentation
A s s o c. P r o f. B U I D a n g T h a n h
T h a n h . b u i d a n g @ h u s t. e d u . v n
September
2020
Hanoi University of Science and
Technology

Chaper 2. Industrial
Instrumentation

One Love. One Future.

Industrial Enterprise

 Definition:
 an economic unit of production
 to ensure the production of products adapted to market needs,
 ensuring profits and sustainability of the company.
 The products supplied
 comply with specifications (expected qualities) set by:
the customer himself
regulation

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Industrial Enterprise

 The production: must comply with the expected quantities, within

contractual deadlines.
 The sustainability
 can only be obtained if it constantly adapt to:
devolution of customer needs,
the new regulatory requirements,
improvement of the production tool
 in order to be able to produce in quality, quantity and deadlines,
 being competitive against the competition.

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Industrial Enterprise

 Three complementary activities of company:

PROVIDER
MANAGE

PRODUCE MAINTAIN

RAW CONSUMER
MATERIALS GOODS
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Industrial Enterprise

 Three complementary activities of company:

 Produce: transforming raw materials and energy into consumer goods
 the product manufacturing process
 the process control system
 the driving staffs
 Maintain
 Manage

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Industrial Enterprise

 Three complementary activities of company:

 Produce
 Maintain: ensuring the best availability of the maintenance tool in the short,
medium and long term
monitoring and analysis tools (instrumentation, calculations, etc.)
maintenance staff
spare parts and tools necessary for maintenance operations.
 Manage

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Industrial Enterprise

 Three complementary activities of company:

 Produce
 Maintain
 Manage:
 Technically: control the costs of production and maintenance
optimize the quantity of raw materials and energy to be used
assess the availability of the production tool
Financially

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Industrial Enterprise

 Three complementary activities of company:

 Produce
 Maintain
 Manage:
 Technically
Financially: ensure the profitability and sustainability
finding the markets
the means to works within the company

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Industrial Process

 Described as:
 the ingredients to use
 the material resources to be provided
 the operations to be carried out
 the conditions (pressure, flow, temperature, etc.) to be observed
 to obtain the product to be manufactured, in quantity (production
capacity) and in quality.

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P&ID Diagram

 Meaning:
 Piping & Instrumentation Diagram
 Process & Instrumentation Diagram
 Use standardized symbols:
 To represent different components of process:
Specific to the process itself:
Necessary to control the process:

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P&ID Diagram

 Use standardized symbols:

 To represent different components of process:
Specific to the process itself:
Static - Transport & Storage Operation
Dynamic - Processing
Necessary to control the process:

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P&ID Diagram

 Use standardized symbols:

 To represent different components of process:
Specific to the process itself:
Necessary to control the process:
Measurements: mainly pressure, flow, level, temperature
Measuring Instruments: local indicators, transmitters
Controller: regulators
Safety devices: alarms, automatic control systems
Controlling Actuators: motorized shut-off valves, control valves, pumps, fans
Protection devices : valves

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P&ID Diagram

 Basic symbols:

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P&ID Diagram

Indication – Control - Differential Pressure), loop

number 103.
Alarm – High - Temperature, loop number 104.

First letter: Variable or Initialization

Second letter: Support for the first letter

From the third letters: Indicating, Passive or Output
Function
T A H-104

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P&ID Diagram

 Meaning of the Letters:

 First letter
 Succedding Letters

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P&ID Diagram

 Meaning of the Letters:

 First letter
 Succedding Letters

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P&ID Diagram

 Line Symbols:
 Supply sources:
 AS (Air supply)
 ES (Electric supply)
 GS (Gas supply)
 HS (Hydraulic supply)
 NS (Nitrogen supply)
 SS (Steam supply)
 WS (Water supply)

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P&ID Diagram

 Examples:
 Heat Exchanger

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P&ID Diagram

 Examples:
 Water Boiler

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P&ID Diagram

 Examples:
 Beer Production

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P&ID Diagram

 Examples:
 Beer Production

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Differences between Calibration, Correction and Verification

 Correction: the correction of machinery and equipment failures

 to achieve the required machinery accuracy and reliability.
 Correction of a measuring equipment:
 the act of checking and adjusting (if necessary)
 the output is synchronized with its inputs within a specified measuring
range.

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Differences between Calibration, Correction and Verification

 Calibration: comparison of a measuring

device to a standard or precision device
 to evaluate its errors
 technical or metrological characteristics.
 Accuracy of a device depends on:
Time since last calibration
Difference between calibration
conditions and service conditions
The measurement uncertainty of the
standard used for calibration.

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Differences between Calibration, Correction and Verification

 Verification:
 determination and consideration of the
conformity of a measuring device with the
legal requirements
 whether or not to meet specific technical
criteria,
 the result determined by the state inspection
agency as passing or not. .
 With industrial equipments: 1 year period

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Pressure Calibration

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Temperature Calibration

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Hanoi University of Science and
Technology

Uncertainty

One Love. One Future.

Contents

Definition

Affecting Factors

Type A evaluation of standard uncertainty

Type B evaluation of standard uncertainty

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Definition
 Uncertainty: A parameter associated with the result of a measurement,
characterizing the dispersion of values ​that can reasonably be attributed to a
measurand
 Standard uncertainty: is the uncertainty of the measurement result expressed
as the standard deviation.
 Combined standard uncertainty: The standard uncertainty of the result of a
measurement when it is obtained from the values ​of a number of input
quantities, equal to the positive square root of the sum of the terms. These
terms are the variance or covariance of these input quantities weighted against
the results of the measurement fluctuating with the change in these quantities.
 Expanded uncertainty: A quantity defining the measuring result range that can
be expected to cover most of the distribution of values ​that can reasonably be
attributed to the measurand.
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Definition

 Measurement result: is the best estimate of the value of the measurand and all
components of the uncertainty, including those arising from system effects such
as those associated with corrections and standards. measure, both contribute to
the dispersion.
 Coverage factor: A factor used to multiply the aggregate standard uncertainty to
obtain expanded uncertainty.
 Sensitivity coefficient: The change in the estimated output, divided by the
corresponding change in the input estimate.
 Relative sensitivity coefficient: The relative change in the output estimate,
divided by the relative change in the input estimate.

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Definition

 Two types of method of evaluation: a 'Type A' or a 'Type B'

 The Type A evaluation of standard uncertainty:
 the method of evaluating the uncertainty by the statistical analysis of a
series of observations.
 Is the experimental standard deviation of the mean that follows from an
averaging procedure or an appropriate regression analysis.
 The Type B evaluation of standard uncertainty:
 is the method of evaluating the uncertainty by means other than the
statistical analysis of a series of observations.
 is based on some other scientific knowledge.

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Affecting Factors

 Equipment: Specifications of standard

equipment.
 Object: The device / sensor under test has no
effect on the reference value of the reference
device.
 Person: The technician's skill and ability to
perform calibration.
 Environment: Changes in temperature,
humidity, power supply etc. will affect the
calibrator's standard values.
 Method: Method or procedure used for
calibration.
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Calculation

 If the functional relationship between the input quantity X1, X2, ..., XN, and the output
quantity Y during the measurement of a quantity is specified in the following Equation::
Y = f(X1,X2,….,XN)
• then the estimate of Y is expressed in terms of y, using the input estimates x1, x2,…., xN
is represented in the formula:
y = f(x1,x2,….,xN)
 Provided that the input quantities Xi are not correlated, the total uncertainty of the
measurement process is obtained by calculating and combining the uncertainty of each
contribution factor according to the formula:

𝒖𝒄 𝒚 = ෍ 𝒄𝒊 𝒖(𝒙𝒊 ) 𝟐

𝒊=𝟏

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Type A evaluation of uncertainty

 General Rules
 Type A estimation of uncertainty is the use of a statistical method, in particular
the use of the distribution of several measurements.
 Taking a series of measurements is to identify random changes during the
measurement, the time period spent in data collection should reflect the
expected time of changes. (*)
 In many measurement situations, a large number of measurements cannot be
performed. In this case, some component of uncertainty may have to be
assigned. (**)

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Type A evaluation of uncertainty

 Calculating Procedure
The standard uncertainty of the measured value, xi, is calculated using the formula:
a) Calculate the average value of the measurements using the following formula:
𝒏
𝟏
ഥ𝒊 =
𝒙 ෍ 𝒙𝒊,𝒎
𝒏
𝒎−𝟏
b) Calculate the standard deviation of the test piece using the formula:

𝒏
𝟏 𝟐
𝒔 𝒙𝒊 = ഥ𝒊
෍ 𝒙𝒊,𝒎 − 𝒙
𝒏−𝟏
𝒎−𝟏

The standard uncertainty of a single test piece is the standard deviation of that sample and is
calculated using the formula:
𝒖 𝒙𝒊 = 𝒔 𝒙𝒊
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Type A evaluation of uncertainty

 Calculating Procedure
c) Calculate the standard deviation of the mean using the following formula::
𝒔 𝒙𝒊
ഥ𝒊 =
𝒔 𝒙
𝒏

The standard uncertainty of mean is calculated by the formula:

ഥ𝒊 = 𝒔 𝒙
𝒖 𝒙 ഥ𝒊
The use of the average of several readings is an important technique to reduce the uncertainty
of randomly varying readings.

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Type B evaluation of uncertainty

 General rules:
 When evaluating Type B uncertainties, it is necessary to ensure that an equivalent
level of confidence is obtained so that the uncertainties obtained by different
evaluation methods can be compared and combined.
 Type B evaluations are not necessarily driven by a normal distribution, and assigned
limits may describe different levels of confidence. (*)

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Type B evaluation of uncertainty

 Calculating procedure:
Standard uncertainty is assessed by scientific judgment based on all available information,
the combination of information may include:
 Previous measured data;
 Experience, a general understanding of the state or properties of materials and media
involved;
 Manufacturer specifications;
 Data provided in calibration certificates and other certificates;
 Uncertainties are assigned from the search data from the manual.

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Expanded uncertainty of measurement
To achieve the desired reliability, the expanded uncertainty, U, is
calculated by the formula:
U = k uc (y)
Or the relative expanded uncertainty is calculated by the formula:
U* = k uc* ( y)

 In most applications,
coverage factor k = 2
is used to specify a
confidence level of
approximately 95%.
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Thank you for your attention

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