Satellite Communication Bi What isa Satellite 2 . 7 > Tn simple tenms, a sofellite is a srdllen object on body that revolves ciibard a. much Jogen object mgpoee in a fixed wd defined path # Thene ane tuo” types of sdldlliles: | 5-5 Nolunell Sotllles, | | —> Andificial Sotellhtes |, Fou dvainples: | eanth nevelves amend the sur, so iL ica satellite. Moor aiovalves anound the earth, | soit is a sedellete, Bud thes ane. “timate sotellites, # AnliSeiol aoteltites ane - specially cksigned | sand fourehed al space fm a Variety of | | Punposes Such, ae Boot neh ming. i navigation 3 ty ane mobile "Communication, g ql a | planetany reseanch ete me . | Examples - INSAT, ‘Rs, GSAT ele’Sweet Bird BH Basie element of a Soleblite Conisreaion System > Earth Station.| > Gatellite api *: Tennestrial Szeto. —? Veon, ing ‘Principle of adie Th The netoonk cote of covenal earth stations on ground which ane Uinked with la satellite. in space, The end _usens usens ane conrected " those earth States And thnough oO fernectniel eommunieation retoonle, es) i The usen genenoles. a message. Naipaul is passed and pnocessad through the terres teid otninnidod tin Hobe +. the eanth hie 1 The eordh stocion motliildites he. {ho signall and sends that gignah to the salellite im space| Subject: Date:... on the uplinle! Froniebtl an | Th “the coldlite amplifies and pro edsses lle. | signell and! rad hetemits it bade on the dnl Snepuoncy sposbnlan aaa Sdtallites Leuaneliti and Positioning - A satellite ts thaethad trom eanth with me (fonwand motion velocity + ovencome eanths gravitational pull. Tt Yeltds “an escape velocity of approx. 25,000 MIA. fo cause. & Space enaf L to bneck the gravitational pallet, i The sotalite’ velocity and! avlalenadion hoald exactly bolance eantVe gravitational pull. (PIP iE is rok sufficient, the satelite could pol. backs + eanth / unden the nflcenae, of “gaily | (+) -«\ a | So || boy ba 'Sweet Bird ea end Teter => An abit is o path that is peniodically repeated on Tevisited. Ex- ymotion of plannets atiund sun, morfion of a satellite hound eonth ete , >A trocjeclony s e poth which Is inet epeated on revisited, Ex poth of a faunal vehiele cannying a satellite. @) Cinoulan Onbik @ EWiphical onbitaA cotellite rotates im an, onbit thot forms | | | a plane possng through con ths: eenten of gravity on geoeenten, This plane 1s called as onbitol plane, | RE cle dnbitol plane ( oh FTE the dineclion of safellite’s noletion | im the dincchon of eanth’s mbbition! itie | called “posignade., f -| x T§ it is in, the opposite, dineclicn’ oFeantl?, i) relation, i is, called rebmgrode. \Sweet Bird # Satellite Hei ht? Gives the nfenmotion about FTC Town the eth ond. sole onbiting amound it. Tt depends on whethen the onbil is eimedlan on allio tical. of | I setellite above earth Radius of eanth G60 mi) anth/ Satellite height ‘ ‘=(Eanth madius 4 Distance os whe ord Beep lin bh Tn an ellintcal onbit, the satellite height vanies depending upon the position of id, ‘ @) Apogee : Hig hest point on the onbil (Moce. Distance) ove. e@ G) Pengee Lancet point on the onbil. (Hin. Disbmee)| feito einculan onbit, the speed is cons tant HH But fon an elliptical onbit —> the speed ‘vanies oceonding 4, the height. Satellite speeds vanies Shom approximately ood wnph. Geng: high, calellite) to 174000 mph. Coo ent | Satellite Peniod | 3. Sidencal peniod —> Refenence point is coenral obsect, Synodic peniod —> Ang neférience pont of eanth. The time taken bg the satelite 45 complete | one. onbital rriotion. Hene, some distant shiohang on motionless abject such as sunon | ofan. is. aged as nefenence, | | A Revollition' ont Synedic Reniod | One navelltion An is the péricdic of time “thol! passes off foocon the successive passes f satellite ‘oven o& given meridian of eanth DongilSweet Bird | Angle of In linotion QR | inekin of. | Pen |0" pod | ce : # Definitionet! rognbital |” Sa plane | teloan the fire. that” passes thnough the conten’ Earth | of the eanth and the nonth pole and tha five that passes through the conten of te earth. but also penpendicalan to the onbital. plane. | Alennalivdl, { | 2 xy Definition -2: || The angle befeooon, the. oquitoniel ‘ plane. ond He satellite onbitall plane, # When angle of inclineion is [0°}-> the satallite is dinecthy above the equotion. Onbifad pllare. ts bore the eqpotorial ewe So, onbits with O° inclinedion one called eqprotonial onbits . AWhen the angle of inelindtion is[209] the. Leite: passes oven both the north and coulh sa: poles onee spn each onbital penicd . Thas, the.Subject: Ditters Tin onbital plane is bebooon the ronth and south pole and henee it ts called as palon orbits, A ngle of Elevation # Tt is) the angle beliscon| the fine from the donth | station’s antenna {0 the satellite and the fine ol esaan the eanth stelion’s antenna Ic vand ithe “ganthe ‘horizon. Eanth stetion Oe Ip #5 the angle of dlovation is. feo siroll, te signals bolweon tho! eonth statis ontenpa arel | dhe sadelila have ito pass through lenge pall | inte eanth’s - otmes phene, | FF The flowen the anale of devotion, the, | more dina. . thot bigmels m4 in the abmasphone.. Thus, It | dan be @ ected by voice nm the atmosphe | ard con aii ei ‘poon performance, ioeSubje Date:. Sweet Bird H The highen the. angle of elevation, tte betlen pergonmanee . The minimum practical angle of elevedion fon goed satellite penfonmance is gprenally 5 y i Note thot: When the satellite has an ange of Tetlinclion tho onbit Is said to be eithen ascending on descending : i 4 C Descendiy. Ascondin i i 4: : When the satellite ° When ) the cotdite moves Srom ves nom | Sou! i Geo sqne Inonous “Onbits IR LEO: Low ' eanth onbits, ane placed in He © mange of fas abs el he earch, LEo onbit in fe eonthisa re lativally fest onbit, Th MEO: Medium eanth onbits which ane placed nthe nage [ORE arr ale the eanth, MEO sotdllites ane primanifySlot csersrmosssinirpresne Dia sesssssseeesseseernees Ti used i revightion and: positioning systems. such as GPS, They provide ° highon feud ef accunacy than LEO « atelliles, They also have a Jemgen coverage mea thon the GEO sclellites, [Leo satdllifed ane used Son applicadiens such a5 eanth dbservet ior, Gomminjéadion and navigation | | AGEO: GEO stondé fon Geostationany Eanth Gg which te an onbit that ts Locobed approximately 36,000 lilemetens above the | eanth’s equaton, Satellites jin GEO onbit tdolethe eanth at the same note as earth rotates This allows thom to nemam fixed above a Specific Jocaction on eanth, GEO sotellites ane maint, used son— commun \eatigh and bneodeasting ‘i including ' Lellvicion.snidio and safellite:, internet services, # Latibade oF GEO =O" # Note thet: ; Since | the Geostnehnonoas sotellite: Z| “tolate. | about the ad ss ne ann | 4 paint ison the — equatton. Fon this reason, all ‘| ‘Reostrichtioncus sotdilites: hove, a Jakitude of |?‘Sweet Bird jataticde' ‘dnd! Longi de "4 Angleof Prime _renidian Joti ‘Tmaginany Qine of Soogitd Ww Tans rom the ronth pole to the south pole. Argle of fongibude. H# Latitude: Th is pares of how fan the ath@) on the south) of ‘the equator, & point is Jocoted. This measuned in degrees and manges from oc at ‘the equoton to 90° ot Nonth and South poles | Latibude is measumed HB. the equoton Line, 4 Longitude: This ameasure of Keo fart aaat eas om west of the Prime. Menidian, a point is Located . The. prime manidian is the dine oF Jongitade thot posses throug h the Royah Observalorg in Gneenaich Londen and is designated as 0°, Longitude. has a nange fram C to 180° in'beth east and best of the Prime Menidian .Subjects Date: esnnnemneren TIME enn | ‘ Azimuth and i - aa al i , / N | Azimuth angle (90%) p 7 Dineckion of ardenna- Elevation angle e) jap OM Lek engle, | # Aaimuth abgle The azimath angle is the honizontal. angle bekooen the dinection of \ true Nonth Y ahd the Yimection of soldite, | Tt is emecred| clockwise. from true North pale. im degrees, and Tlanges from Ot. 260 uy a | The azimuth angle Is important because ittells || the antenna where to pointit- establish a | Jine-of —sight eanvection with the sodellite. | #Eleyalion angle: Tt is the Ven tical angle | behoaen the! horizon and the dineclon of [1 gable. This: hel erga, eich theorems | is be pointed with nespect to hortzon fo ' establish a Finke with the caldllite , This measured in degnees and Tanges trom 04090 degrees, 7 t Bird SwSweet Bird Gy Satellite Cortana det Systems Gr2) PA>~APDrooee’ Ropoatens and Thansporders . H Repeatens! The Inarigmilting stodion sends the. pestle 4 he. solellite | which in fur neo{nanemits it Pe L, +he heceiving Soi ns, “The sotellite im wie appli calion wonks as ao Communication Sotelli ite as Repeater # Trons pondens. ease >The de unsmitben — neceiven Girtbinadion in the cotelllite \s lenown os a tronsponden, -? The basic fanchions of trang pondens ane : -ampli Readion ond Frequency tromsladion.,Receiving antenna. / Transmitting antenna > Block agin of a. selellile thaneponden: [vo] (Local Oscillaton) |> The Lrans mitten necelven combination in the satellite is noon as o | raepdndori. (The reason pn frequency tronsadabion Tis: the, tnarsponden cannot Sos ernik and meceive the same Frequency, [Colin | “The oniginal sigval being trons mitted From the. canth ‘stotion fo the sedelite is called the vrlinte 3 The naorunsmitted signal From! the cotellite. a 4o the reediving stations is callled the doonllnl.|e Question: Why he uplink frequerey is gecten, hon the downlink Jneqpueney *in saleblileg > “The uplink. Frequency is, yrically gneaten than the dounfinte frequoney ‘because of the. Dopplen effect, (—?P When a satellite is roving fowords Heo eanth, the Jneqiency of the signals iL yroceives © Appeans fo be highen ducto the Doppllen effect. Simi hanly, when a satellite is Yroving awoy from the eanth, the Sreqoency of the signals it neceives Appeans a —? To compensate the Dopplan effet, Sho ceplink grequency is sual, sel. highen | than dhe doconfinke Snequeney. This ensanes thet the signals Ananemitted rom the Eanth de Hergalillile cbave the Veennedt freer when they ane | reecived by dhe selalliite, ae taking inte account the Doppler Sweet Bird—=—=> —— Aa: $ Aaa a and Elevation Arale yon = sin O A= 130 +4or% whene “A = Agimdth of antenna in degnees 8 = Satellite lorgitade. in degnees N = Eomth station Gite) fongitede in degrees & =S-N ae * L= Eanth elation allttids 4 in | egress i i Angle of Ebauahon’ ie fons Cos @ cos (+o 1512. Yi 1-003") eos* U) zi Ex= Elevedtion of erento. in degnes.Sweet Bird S= longi | N= ae of the earth station =95°W. | Example 17] le .a% ; “ Socated at A solellite earth station is 4 be hog iude 96° west, fottitade 30° nonth. “the satellite 1s Moola at 121° west Dong in geosyrelmorous onbit. Detenmine the opprozing azimuth and alevedisn ; Settings fin the a 4, Seladon Given thot — lade of the sotdlline = 1019 W. | “.G@eS-N = 121° - 95° = 26°, Le Laltitode of the earth stotion =3PN. tan | LA zimath angle = 180° + tot | iS = 120° + fant | toni 6%) sin Gos) = -.2.4'299. f Angle of ahevadion = ton eosGes()-onsiz 11 - cos") eo: "pada Oa? aL 1 = c05?(269) 00520)| Angle of elevation = 44:97 245 the fooke angle on the angle oF devalion fon the antenna = 45° | Frequency Allocations | fT For, the . Cc band ¢ Uptinle! 5925 Miz — 6425" MHe | Downlink: 3700)MHz — 4200 Mile. Bh Fin the Ky band: | bi [ Uplink : 14000 -14500 Mie. Downlinle : 11%00 +12200 MHz. | JSweet Bird Th Receive and transmit bandwidths in bind commlknteation sctellite : k— Receive band width 500 MHz. cam 6425 5o25 Mile MHz ( ! 5 ) ae | 'ay20 | 3800 | abs | 3960 | 4oqo | 4120 3%0 3840 999 abn | ago. 4! | x : ‘ mre Chonnel. conten Frequencies (MHz) A sotdline dranspsnden openates m the Cc band. Assume a food oscillaton Freqponey of 2 Ghz, @ What is te uplink neeeiverr Frequency if Uo Tato tint: aL nonetat tere 1s on channél 42 —> The docanlinke Jreqnency of channel 4 Tete po ae = is =3840 MHz,f the doltinle Reedtage ic the difference. bebe the uplinle Sroquoncy , Jeu and the Nocal oscilla frequency > ws : % Go8-§& -£28+h f AA = 38.40 Mile +2000 M He | ' = 5840 MHz ond” 84al, © Whot is the maximum heonelical BIA riode ; i if one tnonsponden is eased gon Livery travis isbn | —> The band width oF. one ‘rans ponder channel is 36 MHz. Fon binan trans missions he mazimum theonetical data node on those. capacity @ gon a given bandwidth B ts te £728"! | =2X36 Mbps = 72 MbpsSubject:. ) Date: [ey File Rouse? One syst em fon ah info effectively coublivg tho bandusidth ofa cotelline is known as | cannying capacity | fre enc noeuse, Jot te ih Sigil ibihain aft is provided with fuse identical sels of | | i Hnanspondens, The finst clictinall on ore I tronspondon openadtes on the tame channel. | in the other’ transpondens sek and Soon, Gh Sotellile Access Mertheds : ~_ nmr arereear | — FOMA: ie division multiple access I used in the conly setell ites, | TDMA? Tire division melfinle access, js ynone prevalent, This digital technique i (widespnea d) | assigns each usens @ | the Full BW of the pears =| —cpMA: Code - division multiple access, ime, S: on e SDMA* Space —division rraltirle access,Sweet Bird Subject? oe Date: evnnnenie THM sense B Grenenal Block Diagnarn of a | Fa Communication Sadat nee Solan Panels I] Ronen SubsystemSweet Bird ee Sele ! >A the magon subsystems ane UWlustrad-od in the teal diagnam, >The colan panel | supply’n Pawen to the gpace enaft. “They drive | neguladons {hat ‘distri bute de powen foal then systems, And they also change the | batlenies that ofencde the cotelllite duning |) colipse peniods, And oc-b-de converctens Cre inveretens ane used to seipplly ! special volkage-s +o some sbsystems, —> The eerrounjeotion subsystem corsist af yey nalhinle , trans pon dens, They neceivd the upline | signals, | amplify them , transfate | thom id Frequency ard again rotnansm i | \them as downlink. signals, The. transponders: shane ond belongs sabsystem cfr both neception and, transmission . *? ‘the telemelny 5 tracking and control éra¢) su system, ienttons onboard conditions such as— fempanatune and botteny volfageand dolaravitly: this dele back fo quioond Fn onaksis, > The ground sledion issue sig ral, fo the | satellite subsystem thnough. {he commard subsystem , which is thon used fo cordnol many space craft Lonetion such as fining tho get Lhnustens. —> The det thnustens and the, apogee hick vnotm (KM) ane part, Si ‘the: propulsion subsystem. “theg ane eontnelled bs cornmesrel from. | the ground. I \ [> The adtitade dorcel subsystem. provides stabilization in onbit and senses changos | in the oniertation. Tt Sines the jet | thrustens to pensonm attitude adgushnert and helpste keop He satellite in ite assigned onbital position,Sweet Bird Subject! occ Date: Girituad Stations in Stell te oh Gane Bllocle diagnara Fro) Si LNA 2 & + dl “Peon J J | J (tsSubject: Date:.. Sweet Bird Hh Subsystems in Ground Stations : (4) Antenna subs slem: Antenna and diplexen, @) Receive subs stem! BPE, Low Noise Aven Rwen divider ond Dowh- converten, z 6; Tronsmit subs stem? YU -converten, Combiner, d p owes’ Dniven, HPA (iligh Powen Ave Sife @) @ce Gmound Control Exyuip mare) Subsystem! — @cE-neceive: BPF, demodalaton and DEMvY, — GCE- tronsmit! MUX, Modulator. & Powen Sabsy stom, , Receive Suklatlalea Reeoiven Cineuits : Wannnee> The neceive subsystem eonsists of the LNA, down goaventens 5 Pooen divider. and related components, The punpese of dhe receive subsystem - ist to amplify the downlink. sotdbite signal and -norsfole it 40 a suitable Sroyseney‘Sweet Bird Subject J Date: nsec THM soe | GH Th duck, — co vension clown — converrtens, hoo different {enning on channel dbecton annagements ame used? @ RF Taning : F¥0 MHSubject: Sweet Bird Example 2 IR3 IF the eanth sletion dowrdink sigral received at & = 4'03 Gull, what local - oscitlocon Frequencies F, ane needed to ochiove Ths of FRO ard 140 MHz? —> fon “2 IF Grequency, We know Jy = & ‘ a rn Ve nis . =te- csume ie equencie Fs Jon Fosen Ahan rectved yD] = a = Fe ~ Freq = 4080 MHz - ZromMHe Stor = 3310 MHz. —p Fen Second IF? | Sooo = & ~ Sore >$.5o = 770 MWe - 140M, “$foo = 630MHz,