UNIX Hand Notes by Amarsoftech
wc -l: To find the number of lines
wc -w: To find the number of words
wc -c: To find the number of characters
more -n: The content of the complete file is displayed
ls: listing
ls -l: long listing
ls -a: hidden files will be displayed
ls -r: this gives the reverse order
ls -t: time when the file was created
ls -tr: time based + reverse order
ls -lart: long listing + hidden files + reverse order + time based
Head: Top to bottom
Tail: Bottom to top
Ps: list of processes
Ps tree: list of process running since long time and memory usage.
Kill: to kill a process/terminates the process
Kill -9 1286 (1286 is the file we want to kill)
Cmp: compares word by word
Diff: compares line by line
m -ls-l: memory size of file
cd: change directory
$ touch command: to create a empty file
.done: to create a 0 byte file
Chmod 777 filename: to give permissions to group, users and others
777-All Permissions
7-Group, 7-Users, 7-Others
1-Execute
2-Write
3-Execute/Write
4-Read
5-Read/Execute
6-Read/Write
7-Read/Write/Execute
Pwd: Present Working Directory
Whoami: to know which user am i
Awk command ---this for awake
CAT command:
CAT > filename: we can enter the values into the file
CAT >> filename: values entered into the file can be edited (only at the end of the
file)
CAT filename: we can view the file
Vi editor: Using vi editor also we can edit the values (here we can edit anywhere –
Beginning, Middle or end of the file)
Vi filename: to create a file
i – to go into insert mode
w - save the data
q – quit from existing mode
:wq! – save and quit
!q; - exit without saving data
Cut command -- It is a search option for COLUMN’S
Cut -f --- columns
Cut -c --- characters
Cut command for selecting Columns/Fields ($cut –f ‘number of columns we want’
filename)
$ cut -f n filename (in place of n you need to mention the number of the column
you want)
Example : $ cut –f 2-5 filename ---- we will get 2,3,4,5 columns
Cut command for selecting Characters (cut –c ‘number of characters we want’
filename)
Unix Cut Command Example
Lets consider the below as an example
> cat [Link]
unix or linux os
is unix good os
is linux good os
1. Cut command to print characters by position?
The cut command can be used to print characters in a line by specifying the
position of the characters. To print the characters in a line, use the -c option in
cut command
OUTPUT:
cut -c4 [Link]
If we give 4,6 we will get the below result
cut -c4,6 [Link]
xo
ui
ln
This command prints the fourth and sixth character in each line.
tr --- translator
tr ‘0’ ‘9’ <filename ----9 will be replaced in place of 0
Note: 0 is old value, 9 is new value
tr ‘a-z’ ‘A-Z’ <filename --- small letters will be replaced into CAPITAL LETTERS
tr -d ‘0-9’ <filename ----0 to 9 numbers gets deleted
tr -d ‘0-9’,‘a-z’ <filename ----particular relevant numbers and alphabets gets
deleted
SED Command---It is a search option for ROWS (Sed -n ‘parameter number’
filename)
SED -n ‘25p’ filename this gives the 25th row (Here p is the parameter)
SED -n ‘11p – 19p’ filename this gives the rows from 11 to 19 (Here p is the
parameter)
GREP Command --It is a search option for WORDS (grep -n ‘word’ filename)
grep-n: this shows the number of times a particular word is present in a
paragraph or a page
Example: grep -n ‘word we want to search’ filename
Grep –ni (Here i ignores case sensitive)
Example : If we want to search the amount 50k?
If there is 50k (with a small letter k)
AND
If there is 50K (with a capital letter K)
In this case if you mention i it ignores case sensitive and gives all the 50k values (it
will have both 50k and 50K).
Grep Command (WITHOUT USING ni)
Grep ‘is’ filename – we will get all the records which has the word ‘is’ from that
particular file
Grep ‘rahul’ * ----- we will get all the records which has rahul from all the files.
Grep -l ----we will get all the filenames
Cal | (pipe symbol) tee filename ----Here it gives the result and copies the data
to another file.
Points to Remember
GREP WORDS (-n)
SED SENTENCES (-n)
CUT COLUMNS (-f) f is for columns (-c) c is for characters
